脊柱

nullnull大家好！null 脊 柱Vertebral column基础医学院人体解剖教研室null The vertebral column脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. null一、Vertebrae 椎骨 There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C.7 Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.12 Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L.5 Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨 Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.3~4 coccyx尾骨General features of vertebraeGeneral features of vertebraeVertebral body 椎体 Vertebral arch 椎弓 pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板 process (7): spinous process 棘突 transverse process 横突 sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下关节突 Vertebral foramen 椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管 Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔Regional variations of vertebraeRegional variations of vertebraeCervical vertebrae Vertebrae Body: small Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular Spinous processes: short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7 Transverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen横突孔 Articular processes: horizontal Atypical vertebeaeAtypical vertebeaeAtlas寰椎 (C1) Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟nullAxis枢椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas nullCarotid tubercle: 颈动脉结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6 Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processesThoracic vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Vertebrae Body ： heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹 Vertebral foramen： smaller, rounder Spinous processes： long, point obliquely downward Transverse processes： transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹 Articular processes: coronal Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Vertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular Spinous processes: projects horizontally Transverse processes: long Articular processes: sagittal Sacrum Sacrum Anterior surface: promontory岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs) Posterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus骶管裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角 Lateral part: auricular surface耳状面, sacral tuberosity骶粗隆二、Articulations of Vertebrae 椎骨的连结二、Articulations of Vertebrae 椎骨的连结Joints of the vertebral bodiesJoints of the vertebral arches1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结Intervertebral discs 椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: Nucleus pulpous髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core ) Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilageAnterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2 Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column Posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带 Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrum Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discsHernia of nucleus pulpous 髓核脱出Hernia of nucleus pulpous 髓核脱出 2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结 2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结Ligamenta flava 黄韧带― elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column Interspinal ligament 棘间韧带 Supraspinal ligament 棘上韧带 Ligamentum nuchae项韧带 Intertansverse ligament横突间韧带 Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节三、Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节三、Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles Supported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas Action ― nodding of head, lateral tilting of head四、Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节四、Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节Three synovial joints between atlas and axis Laterally, paired joints between articulating faces Median joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlasnullSupported by ligaments apical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带 alar ligament 翼状韧带 transverse ligament of atlas寰椎横韧带 tectorial membrane 覆膜 Action ― allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column五、Normal Curves of vertebral column五、Normal Curves of vertebral columnCervical curvature颈曲 convex forward Thoracic curvature胸曲 convex backward Lumbar curvature腰曲 convex forward Sacral curvature骶曲 convex backwardnullnull六、Movement of the vertebral column flexion extension lateral flexion rotation circumductionSpina bifida cystica Spina bifida cystica 脊 柱 裂