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精缩作家作品英国部分中世纪英语(文学) Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century 乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry first time to use 'heroic couplet' 英雄体双行诗 . 莎士比亚William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present time 四大悲剧Four tragedies - Hamlet, Oth...

英国部分中世纪英语(文学) Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century 乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry first time to use 'heroic couplet' 英雄体双行诗 . 莎士比亚William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present time 四大悲剧Four tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth 十四行诗第18首 eternal or immortal beauty 《威尼斯商人》 to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality 《哈姆雷特》 hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger (复仇者) To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action 独白 Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters 培根Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness(简洁) & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose Inductive method 归纳法 in place of deductive method 演绎法《论学习》 uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary 互补 to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. .弥尔顿John Milton 《失乐园》 the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will. 《复乐园》《力士参孙》 the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. 新古典主义Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感 & accuracy 怯懦启蒙思想(运动) Enlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science 哥特式小说Gothic novel - mystery, horror & castles 神秘、恐怖 .菲尔丁Henry Fielding –英语小说之父 Father of English novel, Prose Homer Comic epic in prose 《汤姆•琼斯》浪漫主义时期 The Romantic Period 布莱克William Blake -engraver雕刻家《扫烟囱的人》 from《天真与经验之歌》 a happy and innocence world from children's eye; from 《经验之歌》 a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites; 老虎< The Tyger > 拜伦George Gordon Byron 拜伦式英雄'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin贵族血统, against tyrannical残暴的 rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in《恰尔德•哈罗德游记》. 'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown. from《唐璜》 (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'? 雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley Shelley’s masterpiece, Prometheus unbound, Is a verse drama. which borrows the basic story from a Greek play. 英国人民之歌《西风颂》 terza rima三行体, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, 'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?' 济慈John Keats 4 great odes – 忧郁颂,希腊古瓮颂 , 夜莺颂, 倦怠颂 the contrast between the permanence永久 of art and the transience 短暂of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty' 简奥斯汀Jane Austen 《傲慢与偏见》维多利亚时期 The Victorian Period 狄更斯Charles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers批判现实主义作家 of the Victorian Age维多利亚时代 Character-portrayal描写 is the most distinguishing feature特点 of his works A mingling混合 of humor and pathos 悲伤,惆怅《双城记》《雾都孤儿》 .勃朗蒂姐妹The Brontë Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Brontë, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature. 《简•爱》《呼啸山庄》 .乔治•艾略特George Eliot: As a 女性作家woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women 《米尔德马契》 a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor 哈代Thomas Hardy - both a 自然主义naturalistic and a critical realist writer 地方乡土色彩Local-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment' 《德勃家的苔斯》 experience is as to intensity剧烈, and not as to duration持续 ?夜里的相会 ?早上的分别现代主义 The Modern Period 萧伯纳George Bernard Shaw- 1884 join the Fabian Society, strongly against the credo信条 of “art for art’s sake”, vehemently 激烈condemned the “well made” but cheap, hollow plays. He wrote more than 50 plays. Mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view. 《鳏夫的房产》《康帝坦》《华伦夫人的职业》《恺撒和克里奥佩特拉》《圣女贞德》《人与超人》《皮格马利翁》《回到麦修色拉》《苹果车》 . T. S.艾略特 T. S. Eliot 《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》《荒原》《灰星期三》《四个四重奏》劳伦斯 D. H. Lawrence 《儿子和情人》《虹》《恋爱中的女人》 ■ 美国部分 Started with Washington Irving's and ended with Whitman's , also called 'the American Renaissance'Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England Transcendentalism 先验主义/超验主义 1.欧文Washington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American Goldsmith Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced First novel contains German folk tales , 2.爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement , , a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism 3.霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne Interior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity 4.惠特曼Walt Whitman Openness, freedom, individualism I - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing) A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen. Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideas 5.麦尔维尔Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac Realistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyon man's control 6.马克•土温Mark Twain - the true father of American literature Local colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age 3 boyhood books , , Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is. 9.西奥多•德莱塞Theodore Dreiser - America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire - , , 'who shall cast the first stone?' The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorder Seize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis Imagist movement, Jazz Age 14.海明威Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel Prize Iceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure from birth and death coexist 15.福克纳•William Faulkner - awarded a Nobel Prize South, imprisonment in the past Stream of consciousness, multiple points of view Yoknapatawpha Country Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.

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