大家版一错千金2010年考研英语真题-答桉-解析

使用说明 1、本文档于 2010 年 1 月 11 日定稿，定稿之日，我们目之所及，无曾见任何机 构之答案与本文档完全相同。本文档自今日定稿之时，答案不会变更，一错 千金答案以此为最终； 2、本大家版答案是一错千金级的，如果我们做错了一个题目，我们愿意付出 1000 元奖励。如果您觉得哪个答案有问题，请在本文档发布帖跟帖，等官 方答案公布之后，即可能领取奖励； 3、每个答案错误，奖励一千元给前 10 名指正的网友（每人 100 啊，不是每人 一千元，呵呵，若不足 10 人指正，则以千元除以指正人数），对于 10 名后 看法正确的网友，我们也将给予一定的大家论坛积分等奖励！指正先后座次 的排定，以在本文档发布帖跟帖时间为准。指正帖将于官方答案公布前约一 个月左右锁定，不再接受新的指正； 4、奖励的支付。答案如有错误，奖励将在官方答案公布后一周内支付。大家网 信誉卓著，不必顾虑能否兑现； 5、完型填空因为已经找到原文，答案基本确定。阅读 Part B 也很明朗，请大家 把指正重点放在阅读 Part A 上，大家网的答案只在这里存在一点点非常非常 小的不确定性； 6、免责。本文档是所能获得的最准确的文档，但因为我们没有原始试卷， 如果最后公布的试卷，与本文档有比较大的出入，对正确答案的确定有严重 误导或影响，那么我们将不支付奖励。 作者：阁明俊 大家学习网 www.TopSage.com 2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语 1 2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 大1家 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家 of being experimented upon changes subjects' behavior. The idea arose because of the 大4家 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家 what was done; 大7家 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家 to alter workers' behavior 大10家 itself. After several decades, the same data were 大11家 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store for them. 大12家 the descriptions in the literature, they found no systematic 大13家 that levels of productivity in the factory rose whenever changes in lighting were implemented. It turns out that idiosyncrasies in the way the experiments were conducted may have led to 大14家 interpretations of what happened. 大15家 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday, when the plant was closed. When it reopened on Monday, output 大16家 rose compared with Saturday, and 大17家 to rise for the 2 大家版词典级 25 年考研英语真题及答案 next couple of days. 大18家 a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 大19家 to beaver away for the first few days of the working week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the Hawthorne effect is remarkably hard to pin down. 1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored 2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off 3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof 4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous 5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessment 6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work 7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as 8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion 9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant 10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by 11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed 12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to 13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source 14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading 15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual 16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly 17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued 18. But 2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 3 19. tended 20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 21. [A] [B] [C] [D] 22. [A] [B] [C] [D] 23. [A] [B] [C] [D] 24. [A] [B] [C] [D] 25. 4 大家版词典级 25 年考研英语真题及答案 [A] [B] [C] [D] Text 2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is "a very big deal," says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School. 26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of 2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 5 [A] their limited value to business. [B] their connection with asset allocation. [C] the possible restriction on their granting. [D] the controversy over authorization. ［答案解析］本文是通过一个案例(The Bilski case)来说明业务方法专利所面对的法律 困境。这种专利自 10 年前授予的时候，就存在争议，主要是这种专利有 无必要，很多公司虽然被授予了各种此类专利，有些拥有众多此类专利， 可他们自己也对这种专利的法律基础等提出质疑，Federal Circuit 的法官 们也对高法在反此专利方面的趋势予以了回应，这个案子虽未判决，可 似乎大势于它不利。这是整个文章的主题，本 TEXT 的任何正确选项， 都不能与这此主旨背离。本题问业务方法专利最近引发关注，是由于什 么原因？根据刚才概括的文章主线，该专利在 10 年前引入的时候，就引 起争议，而且争议不断，这不是最近的事情，故 D 逻辑明显不对，排除。 A 也不能选，首先，该专利商业价值如何，先不用管，但最近肯定没有 任何变化，所以肯定不能构成原因，而且，文章中是说了“too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious”，但这只能说明专利被 不当授予，但这个对专利对被授予的人是不是就没有价值呢？这是两回 事。B 根本文不对题，只是某种专利具备这个属性，它当然不具有普遍 的意义，容易排除。正确答案是 C，依据在第二段中的：Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents，也就是最高专利法庭似乎将相应缩减此类专利，这与本文的主 旨是相符的。 ［信心指数］99.9％ 27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? [A] Its ruling complies with the Court decisions. [B] It involves a very big business transaction. [C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit. [D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S. ［答案解析］A 错，因为此文到行文结束，也没判决的任何线索，还没宣判呢，哪来 的判决符合法庭的决定了？B 错，这个案例，在文中根本就没有涉及金 额大小，何以知道是个大交易？干扰出现在这里：In re Bilski, as the case is known, is "a very big deal," says Dennis D. Crouch…但这句话的意思是此 案例的影响重大：It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."，不可曲解原文意思。C 中的 dismiss 在这里是法律术语，“不予 6 大家版词典级 25 年考研英语真题及答案 受理”的意思，这肯定错了，文中哪句话表达了这层意思？而且，这个 案例作为一个可能产生重要影响的典型，那应该是一定要受理的呀。D 与本文主题相符，这个案例的判决，可能会对美国的司法实践产生影响。 影响是什么呢？就是在此之前，商业业务专利可能会得到很好的支持和 保护，而在这之后，可能会比较难了。 ［信心指数］99.9％ 28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means [A] loss of good will. [B] increase of hostility. [C] change of attitude. [D] enhancement of destiny. ［答案解析］此题容易，不管从词语的意思，还是从文章的上下文，都容易锁定正确 答案 C，彻底改变之意，态度的 180 度转弯。 ［信心指数］100％ 29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents [A] are immune to legal challenges. [B] are often unnecessarily issued. [C] lower the esteem for patent holders. [D] increase the incidence of risks. ［答案解析］B 为正确答案，文中根据是 many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious，既然很多专利授予给了显而易见的“发明”，那么，这 种专利的授予就是 unnecessary 的。A 选项，免受法律挑战？有这么牛？ 哪儿说到这层意思了？C 有一定的干扰性，但专利被不必要地授予持有 人，跟其威望受损，似乎没有必然联系，而且，一般也没那么严重，最 多被视作无聊之人而已了。D，增加风险，那更是危言耸听了，增加谁的 风险？对持有人而言，一般还是有些好处的，能起到一定的保护作用； 对大众而言，风险谈不上，最多有一定的不便或不公正而已了；对竞争 对手而言，可能会有那么点意思吧！如果 D 是正确答案，你还要让我来 猜是对谁而言的么？！ ［信心指数］99.9％ 30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text? [A] A looming threat to business-method patents. [B] Protection for business-method patent holders. 2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 7 [C] A legal case regarding business-method patents. [D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents. ［答案解析］B 首先排除，本文不是要谈对业务专利持有人的保护，相反，是谈可能 得不到保护了。D 也容易排除，本文探讨的这个案例，可能会对专利判 决造成影响，但这个事情还没有发生，只是有这个苗头，而且，是否肯 定会造成预想的影响，也还不是十分肯定的事情。所以谈不上已经形成 了流行的趋势。C 也不对，本文重点在谈一个案例将产生的法律影响， 而不是讨论这个案例本身。A 正确，与本文主旨相符，一旦此案例确立， 那么从此以后，业务方法专利将可能不再受到很好的法律保护，也就是 说，对业务方法专利而言，一个即将到来的危险正逼近！另外，我们从 互联网上找到了这篇文章，该文章的题目是：A Pending Threat to Patents， 我们可爱的出题人，不过是用 looming 同义替换了 pending 而已。本文标 题正是主题，所以本题答案可以 100%确定。原文的副标题：A case before an appeals court could make it harder to win legal protection for business methods 也让我们对 26、27 题答案增添了信心！ ［信心指数］100％ Text 3 In his best-selling book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that "social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling—we think we see it happening all the time—but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the "two-step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required at all. The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal influence—even the 8 大家版词典级 25 年考研英语真题及答案 most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these noncelebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social contagion by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. 31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to [A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics. [B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas. [C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics. [D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials. ［答案解析］引用 The Tipping Point 这本书，作者是想做什么？这跟整个文章的行文脉 络及主题有关。本文脉络非常清楚，先说一个错误的观点，然后予以驳 斥。先引入的错误观点，一开始读的时候从 The idea is intuitively compelling、The supposed importance of influentials、but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread 等词句就很容易判断是作者要反对的。错误观点 是，各界大佬们在社会潮流的传播方面发挥至关重要的作用，一个东西 要流行起来，首先通过媒体等影响大佬们，然后通过大佬的影响力，便 在整个社会流行开了。之后，文章给出了正确的观点，即有研究显示， 大佬们在社会潮流的传播方面作用未必有设想的那么大，为什么呢？因 为最根本的一点，除非名人级别的大佬（celebrities），一般大佬不可能交 往如此众多的人，而社会潮流的流行，必然要很多人参与才行。社会潮 流的兴起，关键还是在于愿意影响别人的人，以及社会大众是否乐于参 与其中。作者的观点，比较容易理解，好比，哈里波特小说、MP3 播放 器等能否迅速流行，恐怕不是一两个有影响力的人力推就行的，而在于 这个东西是不是受人欢迎，如果是，那么，人们就容易 be influenced 以 及乐于去 influence others，一种思想或时尚或潮流便迅速流传开来或流行 起来。所以，引述这本书，就是为了引入本文的中心议题，B 正确。A 错，本文不是讨论社会潮流的后果问题，所以引述这本书的目的不是为 分析这个。C、D 同样道理予以排除。 2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 9 ［信心指数］99.9％ 32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory" [A] serves as a solution to marketing problems. [B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends. [C] has won support from influentials. [D] requires solid evidence for its validity. ［答案解析］two-step-flow theory 是作者要反对的，所以 D 选项对，尚需坚定证据予 以验证。A 不对，原文只说了 Marketers have embraced the two-step flow， 但这个理论是不是成为了市场问题的解决，未可知也。B 不对，原 文只说了 The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods.注意是 seems to，貌似 解释了，并不是真的解释了。C 更是无从谈起，大佬们对这个理论支持 与否，文章根本没有涉及，当然啦，按理说，大佬们应该会支持这么个 理论，如果他们知道有这个理论的话，但做阅读要讲究证据，过于丰富 的凭空想象是有害无益的。 ［信心指数］100％ 33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that [A] the power of influence goes with social interactions. [B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media. [C] influentials have more channels to reach the public. [D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention. ［答案解析］问最近研究人员所观察到的表明了什么，解题关键在这儿：The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others.冒号后是 observation 的内容，该观察的核心内容是：even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others，A 选项对应的就是这个意思，而且这个意思在本段之后的文字中 不断被支持。influence 对应 influential，social interactions 对应 interact with that many others，可能您还没信服，理解一下这个对应：即使最富有的人 一般也不会拥有超过十栋别墅，那能不能说，富有跟拥有的多少数量的 别墅有对应关系？此题考的就是这个逻辑。goes with 是“与…相配，与… 相对应”的意思。B 人之间的联系可能被媒体加强，C 大佬们有更多接 10 大家版词典级 25 年考研英语真题及答案 触公众的渠道，D 大多数名人享有广泛的媒体关注，这三项都可能是正 确的，但不是本文阐述的内容，更不是本处观察的内容。所以一律不能 入选。 ［信心指数］100％ 34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who [A] stay outside the network of social influence. [B] have little contact with the source of influence. [C] are influenced and then influence others. [D] are influenced by the initial influential. ［答案解析］these people所指就是前句each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances里的each person，这不就是选项C吗！A用脚指头排 除，社会影响网络之外的人？当然不可能。B也用脚指头排除。D不对， 这里的these people是指那些对传播发挥了作用的这些人，而不是作为始 作俑的大佬们所影响的人们（而且选项的意思似乎是直接影响的这些 人）。 ［信心指数］99.9％ 35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence? [A] The eagerness to be accepted. [B] The impulse to influence others. [C] The readiness to be influenced. [D] The inclination to rely on others. ［答案解析］the dynamics of social influence 就是文章最后一段里的 the dynamics of social contagion，这一段最后一句中的：people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced 分别对应本题选项 B 和 C，那到底选哪 一个呢？仅凭这儿的信息是判断不了的，那回到前面看看，与此题有关 的，只有倒数第二段，但这一段里，表达的意思跟最后一段基本一致， 也是两方面的：一是要有一批受到影响而且愿意去影响别人的人，另一 方面，如果被影响的人予以抑制的话，那影响的链条也不会走得太远。 再反复多遍仔细地阅读，也读不出作者认为这两个因素中哪一个更重要。 可 A、D 明显不对，A，被接受的渴望？现在讨论社会思潮的流行，靠人 来推动和传播，不是人本身被接受的问题。D，依赖别人的倾向，文章既 没提，也没有必然逻辑关系。那问题在哪里呢？我们找到原文出处，发 现最后一段还没完呢（不知这一段在原始试卷上有没有，但我们看到的 2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 11 版本似乎是没有的）！后面还有：Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.有了这个，那问题便迎刃而解了！关键在这里：the principal requirement is the presence not of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor，因此，正确答案为 C。题干中的 essential element 对应 文章中的 the principal requirement。 ［信心指数］99％ Text 4 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognising losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management." European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charles McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real world" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. 12 大家版词典级 25 年考研英语真题及答案 The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below