运动疲劳及过度训练的生化诊断

2000 年 12 月 北 京 体 育 大 学 学 报 D ec. 2000 第 23 卷　第 4 期 Jou rnal of Beijing U n iversity of Physical Education V o l. 23　N o. 4 ●学科研究与进展 运动疲劳及过度训练的生化诊断 ——运动生物化学动态之三 冯炜权 (北京体育大学运动生物化学教研室, 北京　100084) 摘　要: 在当今的竞技体育中, 训练负荷接近人体生理极限, 必然产生运动疲劳, 甚至导致过度训练, 影响运 动能力的提高, 成为运动员身体机能评定的重要内容。本文将国内外近年来的研究作一综合, 根据运动疲劳 的机理, 把运动疲劳和过度训练的界限用当前较为成熟的生化指标, 尝试作一划分, 供参考和讨论。 关键词: 运动疲劳; 过度训练; 生化诊断 中图分类号: G804. 7　　文献标识码: A 　　文章编号: 100723612 (2000) 0420498205 B iochem ica l D iagnosis of Sports Fa tigue and Overtra in ing FEN G W ei2quan (T each ing and R esearch Section of Exercise B iochem istry, BU PE, Beijing 100084, Ch ina) Abstract: N ow adays, in competit ive spo rt the tra in ing load is clo se to the physio logical lim it of the body, in w h ich spo rts fat igue is necessary to occu r and even overtra in ing is induced, so that exercise perfo rm ance imp rovem en t w ill be influenced. T herefo re, spo rts fat igue has becom e the impo rtan t con ten ts of the functional evaluat ion of the body in ath letes. In th is paper the recen t researches on spo rts fat igue at hom e and ab road w ere in tegrated. Based on the m echan ism of spo rts fat igue, the bound betw een spo rts fat igue and overtra in ing is tried to p lo t ou t fo r reference and discussion. Key words: spo rts fat igue; overtra in ing; b iochem ical diagno sis 1　运动疲劳 引起疲劳的主要是血浆和肌细胞内液中的氨基酸被利用, 目 前知道利用最多的是谷氨酰胺、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸 解代谢供能受阻。肌糖原消耗和细胞内钾外流使血钾上升, 收稿日期: 1999211230 作者简介: 冯炜权 (1932—) , 男, 广东东莞人, 教授, 博士导师, 研究方向运动疲劳与恢复。 可达 8mmo löL , 高血钾会出现肌无力。肌细胞内 K+ 下降, 细 缺血再灌注和运动诱导的脂质过氧化连锁反应也易引起自 和 血液中M DA 升高 , 肌肉SOD 活性上升 , 人运动后肌肉 体性的观点认识运动疲劳的机理, 提出加速消除疲劳的方 ·994·第 4 期 冯炜权: 运动疲劳及过度训练的生化诊断 法, 提高恢复过程的时效性。 2　过度训练 ·005· 北京体育大学学报 第 23 卷 参考文献: 运动性疲劳综述性参考文献: (1971～ 1999) [ 1 ] E. Simonson et. al. : Physio logy of wo rk Capacity and Fatigue. Charles C. T hom as Publisher. 1971. [ 2 ] j. Karlsson: L ocalized M uscular Fatigue: Ro le of M uscle M etabo lism and Substrate D ep letion. in Exercise and Spo rt Sciences Revivw s. 1979. [ 3 ] C iba Foundation Sympo sium 82, H um an M uscle Fatigue: ·105·第 4 期 冯炜权: 运动疲劳及过度训练的生化诊断 Physio logicalM echansism s. P itm an M edical, 1981. 1- 119. [ 4 ] R. H. T. Edw ards: B iochem ical Bases of Fatigue in Exercise Perfo rm ance: Catastrophy T heo ry of M uscular Fatigue. in H. G. Knuttgen et al: B iochem istry of Exercise. H um an Kinetics Publishers, 1983. 1- 28. [ 5 ]P. M arconnet et. al. :M uscle Fatigue M echanism s in Exercise and T rain ing Karger. 1992. [ 6 ] N. K. V o llestad et. al. : B iochem ical Co rretates of Fatigue. Eur. J. A pp l. Physio l. , 1988, 57, 336～ 347. [ 7 ] J. M. D avis: Central and peripheral Facto rs in Fatigue. J. of Spo rts Sciences, 1995, 13: S49～ S53. [ 8 ] P. Ko rge and K. B. Campbell, T he Impo rtance of A T Pase M icroenvironm ent in M uscle Fatigue: A H ypo thesis. In t. J. Spo rts M ed. , 1995, 16 (3) : 172- 179. [ 9 ] M. I. L indinger et. al. : K+ and L ac- D istribu tion in H um ans during and after H igh - in tensity Exercise: Ro le in M uscle Fatigue A ttenuation? J. A pp l. Physio l, 1995, 78 (3) : 765- 777. [ 10 ] J. H. W illiam s et. al. : Calcium Exchange H ypo thesis of Skeletal M uscle Fatigue: A B rief Review. M uscle & N erve, 1995, 18: 421 - 434. [ 11 ] R. H. F it ts et. al. : Effect of In tracellu lar and Extracellu lar Ion changes on E - C Coup ling and Skeletal M uscle Fatigue. A cta Physio l. Scand, 1996, 156: 169- 181. [ 12 ] J. M. D avis et. al. : Po ssib le M echanism s of Central N ervous System Fatigue during Exercise. M ed. Sci. Spo rts Exerc. , 1997, 29 (1) : 45- 57. [ 13 ] John RoM cL ester J r:M uscle Contration and Fatigue, T he Ro le of A deno sine 5’ - D ipho sphate and Ino rgan ic Pho sphate. Spo rts M edicine, 1997, 23 (5) : 287- 305. [ 15 ]G. B. D avid et. al. : T he Effects of Strength T rain ing and D isuse on the M echanism s of Fatigue. Spo rts M ed. , 1998, 25 (3) : 173- 189. [ 16 ] 冯炜权. 运动性疲劳和恢复过程与运动能力的研究新进展 [J ]. 北京体育学院学报, 1993, 16 (2) : 17- 29. [ 17 ] 谢敏豪. 血睾酮与运动[J ]. 体育科学, 1999, 19 (2) : 80- 83. [ 18 ] 施建蓉. 中医组方抗运动性疲劳的研究[J ]. 中国运动医学杂志, 1999, 18 (4) : 344- 345. 过度训练问题重要文献: (20 世纪 90 年代) [ 1 ]R. W. F ry. O vertrain ing in A th letes: A n update [J ]. Spo rts M ed, 1991, 12 (1) : 32- 65. [ 2 ] H. Kuipers. T rain ing and O vertrain ing: an In troduction. M ed Sci. Spo rts Exerc, 1998, 30 (7) : 1137- 1139. [ 3 ] C. H. B row n. O vertrain ing: a B rief Review [J ]. Spo rts M edicine, 1999, 14 (1) : 67- 70. [ 4 ] W. D erm an et al. . T he W o rn- out A th lete′: A C lin ical A pp roach to Ch ronic Fatigue in A th letes[J ]. Journal of Spo rts Sciences, 1997, 15: 41- 351. [ 5 ] R. Budgett. Fatigue and U nderperfo rm ance in A th letes: the O vertrain ing Syndrom e[J ]. B r. J. Spo rts M ed, 1998, 32: 107- 110. [ 6 ] M. L ehm ann et al. . A utonom ic Im balance H ypo thesis and O vertrain ing Syndrom e. M ed. Sci. Spo rts Exerc. 1998, 30 (7) : 1140～ 1145. [ 7 ] C. Fo ster. M onito ring T rain ing in A th letes w ith Reference to O vertrain ing Syndrom e. M ed. Sci. Spo rts Exerc. , 1998, 30 (7) , 1164 - 1168. [ 8 ] E. R. E ichner. O vertain ing: Consequences and P revention J. Spo rts Sci. , 1995, 13: 41- 48 [ 9 ] G. R. D avid et. al. T he H aem ato logical, B iochem ical and Imm uno logical P rofile of A th lete Suffering from the O vertrain ing Syndrom e. Eur. J. A pp l. Physio l, 1995, 70: 502- 509. [ 10 ] A. C. F ry. Resistance Exercise O vertrain ing and O verreach ing— N euroendocrine Responses. Spo rts M ed. , 1997, 23 (2) : 106- 129. [ 11 ] R. H. M o rton. M odelling T rain ing and O vertrain ing. J. of Spo rts Sci. ences, 1997, 15: 335- 340. [ 12 ] M. L ehm ann et. al. . O vertrain ing in Endurance A th letes: a B rief Review. M ed. Sci. Spo rts Exerc. , 1993, 25 (7) : 854- 862. [ 13 ] M. L ehm ann et. al. . M onito ring H igh - in tensity Endurance T rain ing U sing N eurom uscular Excitab ility to Recognize O vertrain ing. Eur. J. A pp l. Physio l, 1997, 76: 187～ 191 [ 14 ] M. J. L ehm ann et al. . T rain ing and O vertrain ing: an O verview and Experim ental Resu lts in Endurance Spo rts. J. Spo rts m ed. Phys. F itness, 1997, 37: 7- 17. [ 15 ] A. U rhausen et. al. . Impaired P itu itary Ho rmonal Response to Exhaustive exercise in O vertrained Endurance A th letes. M ed. Sci. Spo rts Exerc, 1998, 30 (3) : 407- 414. [ 16 ] A. C. Snyder. O vertrain ing and Glycogen D ep letion H ypo thesis. M ed. Sci. Spo rts Exerc. , 1998, 30 (7) : 1146- 1150 [ 17 ] U. A. L. Gastm ann et. al. : O vertrain ing and the BCAA H ypo thesis. M ed. Sci. Spo rts Exerc, 1998, 30 (7) : 1173- 1178 [ 18 ]M. L ehm ann et al. . Influence of an U naccustom ed Increase in T rain ing V o lum e vs In tensity on Perfo rm ance, H em ato logical and B lood - chem ical Param eters in D istance Runners. J. Spo rts M ed. Phys. F itness. 1997, 37: 110- 116. [ 19 ] H. H. W. Gabriel et al. . O vertrain ing and imm une System: a P ro spective L ongitudinal Study in Endurance A th letes. M ed. Sci. Spo rts Exerc, 1998, 30 (7) : 1151- 1157. [ 20 ] Go ral Kentta et. al. . . O vertrain ing and Recovery: A concep tual M odel. spo rts M ed, 1998, 26 (1) : 1- 16. [ 21 ]D. G. Row bo ttom et. al. . T he Em erging Ro le of Glu tam ine as an Indicato r of Exercise Stress and O vertrain ing. Spo rts M ed. , 1996, 21 (2) : 80- 97. [ 22 ]D. C. M cKenzie. M arkets of Excessive Exercise. Can J. A pp l. Physio l, 1999, 24 (1) , 66- 73. [ 23 ]岑浩望. 过度训练[M ]. 中国医学百科全书运动医学分册 (曲绵域 主编). 上海: 上海科技出版社, 1983. 26. [ 24 ]岑浩望. 运动员过度训练综合症[J ]. 中国运动医学杂志, 1989, 8 (1) : 58- 61. [ 25 ]浦钧宗. 过度训练[M ]. 实用运动医学 (曲绵域等主编). 北京: 科 学技术出版社, 1996. 298- 304. [ 26 ]杨则宜, 冯炜权, 谢敏豪, 等运动员疲劳和过度训练的生化诊断和 营养学恢复手册, 1996, 4. ·205· 北京体育大学学报 第 23 卷