欧盟委员会 体育白皮书2007 英文版

EUROPEAN COMMISSION White Paper on Sport EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd U1EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd U1 07.03.2008 10:06:20 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:20 Uhr Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007 ISBN 978-92-79-06552-1 © European Communities, 2007 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd U2EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd U2 07.03.2008 10:06:23 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:23 Uhr 3 Contents Foreword 04 Introduction 06 The Societal Role Of Sport 08 The Economic Dimension Of Sport 20 The Organisation Of Sport 24 Follow-up 34 Conclusion 37 EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 3EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 3 07.03.2008 10:06:24 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:24 Uhr 4 EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 4EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 4 07.03.2008 10:06:24 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:24 Uhr 5 Foreword Dear sport friend, The White Paper which you are holding in your hands is the Commission’s contribution to the European debate on the importance of sport in our daily lives. This is the first time that sport-related issues have been addressed in such a comprehen- sive manner at EU level. Europe is the cradle of the Olympic idea. Sport attracts the vast majority of European citizens and most of the popular international sport disciplines and competitions are practised here. Sport fulfils an important societal role which adds to its sport- ing and economic dimensions. It provides services which are vital to the well-being of society. Public actors, including the European Union, have thus a significant responsibility for supporting sport. This has been acknowledged at the highest European political level in various political statements, such as the 1997 Amsterdam Declaration and the 2000 Nice Declaration. The European Commission started its dialogue with sport organisations sixteen years ago, when it launched the first European Sport Forum in 1991. Since then, calls addressed to the Commission have increased to become more involved in this area at European level. In 2005 the Commission set up a consultation framework with the sport move- ment and Member States entitled ‘The EU & Sport: Matching Expectations’. Within this framework, governmental and non-governmental stakeholders asked the Commission to reinforce the promotion of European sport, and its special characteristics in EU policy-making, as well as to achieve more legal clarity. For all these reasons, I considered that the time was right for the Commission to issue a strategy paper on sport, setting out policy guidelines in this area. To this end, I have been listening attentively to sport stakeholders and Member State authori- ties. Several conferences and ministerial meetings have taken place. The White Paper is thus the result of a long consultation process with the organised sporting world. The main aim of the White Paper is to mainstream and thus support sport into other policies of the EU and to set the conditions for improved govern- ance in European sport by providing guidance for the application of EU rules. In light of the mandate given by the European Council of June 2007 for the Intergovernmental Conference to foresee a Treaty provision on sport, the Commission may, if neces- sary and appropriate, indicate further steps in the context of a new Treaty provision. I am convinced that this White Paper will enhance the visibility of sport in EU policy-making, increase awareness of the specific needs of the sport sector and make an active and practical contribution for the benefit of sport. Yours sincerely, Ján Figel’ European Commissioner responsible for sport EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 5EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 5 07.03.2008 10:06:26 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:26 Uhr 6 1. Introduction ‘Sport is part of every man and woman’s heritage and its absence can never be compensated for.’ – Pierre de Coubertin1 Sport2 is a growing social and economic phenom- enon which makes an important contribution to the European Union’s strategic objectives of solidarity and prosperity. The Olympic ideal of developing sport to promote peace and understanding among nations and cultures as well as the education of young people was born in Europe and has been fostered by the International Olympic Committee and the European Olympic Committees. Sport attracts European citizens, with a majority of people taking part in sporting activities on a regular basis. It generates important values such as team spirit, solidarity, tolerance and fair play, contributing to personal development and fulfilment. It promotes the active contribution of EU citizens to society and thereby helps to foster active citizenship. The Commission acknowledges the essential role of sport in European society, in particular when it needs to bring itself closer to citizens and to tackle issues that matter directly to them. However, sport is also confronted with new threats and challenges which have emerged in European society, such as commercial pressure, exploitation of young players, doping, racism, violence, corrup- tion and money laundering. This initiative marks the first time that the Commission is addressing sport-related issues in a comprehensive manner. Its overall objective is to give strategic orientation on the role of sport in Europe, to encourage debate on specific problems, to enhance the visibility of sport in EU policy- making and to raise public awareness of the needs and specificities of the sector. The initiative aims to illustrate important issues such as the applica- tion of EU law to sport. It also seeks to set out further sports-related action at EU level. This White Paper is not starting from scratch. Sport is subject to the application of the acquis commun- autaire and European policies in a number of areas already have a considerable and growing impact on sport. The important role of sport in European soci- ety and its specific nature were recognised in December 2000 in the European Council’s Declaration on the specific characteristics of sport and its social function in Europe, of which account should be taken in implementing common policies (the ‘Nice Declaration’). It points out that sporting organisations and Member States have a primary responsibility in the conduct of sporting affairs, with a central role for sports federations. It clari- fies that sporting organisations have to exercise their task to organise and promote their particular sports ‘with due regard to national and Community legislation’. At the same time, it recognises that, ‘even though not having any direct powers in this area, the Community must, in its action under the various Treaty provisions, take account of the social, educational and cultural functions inherent in sport and making it special, in order that the code of ethics and the solidarity essential to the preservation of its social role may be respected and nurtured.’ The European institutions have recognised the specificity of the role sport plays in European society, based on volunteer-driven EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 6EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 6 07.03.2008 10:06:27 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:27 Uhr 7 1 Pierre de Coubertin (1863–1937), French pedagogue and historian, founder of the modern Olympic Games. 2 For the sake of clarity and simplicity, this White Paper will use the definition of ‘sport’ established by the Council of Europe: ‘all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social rela- tionships or obtaining results in competition at all levels.’ structures, in terms of health, education, social integration, and culture. The European Parliament has followed the various challenges facing European sport with keen inter- est and has regularly dealt with sporting issues in recent years. In preparing this White Paper, the Commission has held numerous consultations with sport stakehold- ers on issues of common interest as well as an on-line consultation. They have demonstrated that considerable expectations exist concerning the role of sport in Europe and EU action in this area. This White Paper focuses on the societal role of sport, its economic dimension and its organisation in Europe, and on the follow-up that will be given to this initiative. Concrete proposals for further EU action are brought together in an Action Plan named after Pierre de Coubertin which contains activities to be implemented or supported by the Commission. A Staff Working Document contains the background and context of the proposals, including annexes on Sport and EU Competition Rules, Sport and Internal Market Freedoms, and on consultations with stakeholders. EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 7EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 7 07.03.2008 10:06:27 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:27 Uhr 8 2. The societal role of sport 3 Special Eurobarometer (2004): The Citizens of the European Union and Sport. 4 COM(2007)279 final of 30.5.2007 Sport is an area of human activity that greatly interests citizens of the European Union and has enormous potential for bringing them together, reaching out to all, regardless of age or social origin. According to a November 2004 Eurobarometer survey3, approximately 60 % of European citizens participate in sporting activi- ties on a regular basis within or outside some 700,000 clubs, which are themselves members of a plethora of associations and federations. The vast majority of sporting activity takes place in ama- teur structures. Professional sport is of growing importance and contributes equally to the societal role of sport. In addition to improving the health of European citizens, sport has an educational dimen- sion and plays a social, cultural and recreational role. The societal role of sport also has the poten- tial to strengthen the Union’s external relations. 2.1 Enhancing public health through physical activity Lack of physical activity reinforces the occurrence of overweight, obesity and a number of chronic conditions such as cardio-vascular diseases and diabetes, which reduce the quality of life, put individuals’ lives at risk and are a burden on health budgets and the economy. The Commission’s White Paper ‘A Strategy for Europe on Nutrition, Overweight and Obesity related health issues’4 underlines the importance of taking pro-active steps to reverse the decline in physical activity, and actions suggested in the area of physical activity in the two White Papers will complement each other. As a tool for health-enhancing physical activity, the sport movement has a greater influence than any other social movement. Sport is attractive to people and has a positive image. However, the rec- ognised potential of the sport movement to foster health-enhancing physical activity often remains under-utilised and needs to be developed. EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 8EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 8 07.03.2008 10:06:28 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:28 Uhr 9 The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity (including but not limited to sport) per day for adults and 60 minutes for children. Public authorities and private organisations in Member States should all contribute to reaching this objec- tive. Recent studies tend to show that sufficient progress is not being made. (1) The Commission proposes to develop new physical activity guidelines with the Member States before the end of 2008. The Commission recommends strengthening the cooperation between the health, education and sport sectors to be promoted at ministerial level in the Member States in order to define and imple- ment coherent strategies to reduce overweight, obesity and other health risks. In this context, the Commission encourages Member States to examine how to promote the concept of active living through the national education and training systems, including the training of teachers. Sport organisations are encouraged to take into account their potential for health-enhancing physical activity and to undertake activities for this purpose. The Commission will facilitate the exchange of information and good practice, in particular in relation to young people, with a focus on the grassroots level. (2) The Commission will support an EU Health- Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA) network and, if appropriate, smaller and more focussed networks dealing with specific aspects of the topic. EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 9EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 9 07.03.2008 10:06:30 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:30 Uhr 10 (3) The Commission will make health-enhancing physical activity a cornerstone of its sport-related activities and will seek to take this priority better into account in relevant financial instruments, including: • The 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (lifestyle aspects of health); • The Public Health Programme 2007–2013; • The Youth and Citizenship programmes (coop- eration between sport organisations, schools, civil society, parents and other partners at local level); • The Lifelong Learning Programme (teacher train- ing and cooperation between schools). 2.2 Joining forces in the fight against doping Doping poses a threat to sport worldwide, includ- ing European sports. It undermines the principle of open and fair competition. It is a demotivating factor for sport in general and puts the profes- sional under unreasonable pressure. It seriously affects the image of sport and poses a serious threat to individual health. At European level, the fight against doping must take into account both a law-enforcement and a health and prevention dimension. (4) Partnerships could be developed between Member State law enforcement agencies (border guards, national and local police, customs etc.), laboratories accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and INTERPOL to exchange information about new doping substances and practices in a timely manner and in a secure environment. The EU could support such efforts through training courses and networking between training centres for law enforcement officers. The Commission recommends that trade in illicit doping substances be treated in the same manner as trade in illicit drugs throughout the EU. The Commission calls on all actors with a respon- sibility for public health to take the health-hazard aspects of doping into account. It calls on sport organisations to develop rules of good practice to ensure that young sportsmen and sportswomen are better informed and educated of doping sub- stances, prescription medicines which may contain them, and their health implications. The EU would benefit from a more coordinated approach in the fight against doping, in particular by defining common positions in relation to the Council of Europe, WADA and UNESCO, and through the exchange of information and good practice between Governments, national anti-doping organisations and laboratories. Proper implemen- tation of the UNESCO Convention against Doping in Sport by the Member States is particularly impor- tant in this context. (5) The Commission will play a facilitating role, for example by supporting a network of national anti-doping organisations of Member States. EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 10EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 10 07.03.2008 10:06:32 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:32 Uhr 11 5 Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 18 December 2006, on key competences for life- long learning (Official Journal L 394 of 30.12.2006). 2.3 Enhancing the role of sport in education and training Through its role in formal and non-formal educa- tion, sport reinforces Europe’s human capital. The values conveyed through sport help develop knowledge, motivation, skills and readiness for personal effort. Time spent in sport activities at school and at university produces health and education benefits which need to be enhanced. Based on experience gained during the 2004 European Year of Education through Sport, the Commission encourages support for sport and physical activity through various policy initiatives in the field of education and training, including the development of social and civic competences in accordance with the 2006 Recommendation on key competences for lifelong learning.5 (6) Sport and physical activity can be supported through the Lifelong Learning programme. Promoting participation in educational opportu- nities through sport is thus a priority topic for school partnerships supported by the Comenius programme, for structured actions in the field of vocational education and training through the Leonardo da Vinci programme, for thematic net- works and mobility in the field of higher education supported by the Erasmus programme, as well as multilateral projects in the field of adult training supported by the Grundtvig programme. EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 11EN_080307_Br_A4_sport_bb.indd 11 07.03.2008 10:06:32 Uhr07.03.2008 10:06:32 Uhr 12 (7) The sport sector can also apply for support through the individual calls for proposals on the implementation of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and the European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training (ECVET). The sport sector has been involved in the development of the EQF and has been selected for financial sup- port in 2007/2008. In view of the high professional mobility of sportspeople, and without prejudice to Directive 2005/36/EC on the mutual recognition of professional qualifications, it may also be identified as a pilot sector for the implementation of ECVET to increase the transparency of national competence and qualification systems. (8) The Commission will introduce the award of a European label to schools actively involved in supporting and promoting physical activities in a school environment. In order to ensure the reintegration of professional sportspersons into the labour market at the end of their sporting careers, the Commission emphasises the importance of taking into account at an early stage the need to provide ‘dual career’ training for young sportsmen and sportswomen and to provide high quality local training centres to safeguard their moral, educational and professional interests. The Commission has launched a study on the train- ing of young sportsmen and sportswomen in Europe, the results of which could feed into the abovemen- tioned policies and programmes. Investment in and promotion of training of young talented sportsmen and sportswomen in proper conditions is crucial for a sustainable development of sport at all levels. The Commission stresses that training systems for talented young sportsmen and sportswomen should be open to all and must not lead to discrimination between EU citizens based on nationality. (9) Rules requiring that teams include a certain quota of locally traine