六级与四级的区别

六级与四级的区别： 六级与四级的区别： 一、词——词汇量5500。 二、句——出题考长句子。 三、段——所有句子都认识，但不知道整段的意思。But, Yet, However 转折连词后面是重点，常考点。 四、选项——有迷惑选项，不像四级那么清晰。 原文重现：原文告诉你选什么，你就应该选什么，不能凭感觉和想象。 尽量少读：六级更多的对点出题，而不是对面出题。 六级题型： 1. 主旨题（Sum Up/Title）--看文章每段第一句 24. Which of the following can best sum up the passage? A) Advantages and disadvantages of automation. B) Labour and the effects of automation. C) Unemployment benefit plans and automation. D) Social benefits of automation. 注：文章三段第一句都出现automation，两段出现labour，因此这两个词是重点，必然在选项中出现。 Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution". 注：refers to 下定义 Labour's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labour lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards. 注：labour 雇员 To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation. 注：union 工会，和雇员有关 2. 词汇题——找词所在句子关系 转折关系。例如：六级很难，但是……，找转折连词But, Yet, However。 并列关系。例如：A and B，问A就把B填进去。 解释关系。用because和从句in which等联系。 例如： 30. “An identifying figure” (Line 2, Para. 5) refers to a person ______. A) who serves as a model for others B) who is always successful C) who can be depended upon D) who has been rewarded for his success （文章前四段省略） Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. 注：把握and前后是并列关系。 3. 细节题--直接细节、因果推理、暗示 例如： 31. It is implied that fifty years ago ____________ . A) eighty percent of American working people were employed in factories B) twenty percent of American intellectuals were employees C) the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers D) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers 34. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is _______ . A) less important than awareness of being a good employee B) as important as the ability to deal with public relations C) more important than employer- employee relations D) as important as the ability to co- operate with others in the organization Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i. e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper - class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production. Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist' s trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. 4. 作者态度题（attitude）——正负态度 凡是文章探讨新事物——正态度 凡是文章探讨老事物——负态度 例外：中立题 25. The writer’s attitude towards the use of the telephone is ______. A) affectionate B) disapproving C) approving D) neutral ●例子：例子必出题。文章有论点-论据-论证，例子是论证，用来支持论点，所以简而言之，例子本身不重要，但前后论点极其重要。 例子开始的标志：for example，后面跟着大写、时间、年代，依然是举例内容。 例子含义的标志：show, tell, prove, demonstrate, find, clearly [Page72] In the United States, the need to protect plant and animal species has become a highly controversial and sharply political issue since the passage of the Endangered Species Act in 1973. The act, designed to protect species' living areas, and policies that preserve land and forests compete with economic interests. In the 1990's, for example, the woodcutters in the Western United States were challenged legally in their attempt to cut trees for timber in the Cascade Mountains. The challenge was mounted to protect the endangered spotted owl(猫头鹰), whose remaining population occupies these forests and requires the intact, ancient forest for survival. The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs. After months of debate and legal battles, the fate of the woodcutters-and the owls-was still undecided in mid-1992. 注：1. controversial的意思是受争议的，同“sharply political issue”，contro表示“反” 2. for example前句子是重点 3. problematic悬而未决的 Similar tensions exist between the developed and the developing nations. Many people in industrialized nations, for example, believe that developing nations in tropical regions should do more to protect their rain forests and other natural areas. But the developing countries may be impoverished (使穷困), with populations growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily avoid worsening poverty and starvation. 注：1. tension张力，冲突 2. 看到similar就说明第二段说的和第一段一样。 3. But转折是重点 Many of the changes to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob the planet of its biological richness. The destruction of Earth's ozone layer (臭氧层), for example, could contribute to the general process of impoverishment by allowing ultra-violet rays to harm plants and animals. And global warming could wipe out species unable to quickly adapt to changing climates. Clearly, protecting will come only through coordinated international efforts to control human population, stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth's complex web life. 36.Why does the author say that the protection of endangered species is a highly controversial issue? A) Because people can't agree as to what species to protect. B) Because it is difficult to find an effective way to protect such species. C) Because it affects the interests of certain groups of people. D) Because it is a major problem involving a series of legal procedures. 注：细节题。第一段economic interests ●表示绝对的词--出现在文章中，是非常重要的出题点；如果出现在选项中，很可能是不对的。 全无：non-nothing-never-seldom-absolutely-hardly-little-few-prevent-exclude-neither...nor 全有：all-every-full-either… 唯一：only-exactly- best-most 37.According to the passage, the preservation of rain forests ________. A) may hamper a developing country in its fight against poverty. B) benefits developed countries rather than developing countries. C) should take priority over the control of human population. D) will help improve the living conditions in developing countries. 注：细节题，对应文章第二段。举例前那句话更重要，只要表达出“和经济利益冲突”就对了。 38.According to the passage, cutting tress to grow more food _______. A) will widen the gap between the developed and the developing countries. B) is but a short-term relief to the food problem. C) can hardly alleviate the shortage of food. D) proves to be an effective way out for impoverished nations. 注：对应文章第二段。Short-term对应temporarily，relief对应avoid。 39.Among“humanity's current problems” (Line 6, Para. 3), the chief concern of the scientists is _______. A) the impoverishment of developing countries. B) the explosion of the human population. C) the reduction of biological diversity. D) the effect of global warming. 注：第三段。C选项中reduction对应rob，diversity对应richness。 40.The author's purpose in writing this passage is ________. A) to describe the difficulties in solving humanity's current problems. B) to present the different views on humanity's current problems. C) to analyze the contradiction between countries in dealing with humanity's current problems. D) to point out that humanity's current problems can only be solved through the cooperation of nations. 注：看最后一句话，cooperation of nations 对应coordinated international efforts。 [Page80] We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslger, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could mot. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. 注：1. vulnerable易受伤害的 2. immune defense 免疫系统 3. found之后是试验告诉我们的观点 4. depress压抑，de往下 Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression. 注：1. 看第一句三个单词就知道本段内容和上一段相同。 2. passive被动的 21. Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity ______. A) was strengthened B) was not affected C) was altered D) was weakened 注：定位文章第一段found之后 22. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ______. A) try to control unpleasant stimuli B) turn off the electricity C) become abnormally suspicious D) behave passively in controllable situations 注：定位第二段But之后那句话 23. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was that ______ . A) they disliked its taste B) it affected their immune systems C) it led to stomach pains D) they associated it with stomachaches 22. The first paragraph is mainly about _____. (A) the teenagers' criticism of their parents (B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents (C) the dominance of the parents over their children (D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crises 注：段落主旨，B和C只说了一部分。 It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste. 注：1. critical吹毛求疵的，很重要的 40. The main idea of this passage is that _____. (A) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities (B) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our life (C) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago (D) priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present, it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities. 注：GF对城乡环境有重要的贡献。 The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect. The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you. 23. The passage mainly deals with ______. (A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps (B) the survival of desert shrimps (C) the importance of water to life (D) life in the Mojave Desert 注：三段出现shrimp，说明本文主要讲shrimp，排除C和D，A选项life span没出现过。 There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded. The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres. Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates. If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival. 40. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _____. (A) The well-being of Career Women (B) Sources of Mastery and Pleasure (C) Two Aspects of Women's Well-Being (D) Freedom Roles Women in Society 注：A选项career缩小了范围，B选项没出现woman，扩大了选项 In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of "mastery" ---feeling important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense "pleasure"-finding life enjoyable-are not always identical. Women often are told "You can't have it all." Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is :" You chose a career, so you can't expect to have closer relationships or a happy family life." or "You have a wonderful husband and children--What's all this about wanting a career?" But women need to understand and develop both aspects of well-being, if they are to feel good about themselves. Our study shows that, for women, well-being has two dimensions. One is mastery, which includes self-esteem (自尊), a sense of control over your life, and low levels of anxiety and depression. Mastery is closely related to the "doing" side of life, to work and activity. Pleasure is the other dimensions, and it is composed of happiness, satisfaction and optimism (乐观). It is tied m