哥伦比亚大学人类学

General Course Information: ANTH V2020.001CHINESE STRATEGIES           MW     01:10P-02:25P HAMILTON HAL 503                  Instructor Information Drew Hopkins Adjunct Assistant Professor of Anthropology E-mail:dh125@columbia.edu Office Hours: Mondays, 5:00-7:00 pm < SCRIPT. Prerequisites There are no prerequisites for this course. Course Objectives This course will provide a comprehensive general introduction to the cultural anthropology of late-imperial and contemporary China, addressing major elements of Chineseculturehistorically and in the present-day. The purpose of the course is to provide a basic understanding of a range of practices, in the domains of economic organization, commercial relations, state administration, kinship organization and popular religion. The course approaches the study of Chinesecultureas a living assemblage of practices. In order to impart such an understanding, the course adopts a twofold approach. First, the institutions, conventions and practices in each domain that comes under study will be situated in the specific historical processes from which they emerged—the social and political-economic conditions in which each institution and practice was developed and deployed. This historical approach to the anthropology of China is informed by the conviction that cultural practices are most readily intelligible by situating them in the historical social and political-economic contexts in which they arose. Moreover, rather than offer mere descriptions of cultural practices, the course presents the institutions, ideas and practices in late-imperial China and the present-day as elements of effective strategy, which serve the particular interests of the villagers, officials, merchants, entrepreneurs and state authorities who devised them. In this way, the course provides students with an understanding of Chineseculture, not as an agglomeration of arcane or exotic ideas and institutions, but as a coherent and intelligible system of effective practice, constructed, elaborated and transformed in response to changing social and political-economic conditions. The course is organized in two parts, each covering roughly one-half of the class sessions. The first half of the course is historical in focus, addressing state institutions and political-economic organization in the imperial and late-imperial period. The course begins with an introduction of foundational elements of Chinese philosophy, focussing on those schools and thinkers whose works were of greatest significance in shaping political and cultural institutions and practices. The course then proceeds to examine cultural practices in the late-imperial period (1368-1843), addressing key features of economic organization, commercial relations, kinship systems, popular religion and state administration. This historical inquiry, in turn, provides the necessary background and foundation to examine, in the second half of the course, the changes, adaptations, transformations and (apparent) continuities in cultural practices in the course of the revolutions of the 20th and 21st centuries. Through the study of changing conditions in rural and urban China, the course explores the ways in which the cultural conventions of the past have informed the strategies Chinese have devised in their negotiations with the global commercial economy and agents of state power. Method of Instruction In order to facilitate students' understanding of the cultural practices under examination, the professor makes use of a range of media. Virtually every lecture is supplemented with still and/or video images drawn from the professor's extensive ethnographic fieldwork in Taiwan and rural China and from historical and secondary sources. He also brings many artifacts he has collected from the Communist revolution, including land reform. documents from the 1950s, Maoist regalia from the Cultural Revolution and extensive materials concerning the remarkable revival of popular religious practices in rural China, an area of particular concern in the professor's ethnographic research. The professor's ethnographic research also provides him a wealth of anecdotes to help bring the materials under discussion to life. This ethnographic experience is of particular benefit in cutting through the often confusing and contradictory accounts of elements of social life in present-day China, providing insights into such sensitive areas as villagers' tactics in negotiating the one-child policy, gender disparities in education and life choices, patterns and currents in rural to urban migration, the new challenges facing women and the subtleties of state-local relations. The professor's lectures also are enriched by his experiences in print journalism and documentary filmmaking in China in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In particular, his extensive research into the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square and his close acquaintance with many of the student leaders helps to convey the significance of these events, providing an immediacy and intensity unavailable in the assigned readings. Method of Evaluation Class attendance is mandatory. Students are expected to complete all assigned readings prior to class and to arrive on time to each class session, prepared to contribute to class discussion. In order to promote participation, each student will be required to give a brief (5-10 minute) presentation to the class based upon his or her reading of one of the supplemental readings, to be determined in the early sessions of the course. In addition, there will be a midterm and a final examination, both of which will be take-home exams, comprised of essay questions. The course grade will be determined by the grades on the student's class presentation (10 percent), the midterm (35 percent), the final exam (50 percent) and class attendance and participation (5 percent). Any student who misses more than two class sessions without legitimate reason (doctor's note or proof of family emergency) will lose one incremental point (e.g., an A- in lieu of an A, or a B+ in lieu of an A-) from his or her final grade. In lieu of the final exam, advanced students may choose to produce a term paper addressing in greater depth one of the topics covered in the course. It is with this in mind that the professor will provide a large number of Supplemental Readings associated with each class session, thereby to provide a range of materials from which students preparing a term paper may draw. Students must identify the source of any idea or passage they use in the essays they prepare for the midterm and final exams, providing references in accordance with the Chicago Manual of Style. or the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Though either style. is acceptable, the style. the professor prefers is the modified Chicago style. conventionally used in anthropological texts, in which the cited text is indicated within the paper by identifying the author, the year of publication and the page number, e.g., (Cohen 1991: 128), (Evans 2003: 475). In addition, a full citation of all texts cited in your essays must be provided in a comprehensive bibliography on the final page of each exam. The citations in the bibliography should follow the style. used in the syllabus. Class Presentations Each student is required to prepare a presentation of five to ten minutes based on an independent reading of texts selected from among the "optional readings" indicated on the syllabus. The presentations should critically assess the selected reading(s), addressing the arguments in light of the themes of the course. In almost every case, the most effective approach will be to bring the reading into conversation with the main reading of the corresponding class session. Students should preface their comments with a brief summation of the selected reading, but the presentation must go beyond a mere summary. The point is not simply to summarize the reading(s), nor to provide a comprehensive discussion of all of the elements therein, but to deliver a commentary or critical review of the central themes of the reading(s). The presentations should be informed by other materials or themes in the course, presenting new or different views found in the selected reading(s), or the ways in which the reading(s) might enhance or challenge other readings in the course. Students must select the optional reading(s) they wish to address by no later than Monday, 4 October. The presentation is to be made on the date of the class session to which the selected reading(s) correspond. About the Professor The course is taught by Drew Hopkins, who received his Ph.D. in Cultural Anthropology at Columbia University in 2008. His Ph.D. dissertation, based upon extensive archival research and two years of field work in a remote, mountainous region of Western Fujian province, in southeast China, is an historical ethnography that examines the challenges facing rural households in an impoverished paper-making region. In it, he addresses ethnic relations and commercial, kinship, and sacramental networks through which rural households in remote, inner-mountain settlements have negotiated radical political-economic shifts from the late-imperial period into the present-day. Hopkins' extensive education in Chinese philosophy began in his undergraduate work at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Subsequently, he spent two years studying classical Chinese and Chinese philosophy at National Taiwan University, in Taipei. Prior to undertaking studies toward his Ph.D., Hopkins spent ten years working in documentary film addressing China's tumultuous reform. period and as a print journalist and editor dealing with topics ranging from contemporary China to issues of international human rights, environmental crises and popular political struggles. In addition to the undergraduate and graduate courses he teaches at Columbia, Hopkins also teaches a number of courses in the Asian Studies Program at the City College of New York. SESSION 1 WEDNESDAY, 8 SEPTEMBER COURSE INTRODUCTION—STRATEGIES IN HISTORICAL PRACTICE Recommended Readings: HO PING-TI. 1976. "The Chinese Civilization: A Search for the Roots of Its Longevity." The Journal of Asian Studies 35(4): 547-554. SCHOPPA, R. KEITH. 2008. East Asia: Identities & Change in the Modern World, 1700 to Present. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education.                       CHAPTER 1: "Basic Identities": 1-23. SPENCE, JONATHAN D. 2005. "The Once & Future China: What of China's Past Could be a Harbinger for Its Future." Foireign Policy 146: 44-48. SESSION 2 MONDAY, 13 SEPTEMBER CONVERGENCES & DISJUNCTURES—ORIGINS OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION Required Readings: BODDE, DERK. 1961 (1981). "Myths of Ancient China." Essays on Chinese Civilization. Edited & Introduced by CHARLES LE BLANC & DOROTHY BOREI. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 45-84. FAGAN, BRIAN. 1992. "Early Farming in China." People of the Earth:An Introduction to World Prehistory . New York: HarperCollinsRiver, New Jersey: Pearson Education: 362-368. FAGAN, BRIAN. 1992. "Shang Civilization in East Asia." People of the Earth:An Introduction to World Prehistory . New York: HarperCollinsRiver, New Jersey: Pearson Education: 507-517. Recommended Readings: MURPHEY, RHOADS. 2007. East Asia: A New History. Fourth Edition. New York: Pearson Education.                       CHAPTER 2: "BEGINNINGS IN CHINA & THE SHANG DYNASTY": 19-30. ZHANG QIGUANG. 1989. "Chinese Mythology in the Context of Hydraulic Society." Asian Folklore Studies 48: 231-246. SESSION 3 WEDNESDAY, 15 SEPTEMBER THE WAY OF THE ANCIENTS—THE ROOTS OF LATE-IMPERIAL POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Required Readings: AMES, ROGER T. 1994a. The Art of Rulership. Albany: State University of New York Press.                       CHAPTER 1: "Philosophy of History": 1-27. EBREY, PATRICIA BUCKLEY, Editor 1993. Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. New York: The Free Press.                      CHAPTER 6: "Confucian Teachings: Passages from the Analects, Mencius & Xunzi": 17-26.                      CHAPTER 7: "Daoist Teachings: Passages from the Analects, Mencius & Xunzi": 27-31.                      CHAPTER 8: "Legalist Teachings: Passages from the Book of Lord Shang & Han Feizi": 32-37. LOEWE, MICHAEL. 1994. Chinese Ideas of Life & Death: Faith, Myth & Reason in the Han Period (202 BC-AD 220). Taipei: SMC Publishing. CHAPTER 13: "IMPERIAL SOVEREIGNTY": 144-158. CHAPTER 14: "THE ORDER OF NATURE": 159-169. Recommended Reading: MURPHEY, RHOADS. 2007. East Asia: A New History. Fourth Edition. New York: Pearson Education.                       CHAPTER 3: "The Zhou—Its Decline & the Age of the Philosophers": 31-53. Supplemental Readings: FENG YOULAN馮友蘭. 1931 [1952]. A History of Chinese Philosophy. Volume I: The Period of the Philosophers. Translated by DERK BODDE. Princeton: Princeton University Press.                       CHAPTER XIV: "The Confucians of the Ch'in and Han Dynasties": 337-378. SPENCE, JONATHAN D. 1993. "Confucius." The Wilson Quarterly 17 (4): 30-39. SESSION 4 MONDAY, 20 SEPTEMBER MORALITY, ORTHODOXY & HEGEMONY IN LATE-IMPERIAL CHINA Required Readings: CHEN CHI-YUN. 1990. "Orthodoxy as a Mode of Statecraft: The Ancient Concept of Cheng正." Orthodoxy in Late Imperial China. Edited by LIU KWANG-CHING. Berkeley: University of California Press: 27-52. LOEWE, MICHAEL. 1994. Chinese Ideas of Life & Death: Faith, Myth & Reason in the Han Period (202 BC-AD 220). Taipei: SMC Publishing. CHAPTER 15: "THE REGULATION OF MAN": 170-179. LIU KWANG-CHING. 1990a. "Orthodoxy in Chinese Society." Orthodoxy in Late Imperial China. Edited by LIU KWANG-CHING. Berkeley: University of California Press: 1-24. Optional Readings for Class Presentations: DE BARY, WILLIAM THEODORE & IRENE BLOOM, Editors. 1999. Sources of Chinese Tradition from Earliest Times to 1600. Second Edition. New York: Columbia University Press. CHAPTER 19: "The Confucian Revival in the Song": 587-590; 596-604. MAIR, VICTOR H. 1985. "Language & Ideology in the Written Popularizations of the Sacred Edict." Popular Culture in Late Imperial China. Edited by DAVID JOHNSON, ANDREW J. NATHAN & EVELYN S. RAWSKI. Berkeley: University of California Press: 325-359. Supplemental Reading: EBREY, PATRICIA BUCKLEY, editor. 1993. Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. New York: The Free Press. CHAPTER 47: "Proclamation of the Hongwu Emperor: A despot's complaints about how difficult it was to get his subjects to act properly": 203-207. CHAPTER 49: "Village Ordinances": 211-212. SESSION 5 RITUAL AS IMPERIAL STATE DISCIPLINE WEDNESDAY, 22 SEPTEMBER SACRAMENTAL GOVERNANCE: METAPHORIC EXTENSIONS OF IMPERIAL STATE POWER Required Readings: SMITH, RICHARD J. 1990. "Ritual in Ch'ing Culture." Orthodoxy in Late Imperial China. Edited by LIU KWANG CHING. Berkeley: University of California Press: 281-310. CHING, JULIA. 1993. Chinese Religions. New York: Macmillan. APPENDIX: "The Chinese Liturgical Calendar":231-233. ZITO, ANGELA. 1996. "City Gods & their Magistrates." Religions of China in Practice. Edited by DONALD S. LOPEZ, JR. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 72-81. Optional Readings for Class Presentations: COHEN, MYRON L. 1992b. "Religion in a State Society: China." Asia: Case Studies in the Social Sciences. Edited by MYRON L. COHEN. New York: Columbia University Press: 17-31. EBREY, PATRICIA BUCKLEY, editor. 1993. Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. New York: The Free Press. CHAPTER 64: "Exhortations on Ceremony & Deference: A lecture delivered in the hope of teaching villagers good behavior": 297-300. GATES, HILL. 1987. "Money for the Gods." Modern China 13 (3): 259-277. HANDOUT: "THE TAIJI TU太極圖OF ZHOU DUNYI  周敦頤" Supplemental Readings: CHING, JULIA. 1993. Chinese Religions. New York: Macmillan. CHAPTER 12: "The Vitality of Syncretism: Popular Religion." LOEWE, MICHAEL. 1994. Chinese Ideas of Life & Death: Faith, Myth & Reason in the Han Period (202 bc-ad 220). Taipei: SMC Publishing. CHAPTER FOUR: "THE ORDER OF NATURE": 38-47. ZITO, ANGELA. 1996. "City Gods, Filiality & Hegemony in Late Imperial China." Modern China 13 (3): 333-371. SESSION 6 MEDIATED HEGEMONY MONDAY, 27 SEPTEMBER SACRAMENTAL CHARISMA, IMPERIAL STATE POWER & LOCAL AUTHORITY IN LATE-IMPERIAL CHINA Required Readings: GATES, HILL. 1987. "Money for the Gods." Modern China 13 (3): 259-277. WATSON, JAMES L. 1985. "Standardizing the Gods: The Promotion of T'ien Hou ('Empress of Heaven') along the South China Coast, 960-1960." Popular Culture in Late Imperial China. Edited by DAVID JOHNSON, ANDREW J. NATHAN & EVELYN S. RAWSKI. Berkeley: University of California Press: 292-324. Optional Readings for Class Presentations: FEUCHTWANG, STEPHAN. 1996. "Local Religion & Village Identity." Unity & Diversity: Local Cultures & Identities in China. Edited by LIU TAO TAO & DAVID FAURE. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press: 161-176. GATES, HILL & ROBERT WELLER. 1987. "Hegemony & Chinese Folk Ideologies." Modern China 13 (3): 3-16. SMITH, RICHARD J. 1990. "Orthodox Cosmology in the Qing." Orthodoxy in Late Imperial China. Edited by LIU KWANG CHING. Berkeley: University of California Press: 49-91. SUTTON, DONALD S. 2007. "Ritual, Cultural Standardization & Orthopraxy in China: Reconsidering James L. Watson's Ideas." Modern China 33 (1): 1-21. WOLF, ARTHUR P. 1974. "Gods, Ghosts & Ancestors." Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society. Edited by ARTHUR P. WOLF. Stanford: Stanford University Press: 131-182. SESSION 7 KINSHIP STRATEGIES WEDNESDAY, 29 SEPTEMBER THE JIA家(FAMILY) AS METAPHORIC ANCHOR OF IMPERIAL HEGEMONY Required Readings: JERVIS, NANCY. 2005. "The Meaning of Jia." House, Home, Family: Living & Being Chinese. Edited by RONALD G. KNAPP & LO KAI-YIN. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press: 223-234. EBREY, PATRICIA BUCKLEY & JAMES L. WATSON. 1986. "Kinship Organization in Late Imperial China." Kinship Organization in Late Imperial China. Edited by PATRICIA BUCKLEY EBREY & JAMES L. WATSON. Berkeley: University of California Press: 1-15. DE BARY, WILLIAM THEODORE & IRENE BLOOM, Editors. 1999. "Heaven, Earth & the Human in the Classic of Filiality (Xiaojing孝經)."Sources of Chinese Tradition from Earliest Times to 1600. Second Edition. New York: Columbia University Press: 325-328. Optional Readings for Class Presentations: COHEN, MYRON L. 1992a. "Family Organization in China." Asia: Case Studies in the Social Sciences. Edited by MYRON L. COHEN. New York: Columbia University Press: 3-16. EBREY, PATRICIA BUCKLEY. 1984. "Family Life in Late Traditional China." Modern China 10 (4): 379-385. LEE, JAMES Z. & CAMERON D. CAMPBELL. 1997. "Domestic Hierarchy & Demographic Privilege." Fate & Fortune in Rural China: Social Organization & Population Behavior. in Liaoning, 1774-1873. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 133-156. WALTNER, ANN. 1990. "Procreation, Adoption & Heredity."Getting an Heir: Adoption & the Construction of Kinship in Late Imperial China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press: 13-47. SESSION 8 KINSHIP STRATEGIES MONDAY, 4 OCTOBER KINSHIP EXTENDED: THE ZU族(LINEAGE) & LOCAL AUTHORITY Required Readings: COHEN, MYRON L. 1985. "Lineage Development & the Family in China." The Chinese Family and its Ritual Behavior. Edited by HSIEH JIH-CHANG & CHUANG YING-CHANG. Nankang, Taipei: Inst. Of Ethnology, Academia Sinica: 210-218. HO PUAY-PENG. 2005. "Ancestral Halls." House, Home, Family: Living & Being Chinese. Edited by RONALD G. KNAPP & LO KAI-YIN. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press: 295-324. EBREY, PATRICIA BUCKLEY, editor 1993. Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. New York: The Free Press. CHAPTER 54: "Family Instructions": 238-244. Optional Readings for Class Presentations: COHEN, MYRON L. 1990. "Lineage Organization in North China." Journal of Asian Studies 49: 509-534. ROWE, WILLIAM T. 1998. "Ancestral Rites & Political Authority in Late Imperial China: Chen Hongmou in Jiangxi." Modern China 24 (4): 378-407. SZONYI, MICHAEL. 2000. "Local Cult, Lijia &