语音学与语言学作练习集【刘润清版】

Suprasegmental features-phonological features above the sound segment level 语言学复习习题集 Part One Exercises for Phonetics I. Fill in the blanks 1．________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech. 2: Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the _________ coming from the lungs. 3 . Consonant sounds can be either_________ or_________, while all vowel sounds are_________. 4. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _________.. 5. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _________ and the tips. 6. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised. 7. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without_________. 8. In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/_________. 9. In English there are a number of _________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. 10 _________refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbours. 11. _________ is the smallest linguistic unit. 12. According to_________, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. II . Choose the best answer. 13. Pitch variation is known as _________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice 14. Conventionally a_________ is put in slashes. A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme 15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _________ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones 16. 'The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as_________. A. gottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula 17. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as_________ diphthongs. A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering 18. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs G. phones D. allophones 19. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A. Acoustic phonetics. B. Articulatory phonetics. C. Auditory phonetics. D. Neither of them. 20. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation? A. [z] B. [w] C. [ø] D. [v] 21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? A. [n] C. [1] B. [m] D. [P] 22. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? A. [i:] B. [u] C. [e] D. [i] 23. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant 24. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative? A. [f] B. [ø] C. [z] D. [s] III . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] . – ______ 25. Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics. – ______ 26. Sound [p] in the word "spit" is an unaspirated stop. ______ 27. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence. ______ 28. The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. ______ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other. ______ 30. [ p ] is voiced bilabial stop. ______ 31. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. ______ 32. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. ______ 33.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place. ______ 34. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short. ______ 35. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. ______ 36. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to is where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. Explain the following terms. 37. Minimal pair 38. Sound assimilation 39. Suprasegmental feature 40. Free variation 41. Rounded vowel 42. Pitch 43. Vowel glides 44. Anticipatory coarticulation 45. Allophones 46. Complementary distribution 47. Distinctive features 48. Sonority scale V. Answer the following questions. 49. What is meant by phonetic transcription? 50. In which two ways may consonants be classified? Keys I . Fill in the blanks. 1. Articulatory 2. airstrem 3. voiced; voiceless; voiced 4. friction 5. tongue 6. height 7. obstruction 8. minimal pairs 9. diphthongs 10. Coarticulation 11. Phonemes 12. the maximal onset principle II . Choose the best answer. 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. A III. Decide whether the Mowing statements are true[T] or false[F]. 35. [F] It should be articulatory phonetics. 26. [T] 27. [T] 28. [T] 29. [T] 30. [F] It is a voiceless bilabial stop. 31. [F] Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. 32. [T] 33. [T] 34. [T] 35. [F] In many cases the pronunciation of English depends on individual speaker's accent and personal preference. However, one form of English pronunciation is the most common model accent in the teaching of English as a foreign language. It is called Received Pronunciation. 36. [F] The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. Part Two Exercises for Morphology Exercises I. Fill in the blanks. 1. Take is the ______ of taking, taken and took. 2. Bound morphemes are classified into two types; ______and ______ root. 3. An ______ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ______ is pronounced as a word. 4. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with______. 5. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ______ , ______ and ______ 6. All words may be said to contain a root______. 7. A snail set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to______, class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to______ class. 8. ______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of ______ shortening. 9. ______ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa. 10. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the ______ level. 11. A word formed by derivation is called a______ , and a word formed by compounding is called a______ . (derivative; compound) 12.. II. Choose the best answer. 13. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ______. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 14. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ______ morpheme. A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational 15. There are ______ morphemes in the word denationalization? A. three B. four C. five D. six 16. In English -ise and -tion are called ______. A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. free morphemes 17. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and______. A. affixation B. etymology •(46) • C. inflection D. root 18． The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _________. A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation 19. _________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word. A. Affixation B. back-formation C. Insertion D. Addition 20. The word TB is formed in the way of _________ . A. acronymy B. clipping D mation C. imitialism D. acronymy 21. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix word "learned" is known as a(n) _________ . A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form 22. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _______. A. blending B. clipping C. backformation D. acronymy 23. The.stem of disagreements is _________ . A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement 24. All of them are meaningful except for _______. A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph F. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] . – ______ 25. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. _______ 26. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. _______ 27. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed. _______28. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base. _______29. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion. _______30. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. _______31. The word; whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatop-(eia). _______32. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. _______ 33: Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English. _______ 34. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. _______ 35. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts. _______ 36. All roots are free and all affixes are bound. IV . Explain the following term. 37. Morphophonology 38. Allomorph 39. Bound morpheme 40. Back clipping 41. Derivation 42. Morphological rule 43. Closed-class word 44. Analogy 45. Full conversion 46. Blending 47. Base 48. Hybrid V . Answer the following questions. 49. Of all the word-formations, which involve the process. of addition? Which the process of subtraction? And which the process of transition? 50. Illustrate the axiom, “The actual grammatical classification of any word is dependent upon its use.” Keys 1 . Fill in the blanks. 1. lexeme 2.affix. b,ur.,,: 3. initialism; acronym 4. vocabulary 5. solid; hyphenated; open 6. morpheme 7. close; open 8. Backformation 9. Conversion 10. morphemic 11. derivative; compound 12. partial II - Choose the best answer. 13. A 14. A 15. C 16. B 19. B 20. C 21. C 22. A III. Decide whether the following statements are True[T] or False[F] 25. [F] Phonetically, a compound usually has a s element, or a main stress on the first element on the second element. 26. [T] 27. [F] Stem is the part of word that remains %s:o:r. removed. 28. [T] 29. [T] 30. [F] Reduplicative compound is formed b_v repeat almost identical word. 31. [T] 32. [F] The number of syllables of a word is not necex morphemes. 33. [F] Backformation is a productive way of forming v 34. [F] Inflection and word-formation are two sub-fields of morphology. 35 .[F] The meaning of a compound cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts, and sometimes is 36. [F] Roots are divided into free roots and bound always free. Part Two Exercises for Syntax Exercises I . Fill in the blanks. 1. A _______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 2. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _______ rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 3. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a _______ clause. 4. _______ construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction. 5. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their ________ properties. 6. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed_______ structure. 7. The term_______ refers to the relation between an element and another of the same level and under the same node in a tree diagram, and any other; under the latter element as well. 8. _______ construction refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses having equivalent syntactic status. 9. IC analysis emphasizes the_______ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first. 10. Surface structure can become the sole responsible structure for semantic • interpretation by the introduction of the_______ theory. 11. XP may contain more than just X. e. g. the "NP" "the girl who is watering the flowers" consists of Det, N and S, with Det _______ being the , N the head, and S the complement. 12. _______ relations refer to the structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence. II. Choose the best answer. 13. The head of the phrase "the city Rome" is _______. A. the city B. Rome C. city D. the city and Rome 14. The phrase "on the shelf" belongs to_______ construction. A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate 15. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” is a _______ sentence. *A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complex 16. In a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n) _______ clause. A. finite B. non-infinite C. embedded D. matrix 17. _______ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. A . Morphology B. Syntax C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 18. _______ does not belong to major syntactic categories. A. Auxiliary B. NP C. N D. PP 19. _______ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. A. Conjoining B. Embedding C. Concord D. Government 20. The term_______ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other. A. pronominal B. anaphor C. r-expression D. binding 21. In Halliday' s view, the _______ function of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience. A, ideational B. interpersonal C. textual D. social 22. The criterion used in IC analysis is _________. . A. transformation B. conjoining C. grouping D. substitutability 23.______ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category. A. Concord B. Government C. Binding D. C-command 24. The phrase "my small child's cot" is an ambiguous phrase, revealed by tree diagrams - A. one B. two C. three D. four III . Decide whether the following statements are true[ T] or false[F] . _______ 25. Application of the transformational rules yields deep structure. _______ 26. An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. It has just one head. _______ 27. Move a rule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in. grammatical strings. _______28. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun. _______ 29. Words in a paradigmatic relation are comparable in terms of syntax: they have the same syntactic features, so they are replaceable witn each other semantically. -(F) _______ 30. The relationship between an embedded clause and its matrix clause one of a part to a whole.(T) _______ 31.A constituent which is not at the same time a construction is a morpheme, and a construction which is not at the same time a constituent is a sentence. _______32. IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures. _______ _______33. Transformational rules do not change the basic meaning of sentences. A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. _______ 34. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be parted to the hearer. This is called the theme. _______ 35. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V. _______ 35. S-structure is a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement. IV . Explain the following terms. 37. Syntax 38. C-command 39. Hierarchical structure 40. Syntactic category 41. Phrase structure rules 42. IC analysis 43. Concord 44. X-bar theory 45. Subordinate construction 46. Deep structure 47. Trace theory 48. Move-a Answer the following questions. V. Answer the following questions: 49. What is a sentence? What is grammaticality? Please explain with examples what is a grammatical sentence? 50. Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions (1) to (3). The boy saw the man with the telescope. (1) Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words. (2) Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation. (3) What can be known about tree diagrams from (1) and (2)? Keys I . Fill in the blanks. 1. sentence 2. transformational 3. finite 4. Exocentric 5. recursive 6. deep 7. C-command 8. Coordinate 9. hierarchical 10. trace 11. specifier 12. Grammatical II . Choose the best answer. 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. B 19. A 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. B III. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [F] . 25. [F] Application of the transformational rules yields surface structure. 26. [F] Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes: ' subordinate and coordinate constructions. Coordinate constructions have more than one head. 27. [F] Move-a rule together with other syntactic principles. 28. [T] 29. [F] They are not replaceable with each other semantically. 30. [T] 31. [T] 32. [F] For example, IC analysis cannot be used to analyze the phrase "t love of God". 33. [T] 34. [F] This is called the rheme. 35. [ F] Major syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories s as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that servt heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V. 36. [T] Part Three Exercises for Semantics Exercises I . Fill in the blanks. 1. _______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 2. _______is the fact that would have to obtain in reality to make a proposition true or false. 3. "Charge" and "accuse" are said to be _______ synonyms. 4. Sentence meaning is the combination of the compound words and ________. 5. _________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of quality involved. 6. Predication analysis is to break down predications and into their constituents: _________ and _________ 7. _________ sentences express judgment. 8. The ambiguity of a sentence may arise from _________ and _________. 9. "mean" and "frugal" are said to be ________ synonyms. 10. We call the relation between "animal" and "cow" as_________. 11. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _________. 12. "Words are names of labels for things." This view is called _________ theory in semantic studies. II. Choose the best answer. 13. _________ in a person's speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative context. A. Stylistic variation B. Ideolectal variation C. Social variation antonyms. D. Regional variation 14. Cold and hot are a pair of _________ A. gradable B. complementary D. converseness C. reversal 15. Idioms are_________.. A. sentences B. naming units C. phrases D. communication units 16. _________ describes whether a proposition is true or false. D. Truth B. Truth value C. Truth condition D. falsehood 17. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _________. A. proposition B. sentence C. Utterance D. truth 18. Bull: ( BOVINE) (MALE) ( ADULT) is an