CA

nullThe Use of CA in TranslationThe Use of CA in TranslationIntroduction to CAIntroduction to CAComponential analysis refers to an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing the meaning of words or phrases. This approach is based on the belief that the total meaning of a word can be analyzed in terms of a number of distinct elements or meaning components (called semantic features , semantic markers or sememes).nullFor example, we may “clip” the following words “Man”, “Woman”, “Boy” and “Girl” so that we have only separate parts of them. man : + HUMAN+ ADULT+ MALE woman: + HUMAN+ ADULT- MALE boy: + HUMAN- ADULT+ MALE girl: + HUMAN- ADULT- MALEnullWords like father, mother, daughter and son, which involves a relation between two entities, may be shown as follows: father = PARENT (X,Y) & MALE (X) mother = PARENT (X,Y) & ~MALE (X) Verbs can also be analyzed in this way, for example take = CAUSE (X, (HAVE (X,Y)) give= CAUSE (X, (~HAVE (X,Y)))Advantages:Advantages:1. By specifying the semantic features of certain words, we may better account for sense relations: Synonymy ---- having the same semantic components Antonymy ----- having a contrasting component Hyponymy-----having all semantic components of another.2. These semantic components will also explain sense relations between sentences, such as entailment.The Use of CA in TranslationThe Use of CA in TranslationComponential analysis (CA) in translation is not the same as componential analysis in linguistics; in linguistics it means analyzing or splitting up the various senses of a word into sense-components which may or may not be universals; in tanslation, the basic process is to compare a SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning, but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components. Normally the SL word has a more specific meaning than the TL word, and the translator has to add one or two TL sense components to the corresponding TL word in order to produce a closer approximation of meaning. nullWe do not translate isolated words; we translate words more or less bound by their syntactic, collocational, situational, cultural , individual and dialectal contexts. The only purpose of CA in translation is to achieve the greatest possible accuracy. In translation, CA can be effectively used in handling lexical words (eg. ①), cultural words(②), synonyms(③), conceptual terms(④), and neologisms(⑤), etc. 翻译中成分法应用实例翻译中成分分析法应用实例① 试用成份分析法来分析下句中斜体字的确切中文译文: Our rural relaxing surroundings have provided us with a setting that simply makes life worth living. 按照字典的释义: relaxing 指“( 气候等) 使人感到没精打采、懒洋洋的”。根据语义, 字典意义不适用。 使用成份分析法我们将relaxing 和relaxed( 不烦恼, 不紧张) 作比较, 可以将relaxing 描述如下: relaxing(x,y)=CAUSING(x,COME-ABOUT(RELAXED(Y)) ) 意思是“‘x 使y 感到放松”。 可能对应的中文词语有“使⋯感到休闲; 使⋯感到惬意; 使⋯感到闲适”, 将三个候选词作比较, 我们知道“休闲”强调悠闲, 无虑; “惬意”倾向于愉悦满足; 而“闲适”两者兼而有之。null比较relaxing 和三个中文候选词的语义成分。如下: Carefree leisurely pleased relaxing + + + 使⋯感到休闲 + + - 使⋯感到惬意 - - + 使⋯感到闲适 + + + 通过比较, 我们可以发现“使⋯感到闲适”最适合源语词。通过调整, 该句可翻译成: 闲适的乡村风光营造了优美的环境, 使我们倍感不虚此生。 Our rural relaxing surroundings have provided us with a setting that simply makes life worth living.null② 论语是以记载孔子言行为主, 并且兼记孔子某些弟子言行的一部书, 其中频繁地出现天、道、礼、仁等等, 如何准确地传达其真意就是译者需要动脑筋的问了, 这里语义成分分析法当为首选, 如: 有子曰: 礼之用, 和为贵。( 论语·学而) 翻阅字典可以发现, 礼字有很多对应词, 但经过语义成分分析后, 就很明确哪些不够对应, 而该选择哪一个更合适。null 礼 仪式 礼仪 惯例 规矩 礼物 ceremony; rite; ritual: + + + + - courtesy; etiquette; manners: + - - + - gift; present: - - - - + 在中国文化中, 论语里 “礼”是被赋予了种种隐喻的角色、关系和。因为孔子的“君君、臣臣、父、子子”观点即强调必须固守自己的身份名位, 不能超越该守的礼制, 所以经语义成分分析后, 很明显, 这里的礼应选择ritual来对应, 其意义为礼节的一个限度, 所以同时在此增词译为ritual propriety. Master You said: Achieving harmony( he和) is the most valuable function of observing ritual propriety( li礼).null③ 如stalk、strut、plod、limp 这四个词都有“走（walk）”这个共同的涵义，但它们是有区别的，看它们的语义特征分析就能一目了然： stalk=[walk proudly]+[long steps] strut=[walk proudly]+[strong way]+ [chest out] +[look important] plod= [walk slowly]+[with difficulty]+[with effort] limp= [walk]+[uneven step]+[one foot/leg moving less well] 再看empty、vacant、hollow这三个词，它们都解为 “空的”，但其外延不同，即所指的对象或所强调的内容不同。如果我们采用语义成分分析法就可以很清楚地看出彼此的区别： empty=[containing nothing]+ [nobody living]+[no furniture] vacant=[not used / lived]+[with furniture] hollow= [empty space] + [inside]null④对一些概念比较概括, 中西内涵不尽相同、带有一 定文化背景语词的翻译采用语义成分分析的方法,对于译者正确翻译, 准确达是很有益的。例如对英国breakfast，brunch，lunch，dinner，teabreak, ( high)tea, supper 等词用Time, Class, Area, Content 四种义素进行分析, 对不同文化的译者来说十分有用。null———————————————————————————————————————————————————————— Time Class Area Content breakfast Great British up to 9.30 a.m. WC UK tea, coffee, cereal,bacon and eggs Continental up to 9.30 a.m. MC UK tea, coffee, toast coffee break(elevenses) 10- 11 a.m. all UK coffee, biscuits brunch 11 a.m.- 12.30 p.m. - - N. America hot meal lunch 1- 2 p.m. UMC UK hot meal dinner 1- 2 p.m. WC UK hot meal Luncheon 1- 2 p.m. nobility UK hot meal snap 1- 2 p.m. WC N. England packed lunch tea break 3- 4 p.m. UK tea, biscuits Tea 4 - 5 p.m. MC UK tea, bread, jam, cake (high) tea 6- 7 p.m. WC N. England main meal supper 8- 11 p.m. UK light meal dinner 8- 9 p.m. UMC UK main meal ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————— MC, middle class; UMC, upper- middle class; WC, working classnull这里指出的仅是在英国国内不同阶级和阶层以及地域中这些词的不同内涵。如果把这些与我国的情况相比, 则对翻译更有指导意义。如我国的晚饭与英国的supper 似乎是相对应的, 但从上述的几个义项内容来看, 它们是有很大差别的, supper 在英国指的是晚上8- 11 点吃的一顿light meal, 在我国却是在下午6- 7 点吃的一顿main meal。实际上, 我国的晚饭在时间和内容上相当于英国中上层阶级用的dinner , 因为对他们来说dinner 是下午8- 9 点用的main meal。null⑤ 成份分析法对于译者翻译新词也是有帮助的, 例如下面一段文字中就有新词: The two men went down seven miles to the bottoms of the Pacific Ocean inside a small steel ball called a “bathyscaphe” to find out if there are any currents or signs of life. 要准确把握新词“bathyscaphe”就应对它进行语义成分分析。通过查有关字典可以知道bathy 是来自希腊语, 是一个词根, 有deep 的含义。而scaphe 是scope 的原始形式, 含义是an instrument for observing。这样译者可以根据上下文得出以下语义成分, 从而作为解释性译新词的依据, ① submersible; ② for observing; ③chamber. 因此这个词可以初步译为“深海观测舱”。这句话可以译为: 这两个人进入一个球形钢制深海观测舱内, 潜入海下七英里, 到达太平洋底部, 去观察那里是否有洋流和生命迹象。 Thanks Thanks