公共管理英语

复习资料英语复习资料英语复习资料英语复习资料 一一一一、、、、 专业术语专业术语专业术语专业术语 1、 政务公开 Opening Administration to the Public 2、 行政会议 Administrative Meeting 3、 工商联成员 Association of Industry and Commerce 4、 增加透明度 Increasing Transparency 5、 专款专用 distribution and use of special funds 6、 重点建设项目 major capital construction projects 7、 公务员 public servants 8、 世界贸易组织 WTO World Trade Organization 9、 公告栏 government bulletin 10、 香港特别行政区 Hong Kong SAR(Special Administrative Region) 11、 市政建设 municipal construction 12、 制 responsibility system 13、 贫困线 the poverty line 14、 社区 residential community 15、 电子政务 E-Government （Electronic- Government） 16、 弱势群体 disadvantaged groups 17、 法律援助 legal assistance 18、 职能部门 competent institutions 19、 在线事务办理 handling affairs online 20、 开放城市规划 open urban planning 二二二二、、、、完型填空完型填空完型填空完型填空 Over the past two years, Beijing, shanghai, and Tianjin have made public their city construction public plan, a change from their former closed-door working style. The procedures and timetable for the examination and approval of projects, regulations and laws, and technological indexes in relation to the projects are now also out in the open, much to the great enthusiasm of the citizens. Last October, Beijing held an exhibition on the overall city planning. During holidays and weekends, the 3000-spuare-meter hall received about 1500 people each day. ” we have not expected so many citizens to be so interested in city planning, “ said Qiu Yue , a member of the Beijing Municipal City Planning Committee. Many visitors filled thick suggestion books with feedback, providing constructive ideas, such as building another world trade center in the north; retaining the lay-out of the narrow alleys and the courtyard homes; and informing citizens of city construction projects on time. The exhibition organizers then sorted the suggestions and delivered them to the decision-making departments. “bringing city planning to the public shows the government＇s determination to promote the opening up of administration affairs, and this is a significant development,” said a visitor. Zhou chang, secretary general of the china architectural society, agreed. “the opening up of the urban planning process can improve things greatly, as major decisions will go through the approval of experts, the suggestions of citizens and the supervision of the media,” said zhou. Shan qixiang , director of the Beijing municipal city planning committee, said the opinions of both experts and the masses will be pooled together before a decision on any important plan for urban construction is reached. 三三三三、、、、介词填空介词填空介词填空介词填空 Public management reform usually thought of as means to an end，not an end in itself. To be more precise we should perhaps say that it potentially a means to multiple ends. These include making saving (economies) in public expenditure, improving the quality of public services, making the operation of government more efficient and increasing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented will be effective. On the way to achieving these important objectives, public management reform may also serve a number of intermediate ends, including those of strengthening the control of politicians over the bureaucracy, freeing public officials from bureaucratic constrains which inhibit their opportunities to manage and enhance the government’s accountability to the legislature and the citizenry for its policies and programs. Last, but not least. One should mention the symbolic and legitimacy benefits of management reform. For politicians these benefits consist partly of being seen to be doing something. Announcing reforms, criticizing bureaucracy, praising new management techniques, promising improved services for the future, restructuring ministries and agencies-all these activities help to attract favorable attention to the politicians who espouse them. A cynic might observe that, in these days when the power of individual governments to act independently is increasingly called into questions by a complex interplay of local, national and international constrains, the one thing that ministers usually can do-with the appearance of dynamism but at little immediate cost – is to announce changes in their own machinery of governance. There are also legitimacy benefits for those senior officials who, almost invariably, play important parts in shaping and implementing such initiatives. They may gain in reputation by association with “modernizing” and “streamlining” activities. 四四四四、、、、英译汉英译汉英译汉英译汉 The public sector＇s main economic functions fit into three broad categories: making policy, delivering services, and providing oversight and accountability. As global competition has increased in the past two decades, the governments of many developing countries have shifted their focus from trying to preserve jobs in a stagnant public sector to creating jobs in a vibrant private sector. Governments are now in the business of designing and implementing good policies and strong institutions that enhance the business and investment climate. Government functions and policies affect many areas of social and economic life: health and education, natural resources and environmental protection, fiscal and monetary stability, and flows of trade. Data related to these topics presented in the respective sections. This section provides data on key public sector activities: tax policy, exchange rates, and defense expenditures. Taxes are the main source of revenue for many governments. They are levied mainly on income, profits, capital gains, goods and services, and exports and imports. (Non-tax revenue is also important in some economies) A comparison of taxation levels across countries provides an overview of the fiscal obligations and incentives facing the private sector. Central government tax revenues (excluding state and local taxes) rang from about 3 percent of GDP in Kuwait and 7 percent in Bangladesh to 35 percent in Austria and 36 percent in Slovenia. The level and progressivity of taxes on personal and corporate income influence incentives to work and invest. Marginal tax rates on individual income range from 0 percent (in countries such as Kuwait, Oman, Paraguay, the united Arab emirates, and Uruguay) to 50 percent or more(in such countries as Austria, Belgium, the democratic republic of Congo, Denmark, the Islamic republic of Iran, and Senegal ). Most marginal tax rates on corporate income are in the 20-30 percent range. 公共部门的主要经济职能适于以下广泛的三大类:制定政策,提供服务,履行监督和问责制. 由于在过去二十年中全球竞争日趋白热化,许多发达国家的政府已将工作重点由在停滞不前 的公共部门维持工作而转向在富有活力的私营部门提供就业岗位.当今世界,各国政府正致 力于制定完善良好的政策和发展强有力的机构,以促进商业发展,创建温和的投资环境. 政府职能和其政策影响着社会和经济生活的诸多领域:如教育,健康,自然资源和环境保护, 财政和货币稳定,贸易流动等等.本文在相关章节分别提出了以上话的数据.本节主要提供 重要公共部门的活动数据：包括税收政策，汇率和国防支出等. 税金是许多国家政府收入的主要来源。这些税收主要包括个人所得税，企业所得税，资本收 益，流转税，进出口关税等。（在一些国家,预算外非税收收入同样比较重要）从一个不同 国家之间税收水平比较数据看出,在国家财政和对私营部门的激励来看, 中央政府税收 收入（不包括国家和地方税）占国内生产总值的范围变化从在科威特的的 3%和孟加拉国的 7%，到奥地利 35%和斯洛文尼亚的 36%。 税收水平和个人、企业所得税影响和鼓励着工作及投资。个人所得税的边际税率从 0%(如科 威特、阿曼、巴拉圭、阿联酋、和乌拉圭等一些国家)到 50%或更多(如奥地利、比利时、刚 果民主共和国、丹麦,伊朗伊斯兰共和国和塞内加尔等国家)。大多数企业所得的边际税率在 20 %- 30%的范围内变动。 五五五五、、、、汉译英汉译英汉译英汉译英 私营企业创造了很多就业机会并促使了整个经济的增长，也是社会能够脱贫的最大因素。 但是私营企业要能够更好的做这些事情，他们需要一个良好的投资环境，良好的宏观经济管 理，能够促进开放的贸易和投资政策，以及优质的设施和服务。他们还需能够支持公司 的日常经营财产权的保护,同时促进了信贷渠道,并确保有效的税收、海关、司法服务的法律、 监管系统。 基础设施建设无论是投入在电力，交通，住房，通讯，水和卫生等方面都能促进企业的增 长。当私营企业参与基础设施建设，他们带来了资金和技术知识，可以改善基础设施服务， 是减少贫困的关键因素。发展中国家的私营公司参与基础设施建设主要集中在电信和能源方 面。从 1996 年到 2001 年私人参与电信项目投资总额在巴西就约为 600 亿美元、韩国约为 17美元以上。在20世纪90年代私人参与能源项目投资大幅增加，巴西（从6亿美元在1990-95 年至 1996-2001 年的 420 亿美元），秘鲁（由$ 12 亿至 28 亿美元），在土耳其（$ 25 亿至 48 亿美元）。 Private firms generate plenty of jobs and bring growth to the entire economy, which is aslo the biggest factor in reducing poverty. However, they need a sound investment climate with good macroeconomic management, trade and investment policies that promote openness, and good-quality infrastructure and services to complete their work. They also need a legal and regulatory system that supports the day-to-day operations of firms by protecting property rights, promoting access to credit, and ensuring efficient tax, customs, and judicial services. Investment in infrastructure - whether in power, transport, housing, telecommunications, or water and sanitation-enables businesses to grow. And when private firms participate in infrastructure, bringing with them capital and know-how, they can improve access to basic infrastructure services, which can be a key to reducing poverty. In developing countries private firms participate mainly in telecommunications and energy. From 1996 to 2001 investment in telecommunications projects with private participation totaled about ＄ 60 billion in Brazil and more than ＄17 billion in the republic of Korea. Investment in energy projects with private participation in the 1990s increased dramatically in Brazil (from＄ 0.6 billion in 1990-95 to ＄42 billion in 1996-2001), Peru (from ＄ 1.2 billion to ＄ 2.8 billion), and in Turkey (＄ 2.5 billion to ＄ 4.8 billion).