《肌动学》

《肌动学》第一讲-Introduction to Kinesiology HYPERLINK "javascript:void(0);" 标签： 肌动学  分类： 肌动学 2007-09-19 10:50 Introduction to Kinesiology Objectives： After studying this topic, the students will be able to 1.​ describe the definition of Kinesiology and its importance to physical therapy and occupational therapy students 2.​ identify the scope of kinesiological studies and their applications 1.​ Smith LK, Weiss EL, Don Lehmkuhl L (eds, 1996).  Brunstromm's Clinical Kinesiology, 5th ed.  Philadelphia: FA Davis.  Chapter 1,  pp. 1-2. 2.​ Luttgens K & Hamilton N (2001). Kinesiology, Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 10th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill. Chapter1. 3.​ Neumann, DA (2002)：Getting Started.  in Neumann DA (ed)： Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System - Foundations for Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia： Mosby.  p.3   PS: kinesiology 最简洁的定义(出自运动科学与医学sports science and medicine): Study of the art and science of human movement. 大不列颠简明百科全对kinesiology的定义: Study of the mechanics and anatomy of human movement and their roles in promoting health and reducing disease. Kinesiology has direct applications to fitness and health, including developing exercise programs for people with and without disabilities, preserving the independence of older people, preventing disease due to trauma and neglect, and rehabilitating people after disease or injury. Kinesiologists also develop more accessible furniture and environments for people with limited movement and find ways to enhance individual and team efficiency. Kinesiology research encompasses the biochemistry of muscle contraction and tissue fluids, bone mineralization, responses to exercise, how physical skills are developed, work efficiency, and the anthropology of play.   《肌动学》第二讲-Human Motions: Kinematics 标签： 肌动学  分类： 肌动学 2007-09-25 09:15 Human Motion Objectives： After studying this topic, the students will be able to 1.​ identify planes of motions and its relative axes on the human body 2.​ describe human motion using kinesiological terms 3.​ identify types of motions experienced by the human body 4.​ explain the interrelationship between displacement, velocity, and acceleration, and use the knowledge of this interrelationship to describe and analyze motion 5.​ distinguish the angular kinematics from linear kinematics and describe their relationship 1.​ Neumann, DA (2002)： Getting Started.  in Neumann DA (ed)： Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System - Foundations for Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia： Mosby.  pp.4-8 2.​ Smith LK, Weiss EL, Don Lehmkuhl L (eds, 1996).  Brunstromm's Clinical Kinesiology, 5th ed.   Philadelphia: FA Davis. Chapter 1. 3.​ Luttgens K & Hamilton N (2001). Kinesiology, Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 10th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill. Chapter 11, pp.277-300. Kinematics Objectives： After studying this topic, the students will be able to 1.​ to describe the common kinematic variables and their relationship 2.​ to know the measurement systems for kinematic analysis 3.​ to explicit the process of kinematic signals 1.​ Smith LK, Weiss EL, Don Lehmkuhl L (eds, 1996).  Brunstromm's Clinical Kinesiology, 5th ed.   Philadelphia: FA Davis. 2.​ Hall SJ (2003). Basic Biomechanics, 4th ed. Boston, MA, McGraw-Hill. ：Chapter 2, 10 (pp.318-329), and 11 补充讲义点此进入 肌动学》第二讲讲义重要补充-Types of Motion 标签： 肌动学  分类： 肌动学 2007-10-22 16:03 A. Definition of motion 1. motion: the act or process of changing place or position with respect to some reference point (Luttgens & Hamilton, 2002, p.284) 2. rest vs. motion: depending on the reference point 3. absolute motion vs. relative motion: depending on the reference system 4. Newton’s law -- Law of Inertia -- Law of Acceleration： F = ma -- Law of Reaction   B. Classification based on path of motion 1. translatory motion (linear motion, translation): a motion that the object moves as a whole in a straight path from one place to another -- linear (rectilinear) motion: a straight-line progression of an object as a whole with all of its parts moving the same distance in the same direction at a uniform rate of speed -- curvilinear motion: a curved progression of an object -- circular motion: a special form of curvilinear motion, which is the motion when a body moves along a circumference of a circle   2. rotary motion (angular motion, rotation): a motion that the object moves in an arc about a fixed point   -- angular motion   -- spin C. Classification based on repetition of motion 1. Single motion: movement performed only once 2. Repeated motion: same movement pattern that is done many times in a given time -- reciprocating motion -- oscillation -- pendulum motion   D. Classification based on degree of freedom 1. degree of freedom (DOF)： a minimum number of kinematic variables required to specified all positions and orientations of the body segments in a body system i.e. -- the number of planes in which the segments move -- the number of the primary axes which the segments possess 2. The joint that moves in one plane possesses one axis and has one degree of freedom 3. For the glenohumeral joint, there are three angular degrees of freedom and three linear degrees of freedom.   E. Classification based on relative segment kinematics 1. kinematic chain: a series of connected segment links 2. open kinematic chain motion: the joint motion with the distal segment moves free in space, e.g. raising lower leg or throwing a ball 3. closed kinematic chain motion: the joint motion with the distal segment is fixed, e.g. standing up or squatting down 4. In Neumann's book, "distal-on-proximal segment kinematics" and "proximal-on-distal segment kinematics" were used in stead of open and closed kinematic chain motion, respectively (Neumann 2002, p.7). 《肌动学》第二讲讲义再次重要补充 标签： 肌动学  分类： 肌动学 2007-10-27 00:32   Rigid Body Kinematics   Rigid body kinematic analysis 1. rigid body kinematics: the study of motion of a rigid body without concerning its causes (e.g. forces) 2. using 2D or 3D marker positions to determine limb segment position and orientation 3. assumptions: a. limb segments are assumed to be a rigid body b. the human body is a system of mechanical links c. each link has known physical size, mass, and form 4. contributors a. Marrey b. Eadweard Muybridge: a British landscape photographer   Kinematic variables   variable linear kinematics angular kinematics position r (x, y, z) q displacement s = Dr Dq velocity v = dr /dt w = dq  /dt acceleration a = dv /dt a = dw  /dt     Total description of a body segment in space 1. position (x, y, z) of segment COM or center of rotation of the joint 2. linear velocity ( ) of segment COM or center of rotation of a joint 3. linear acceleration ( ) of segment COM or center of rotation of the joint 4. angle of segment in two planes (qxy , qyz) 5. angular velocity of segment un two planes (wxy , wyz) 6. angular acceleration of segment un two planes (axy , ayz)     Direct Measurement Techniques   A. Universal goniometer 1. a protractor with two long arms 2. source of errors a. the location of the goniometer b. the palpation of landmarks c. the estimation during reading   B. Electrogoniometer (Elgon) 1. first developed by Karpovich in the late 1950's 2. a goniometer with an electrical potentiometer at its axis 3. continuous graphic recording of relative joint angle 4. advantages: -- inexpensive -- immediate output -- planar rotation is recorded independent of the plane of movement of the joint 5. disadvantages      -- relative data      -- time consuming to fit and align      -- too many straps and cables if a large number are fitted      -- most joints do not move as a hinge      -- cost for recorder or analog-to-digital converter   C. Inclinometer 1. a gravity-based goniometer 2. source of errors a. the location of the inclinometer b. the different shape of muscles   D. Accelerometers 1. advantages:      -- inexpensive      -- immediate output 2. disadvantages      -- relative data      -- cost for recorder or analog-to-digital converter      -- too many straps and cables if a large number are fitted      -- sensitive to shock and easily broken -- noises increase during rapid movement or movement involving impact   E. System combining photocells, light beams, and timer 1.      two or more records of time when each photocell is intercepted by the light beam and then the motion velocity can be calculated as the distance between two photocells divided by the recorded time.     Image Measurement Techniques A. Optoelctric techniques 1. two types of system      -- LED      -- reflective markers 2. sampling frequency of camera -- 60 Hz -- 120 Hz -- 240 Hz -- 1000 Hz 3. advantages:      -- both absolute and relative reference system data      -- unlimited markers      -- minimal movement encumbrance      -- able to be replayed frame by frame      -- saving storage 4. disadvantages      -- expensive      -- need well-trained persons      -- time consuming      -- laboratory used only 5. considerations -- the clarity of the captured image -- the number of cameras used： more than 2 cameras are needed for a 3-D image -- the placement of cameras 6. commercialized video spot locator system ViconTM, Peak PerformanceTM, Motion Analysis SystemTM, Visual3DTM, MacReflexTM, etc. -- selection criterion： the time required to accurately track sequences of markers from multiple cameras   B. Other imaging system 1. cinematography: 8/ 16 mm movie camera 2. television: 50/ 60Hz video camera -- advantages: widespread availability, durability, and easy in use 3. photogrammetric system 4. multiple exposures 5. ultrasound-based image system a. Zebris b. advantages -- relatively inexpensive -- good reliability c. limitations -- low sampling frequency -- encumbrance of control wires to the motion 6. magnetic-based image system a. Flock of Birds (144 Hz) b. advantages -- no marker occlusion -- acquisition of position and orientation (6 dimensions) -- accuracy  1.8 mm for position and 0.5º for orientation ?  c. limitations -- sensitive to ferrous and conductive metals in the environment -- more variability in angular displacement (~ 6º) and velocity -- encumbrance of control wires to the motion 7. electromechanical body suits     Derived Variables   A. Displacement 1. the change of position that an object moves from one place to another 2. a vector quantity that represents the straight-line distance and direction from point A to point B 3. displacement vs. distance： distance ¹ magnitude of displacement, why? 4. distance may be equal or greater than the magnitude of displacement   B. Velocity 1. 2. assumptions: -- the raw displacement data have been smoothed by digital filtering -- the line joining xi+1 to xi-1 has the same slope as the line drown tangent to the curve at xi   C. Acceleration 1. 2.   3. assumptions: -- the raw displacement data have been smoothed by digital filtering -- the line joining xi+1 to xi-1 has the same slope as the line drown tangent to the curve at xi D. Segment angle 1. a vector quantity that is composed of two sides which intersect at a vertex 2. angle of one segment which is measured in a counter-clockwise direction starting with the horizontal equal to 0° 3. 4. the absolute angle in space   E. Joint angle (relative angle): -- the angle between  longitudinal axes of two adjacent segments 　 -- joint angle at the anatomical position is defined as zero   肌动学》第三讲-Synovial Joint 标签： 肌动学  分类： 肌动学 2007-10-02 20:43 Synovial Joint Objectives： After studying this topic, the students will be able to 1.​ identify types of the joints and their characteristics 2.​ describe the definition and characteristics of a synovial joint 3.​ distinguish arthrokinematic movements from osteokinematic movements and explain their relationship 1.​ Neumann, DA (2002)：Getting Started.  in Neumann DA (ed)： Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System - Foundations for Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia： Mosby.  p.4-11. 2.​ Threlkeld AJ (2002). Basic Structure and Function of the Joints.  In Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia: Mosby.  pp. 25-40. 3.​ Smith L.K., Weiss E.L., Don Lehmkuhl L., 1996. Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology, 5th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis. pp.11-17. Classification of Joints   Classification based on anatomic structure and movement potential  diarthrosis： an articulation that contains an articular cavity between two bones  synarthrosis： an articulation between bones that is held together by dense irregular connective tissues  amphiarthrosis： an articulation between bones that is formed primarily by fibrocartilage and/or hyaline cartilage 　 Diarthrosis  Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis prefix di = double syn = together amphi = both articular cavity capsule synovial membrane presence no no articular surfaces hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage linked by fibrocartilage, fibrous tissues, or ligaments linked by fibrocartilage and/or hyaline cartilage functions：   to connect two bones   to transmit forces   to allow motions yes yes maximum yes yes no or little yes yes some examples most joints in the extremities cranial suture or distal tibiofibular ligament intervertebral joint or pubis symphysis     Diarthrosis  plane joint (irregular joint or arthrodial joint or arthrodia)  non-axial joint  only sliding movements present  e.g. facet joint of the spine  hinged joint (ginglymus)  uniaxial joint  degree of freedom = 1  e.g. humeroulnar joint  pivot joint (trochoid joint or screw joint)  uniaxial joint  degree of freedom = 1  e.g. proximal radioulnar joint  condyloid joint (ovoid joint or ellipsoidal joint)  biaxial joint  degree of freedom = 2  Ideal joint surface： ovoid  e.g. radiocarpal joint  saddle joint (sellar joint)  biaxial joint  degree of freedom = 2  Ideal joint surface： sellar  e.g. first carpometacarpal joint  ball-and-socket joint (spheroidal joint)  triaxial joint  degree of freedom = 3  Ideal joint surface： sphere  e.g. glenohumeral joint     Synarthrosis  cartilaginous (synchondrosis)  fibrocartilage  bending and twisting  fibrous (suture)  fibrous tissue  no movement  ligamentous (syndesmosis)  ligaments  limited or no movement   Amphiarthrosis  an articulation between bones that is formed primarily by fibrocartilage and/or hyaline cartilage, e.g. intervertebral disc    Synovial Joints   Components of synovial joint  bone and subchondral bone  intra-articular tissues  articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)  joint capsule and capsular ligament  synovial membrane  synovial cavity  rheumatoid arthritis  synovial fluid： to provide nutrition and lubrication for the articular cartilage  extra-articular tissues  ligament  exception： anterior/ posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee are intra-articular  muscle or tendon  meniscus or disc  bursa  labrum  fat pads  synovial plica  vascular or lymphatic vessels  nerves   Functions of synovial joint  to provide motion (joint mobility)  to maintain stability (joint stability)   Factors affecting structure and function of synovial joint  aging  immobilization  trauma  disease  habit  psychological status    Joint Mobility Osteokinematic movements： movements between 2 bony segments  synonym： physiological movements  types  swing： rotary motion about a fixed axis at the proximal segment e.g. knee flexion  spin： axial rotation about a longitudinal axis of the distal segment e.g. forearm pronation  description of osteokinematic movements  plane of motion  axis of rotation  degree of freedom  range of motion  open vs. closed kinematic chain  concentric vs. eccentric contraction    Joints Stability   Factors affecting joint stability  configuration of the bone medial longitudinal arch  components of ligament： depending on proportion of different types of fibers in ligament  collagen fibers： for strength  94% of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee is composed of collagen fibers  60% of the ligamentum of flavum are elastin fibers  elastin fibers： for flexibility  rectin fibers： for mass  muscular arrangement  fascia and skin  atmosphere pressure   Position of a joint  rest position  definition：the position where is the least congruent position, resulting in the greatest mechanical mobility for that joint  example： for the glenohumeral joint the rest position is abduction of 70º and flexion of 30º  close-packed position  definition： the position that both of the articular surfaces are in the maximum congruency status for a joint, resulting in the greatest mechanical stability for that joint  In the close-packed position, most ligaments and capsules surrounding to the joint are taut  example： for the glenohumeral joint the close-packed position is abduction of 90º and full external rotation  loose-packed position： all positions other than close-packed position   The Elbow Complex Objectives： After studying this topic, the students will be able to 1.​ to identify the structures of the elbow and the forearm, including joint type, articular shape, and the surrounding tissues 2.​ to describe joint motions occurring at the elbow, including physiological and accessory movements, muscle actions, and factors checking elbow motions 3.​ to understand the stability mechanism of the elbow complex and the possible mechanisms of injury 1.​ Neumann DA (2002).  Elbow and Forearm Complex.  In Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia: Mosby.  Chapter 6, pp. 133-171 2.​ Smith L.K., Weiss E.L., Don Lehmkuhl L., 1996. Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology, 5th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis. Chapter 5. 3.​ Jazrawi LM et al. (2001).  Biomechanics of the Elbow.  In Nordin M & Frankel VH: Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System.  Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Chapter 13, pp.340-357   back to top Established on 09/30/2002 and Last Updated © Huei-Ming Chai, PhD PT          All Right Reserved Functions of the Elbow Complex Two major functions of the extremity joints are mobility and stability. The functions of the elbow joints are  to add mobility of hand in space by  shortening and/or lengthening the arm  rotating the forearm  combination of the above both  to provide control and stability  for skilled hand motions  for forceful upper extremity motions 1.​ Keep your arm straight and try to do any daily activities, e.g. eating, writing, opening the door, throwing a ball, walking, etc.  See which one is affected if elbow motion is restricted and which one is not. 2.​ Try not to rotate your forearm and do any daily activities, e.g. eating, writing, opening the door, throwing a ball, walking, etc.  See which one is affected if forearm motion is restricted and which one is not. Joint Structures of the Elbow Complex Elbow complex： All three joints are enclosed in the same joint capsule.  humeroulnar joint (HUJ)  humeroradial joint (HRJ)  proximal radioulnar joint (prox. RUJ) Carrying angle   Humeroulnar joint  proximal component： humerus  hourglass-shaped trochlea trochlea = pulley  olecranon fossa  coronoid fossa cornoid = like crown  distal component： ulna  saddle-shaped trochlear fossa  coronoid process  olecranon process  joint type  hinge (ginglymus) or modified hinge (Morrey BF and Chao EY, 1976; Neumann DA 2003, p.137)  Note： The elbow complex, including both the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints, is considered entirely and therefore is treated as a trochleoginglymoid joint. (Jazrawi LM et al., 2001)  motion： elbow flexion/ extension  elbow flexion with anterior glide of the trochlea notch of the ulna on the trochlea of the humerus  elbow extension with posterior glide of the trochlea notch of the ulna on the trochlea of the humerus  DOF = 1 for the humeroulnar joint Note： Some scholars refer the elbow joint to the whole elbow complex so that the degree of freedom of the elbow joint, they think, is equal to 2.  rest position： 70° of elbow flex