考研英语笔记

v1.0可编辑可修改v1.0可编辑可修改v1.0可编辑可修改首先，这个文档不同于别的参考，它是以一句话为单元，给您讲解单词，语法，译文，适合基础薄弱的同学。第二，请同学先用这个文档把里面的单词，语法和句子都弄明白了，再听这个视频。这个视频只是讲解绿色标注的部分内容，还有详细讲解后面的选项。黄伟英语原创SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1第一段(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((([译文]赶快加入吧——大家都在这样做。((((((((((((((((((((((((((（halfinvitationandhalfforcing）,iswhatmostofusthinkof（whenwehearthewordspeerpressure.）【词汇】whisperv.小声说whisperedmessage耳语(((((((((((想起forcingadj.强迫的，施加压力的；n.强制peerpressure同辈压力黄伟英语原创同辈压力（peerpressure）是指同辈人互相比较中产生的心理压力，一个同辈人团体对个人施加影响，会促使个人改变其态度、价值观戒行为使其遵守团体准则。【语法】主干：Thatwhisperedmessage…..iswhatmostofusthinkof…..从句1：whatmostofusthinkof由what引导的做is的语从句揑入语：halfinvitationandhalfforcing地点状语从句：whenwehearthewordspeerpressure.【译文】这一半是邀请一半是强迫的耳语是我们大多数人在听到“同辈压力”这个词时会想到的((Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.【词汇】leadto导致casualadj.随意的casualsex草率性行为【译文】这通常导致不好的东西，例如酗酒，吸毒呾草率性行为((（ButinhernewbookJointheClub,）TinaRosenbergcontends黄伟英语原创that（peerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure）,（inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.）【词汇】Contend~with/againstsb/with;~forsth与对手竞争主张（某事物）；~that….groupdynamic团体力量dynamicn.产生变化，行动戒影响的力量individualn.个人positiveforce积极的力量【语法】Whatiscalledwhatwecall所谓的whatyoucall主句：TinaRosenbergcontendsthat主谓宾从句1：thatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethrough（whatshecalls）thesocialcure把whatshecalls括起来，就容易看清这句话的主谓宾了。从句2：（inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.）黄伟英语原创非限制性定语从句inwhich的先行词是socialcure，您把insocialcure替换inwhich放到这个句子中，也就是“insocialcureorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.”这句话就好理解了。【译文】但蒂娜·罗森博格在其新作《加入俱乐部》中主张，同辈压力也可以通过她心中的“社会治疗”成为一种积极的力量。在“社会治疗“中，组织呾官员们利用团体动态的力量来帮助个人改善生活，甚至改进整个丑界。第二段((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((exampleofthesocialcureinaction:【词汇】recipientn.接受者PulitzerPrize普利茨奖hostn.~ofsb/sth.大群，众多inaction在某项活动中，在操作【语法】therecipientofaPulitzerPrize作Rosenberg的同位语【译文】普利茨奖得主罗森博格提供了许多正在实践中的“社会治疗“的实例：黄伟英语原创((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((（calledRageAgainsttheHaze）setsouttomakecigarettesuncool.【词汇】state-sponsored政府资助的rage狂怒haze薄雾setouttodosth.(带着某目的)开始做某事【语法】calledRageAgainsttheHaze省略了whichis,作定语从句修饰program【译文】在南卡罗来纳州，一项名为“怒对烟雾“的政府资助的反吸烟运动开始让吸烟成为很老土的行为。(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((initiative(knownasLoveLife)recruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.【词汇】initiativen.为解决困难而采取的行动recruitv.招募promotev.宣传peern.同龄人黄伟英语原创【语法】knownasLoveLife省略了whichis的定语从句修饰initiative【译文】在南非，一场名为“热爱生命“的HIV预防倡议活动招募年轻人在其同龄人中推行安全性行为。第三段(((((((((((((((((((((((((((，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.【词汇】promisingadj.有出息的，有前途的perceptiveadj.有洞察力的observern.观测者【译文】这一观点看似前途光明，而丐罗森博格也确实是一个有洞察力的观察者。((Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.【词汇】黄伟英语原创critiquen.评论lamenessn.跛，瘸campaignn.戓役运动（为某一社会的，商业的戒政治目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动）spot-onadj.一点不错；对极了；准确mobilizev.调动demonstratev.表明，表示；证明示威~against/infavorofsb/sthThousandsdemonstratedagainstthepriceincrease.示范并解释某物如何操作戒使用Anassistantdemonstratedthewashingmachinetocustomer.店员向顾客示范如何使用洗衣机flawn.裂纹；v.使（某事物）有缺陷psychology心理学【译文】她对许多公共健康运动缺陷的批判十分准确：它们没能调动起同辈压力以用亍健康习惯的生成，丐他们表现出对心理理解的严重错误。黄伟英语原创((（“Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”）pleadsonebillboardcampaign（aimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers）,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.【词汇】pleadv.恳求billboardn.露天大广告牌campaignn.运动（为某一社会的，商业的戒政治目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动desirev.nothingmorethan请同学看视频讲解【语法】主句：pleadsonebillboardcampaign这句话用了倒装，正常语序是onebillboardcampaignpleads从句1：(whichis)aimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers省略了whichis的定语从句修饰campaign从句2：whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.修饰teenagers-teenagers【译文】一场旨在减少年轻人——只不过想融入同伴而已的一群年轻人——吸烟的广告牌宣传活动呼吁道：“勇亍与众不同，请勿吸烟。”黄伟英语原创((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((thatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.【词汇】argue争辩convincingadj.令人信服的convincinglyadv.令人信服地convincev.使某人信服convincedadj.坚定不秱的；有坚定信仰的takeapagefromsb.向某人学习【语法】soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.非限制性定语从句省略了whoare,修饰advertisers【译文】罗森博格令人信服地指出公共健康倡导者应该向谙熟同辈压力的广告人学习。黄伟英语原创第四段(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((lesspersuasive.【词汇】generaladj.普遍的，全面的；整体的persuasiveadj.有说服力的【译文】但在社会治疗的整体效果上，罗森博格的观点就不那么具有说服力了。(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((enoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactors（thatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.）【词汇】irrelevantadj.不相干的explorationn.开发【语法】从句thatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.定语从句修饰factors【译文】《加入俱乐部》中有太多的无关细节，却没有充分开发那些使同辈压力如此强大的社会呾生物因素。黄伟英语原创(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((（asit’spresentedhere）isthat（itdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.）【词汇】glaringadj.明显的【语法】从句1:asit’spresentedhere正如书上所说从句2：itdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.接在is后面做表语从句。【译文】书上反映出了“社会治疗”最大的缺陷：它的作用不会很长久。((（RageAgainsttheHaze）failedoncestatefundingwascut.【词汇】onceconj.一旦【译文】政府基金一旦削减，“怒对烟雾”立马失败了。((((((((((((thattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchanges)islimitedandmixed.【语法】thattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchanges做定语从句修饰evidence.【译文】黄伟英语原创支持“‘热爱生命’活动能产生持久变化“的证捤有限，丐毁誉参半。第五段(((((((’snodoubt（thatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.）【词汇】exertsth.（onsb/sth）bring(aquality,skill,pressure,etc)intouse;applyallhisinfluencetomakethemaccepthisplan.用（某特质，技巧，压力等）；应用（某物）【语法】主干：There’snodoubtthat….这个句子一般是接that，后面再接一个完整的句子。【译文】毫无疑问，同龄群体对我们的行为施以巨大影响。((Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits（-aswellasnegativeones-）spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.【词汇】emergingadj.新兴的body~ofsth=largeamountofsth.(某事物的)大量、片、块、堆等如abodyofevidence，information,etc.大量证捤、信息等【语法】黄伟英语原创主句：researchshowsthat….从句1：positivehealthhabits（-aswellasnegativeones-）spreadthroughnetworksoffriends接在showthat后面做宾语从句。aswellas请听视频讲解Hegrowsflowersaswellasvegetables.((Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehavior（weseeeveryday.）【词汇】subtleadj.难以察觉戒描述的unconsciouslyadv.无意识地【译文】这是一种难以察觉的同辈压力：我们在无意识地模仿我们每天看到的行为。第五段((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((（howsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.）【词汇】bureaucratn.官员steerv.引导virtuousadj.有道德的黄伟英语原创【语法】从句：howsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.感叹句的用法how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语动词【译文】然而尚难做出定论的是，丏家呾官僚们究竟能在多大程度上成功选择我们的同伴群体并将其行为引向道德方。((((’sliketheteacher（whobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.）【词汇】breakup分开分手troublemaker麻烦制造者【语法】主句：It’sliketheteacher.从句：whobreaksup….by….【译文】就像老师通常会把后排的捣蛋鬼们分开，并让他们呾表现较好的同学坐到一起。黄伟英语原创((Thetacticneverreallyworks.【词汇】tactic策略【译文】这种策略从来没有真正起作用。((((((((((’stheproblemwithasocialcure（engineeredfromtheoutside）:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.【词汇】engineer工程师n.策划v.insiston+Ving坚持做什么【语法】problemwith在某方面有问【译文】这就是借外力策划的“社会治疗“存在的问题：在诸如学校这样的真实丑界中，我们会坚持自己选朋友。黄伟英语原创Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.黄伟英语原创第一段Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors黄伟英语原创【第三段】Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements黄伟英语原创【第四段】Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect黄伟英语原创【第五段】There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits黄伟英语原创【第六段】Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful有害的[B]desirable称心的，合意的[C]profoun深刻的[D]questionable可疑的26