Biochem. J. (1994) 298, 705-710 (Printed in Great Britain)
705
Cellulose hydrolysis by the cellulases from Trichoderma reesei: a new
model for synergistic interaction
Bernd NIDETZKY,*§ Walter STEINER,* Marianne HAYNt and Marc CLAEYSSENSt
*Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Graz, Petersgasse 12/1, A-8010 Graz, Austria, tinstitute of Biochemistry, University of Graz,
Schubertstrasse 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria, and $Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department Biochemistry-Fysiology-Microbiology, University of Gent,
K.L.-Ledeganckstraat 25, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
The hydrolysis of Whatman no. 1 filter paper by purified
cellulolytic components from Trichoderma reesei and the syn-
ergistic action of binary combinations of these enzymes on the
same substrate were investigated. At 20 g/l filter paper, enzyme
concentrations needed to obtain half-maximal hydrolysis rates
(KE values) were in the 3-4 1M range for the cellobiohydrolases
(CBHs) and 0.05-0.10,1M for the endoglucanases (EGs).
Catalytic-core proteins of CBH I and EG III, lacking the
cellulose-binding domain, exhibit KE values 2.3 and 5.1 times
higher than those of the intact enzymes. In synergistic combi-
INTRODUCTION
Traditionally, hydrolysis of (semi)crystalline cellulose by fungal
cellulase systems is thought to require the cooperative action of
so-called endoglucanases (EGs; EC 3.2.1.4) and cellobiohydro-
lases or exocellulases (CBHs; EC 3.2.1.91). Since the role of each
component in the hydrolysis of the insoluble substrate is not well
understood and, also, no clear-cut distinction between the two
cellulase types exists (Henrissat et al., 1985; Van Tilbeurgh and
Claeyssens, 1985; Vrsanska and Biely, 1992), hypothetical models
for synergism have to be re-evaluated.
For fungal cellulases, two types of synergism have been put
forward. So-called endo-exo-synergism is generally interpreted
by a sequential mechanism of enzyme action: endoglucanases in
an initial attack on the amorphous regions of the cellulose
provide new chain ends for the action of CBHs (Wood and
McCrae, 1979; Henrissat et al., 1985; Beldman et al., 1988).
Another model assumes competition among individual cellulases
for adsorption sites on cellulose (Ryu et al., 1984; Kyriacou et
al., 1987), but its relevance for synergism remains unclear.
For exo-exo-synergism, described by several authors (Wood
and McCrae, 1986; Figerstam and Pettersson, 1980; Henrissat
et al., 1985; Kyriacou et al., 1987; Tomme et al., 1988), two
mechanistic models have been proposed. One is based on
experimental evidence that between the enzymes from Tricho-
derma reesei (CBH I and CBH II) a loose complex is formed
in solution and that adsorption of the individual components to
cellulose is maximal in optimal synergistic admixtures (Tomme
et al., 1990). Wood and McCrae (1986), on the other hand,
tentatively ascribed synergism between CBH I and CBH II from
Penicillium pinophilum to different orientations of the non-
reducing end groups in crystalline cellulose, requiring two cello-
nations oftwo cellulases, the KE value of at least one enzyme was
3-10-fold reduced. CBH I/CBH II and CBH I/EG III combi-
nations showed the most powerful synergism, and optimal
ratios were a function of the total protein concentration. Results
obtained in activity and adsorption assays using filter paper
pretreated with one component, followed by inactivation and
subsequent hydrolysis with the same or another cellulase com-
ponent, point to a sequential enzymic attack of the cellulose and
seems consistent with the mathematical model presented.
biohydrolases with different stereochemical specificities. How-
ey,r, elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of the core
protein of CBH II from T. reesei and modelling of the substrate-
binding site (Rouvinen et al., 1990) showed that the cellulose
chain may enter the active-site tunnel in two different
orientations.
Therefore plausible mechanistic concepts for cellulase syn-
ergistic action cannot be advanced as results published in the
literature are inconclusive and sometimes contradictory. In part,
this may be due to the unsatisfactory degree of purity of the
individual cellulases (Van Tilbeurgh et al., 1984; Wood and
Garcia-Campayo, 1990). Nevertheless some significant findings
are: (i) synergism between cellulases depends on the ratio of the
individual enzymes (Henrissat et al., 1985; Tomme et al., 1988),
(ii) the importance of the degree of substrate saturation
(Woodward et al., 1988) and (iii) the influence of the physico-
chemical properties of the substrate itself (Henrissat et al., 1985).
The present paper deals with the synergistic action of the four
major cellulases from T. reesei, namely CBH I, CBH II, EG I and
EG III on Whatman no. 1 filter paper with a crystallinity index
of about 45 % (Henrissat et al., 1985). Furthermore, we present
a mathematical and mechanistic model for the co-operative
action of the cellulases.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
Filter paper no. 1 was from Whatman (Maidstone, Kent, U.K.).
D-Glucose was determined either by the hexokinase assay
(Chemie Linz, Linz, Austria) or the D-glucOse oxidase (GOD)/
peroxidase (POD) method (Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany).
2'-Chloro-4'-nitrophcnyl (CNP) fl-glycosides were prepared as
Abbreviations used: CBD, cellulose-binding domain; CBH, cellobiohydrolase, 1,4-,8-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase; CNP, 2'-chloro-4'-nitrophenyl;
CNPLac, 2'-chloro-4'-nitrophenyl lactoside; EG, endoglucanase, 1,4-f-D-glucan glucanohydrolase; i.e.f., isoelectric focusing; GOD, o-glucose oxidase;
POD, peroxidase.
§ Present address and address for correspondence: Institut fOr Lebensmitteltechnologie, UnIversitAt fur Bodenkultur, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82,
A-1190 Wien, Austria.
705Biochem. J. (1 994) 298, 705-71 0 (Printed in Great Britain)
706 B. Nidetzky and others
described by Van Tilbeurgh et al. (1988). fl-Glucosidase from
Aspergillus niger (Novozym 188; Novo, Bagsvaerd, Denmark)
was purified by Bio-Gel P6 gel filtration (Bio-Rad, Richmond,
VA, U.S.A.). Its activity was determined with 4-nitrophenyl fl-D-
glucoside (Ghose, 1987).
Enzyme purification
CBH I, CBH II and EG I were prepared from the culture filtrate
of T. reesei MCG 77 using consecutive ion-exchange chromat-
ography on DEAE- and CM-Sepharose. CBH I, CBH II and EG
I were further purified by affinity chromatography (Van Tilbeurgh
et al., 1984). The core protein and the cellulose-binding domain
(CBD) ofCBH I were prepared by limited proteolysis as described
by van Tilbeurgh et al. (1986). EG III from T. reesei QM 9414
and its core, purified by reported methods (Macarron et al.,
1993; Stahlberg et al., 1988), were gifts from respectively Dr.
R. Macarron and Dr. G. Pettersson. The purity of the individual
enzymes was checked and verified by SDS/PAGE, isoelectric
focusing (i.e.f.)/PAGE and by the very sensitive measurement of
the specific activity (50 °C) against small chromogenic substrates
(Van Tilbeurgh et al., 1988). So, under these conditions, no
appreciable activity of CBHII or EG III against CNP lactoside
(CNPLac) could be detected (less than 0.01 % EG I and 0.1 %
CBH I activity). No contamination (less than 0.1 %) ofCBH I by
EG I could be detected using activity measurements on 1 mM
CNPLac in the presence of 20 mM cellobiose, which completely
inhibits CBH I, but not EG I, activity. No release of the
chromophore by CBHI, CBHII, and EG I was measured when
using CNP cellotrioside as a substrate, thus ruling out con-
tamination by EG III (less than 0.05 %).
The concentration of the individual cellulases was determined
spectrophotometrically (280 nm) using the following molar ab-
sorption coefficients (M-1 cm-1): CBH I (67200), CBH I core
(62500), CBH II (79100), EG I (54800), EG III (77000)
(Saloheimo et al., 1988), and EG III core (63600) (Stahlberg et
al., 1988).
Enzymic hydrolysis
To prevent strong product inhibition by cellobiose during
cellulose hydrolysis, individual enzymes or combinations were
dissolved in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.8) supplemented
with fl-glucosidase (0.2 unit/ml). No cellulolytic activity of the f-
glucosidase against filter paper was detected. The reaction was
started by adding a piece of filter paper (10±0.5 mg) to 0.5 ml of
preincubated (50 °C, 10 min) solution containing either indi-
vidual enzyme or binary enzyme combinations in the following
concentration ranges: CBH I (0.2-8.0 1sM); CBH I core (0.4-
15.0,M); CBH 11 (0.1-7.0 1tM); EG I (0.01-0.50 ,M); EG III
(0.02-0.90 1tM); EG III core (0.02-0.90 ,uM). Further incubation
was at 50 °C and agitation at 200 rev./min (Aquatron; Infors,
Bottmingen, Switzerland). At stated times (0.5-5 h), samples
were taken (15,ul), centrifuged [10000 rev./min (ray 7.5 cm),
5 min] and further incubated at 50 °C for 30 min to complete the
conversion of soluble hydrolysis prodducts into D-glucose. The
latter was determined by the hexokinase assay measurin, absorb-
ances at 340 nm. The rates of hydrolysis were calculated from the
linear range of D-glucose produced versus reaction time or, in
case of significant deviation from linearity, by taking the amount
of D-glucose released after 0.5 h.
Shaking intensities higher than 200 rev./min did not increase
the reaction rates, thus indicating no mass-transfer limitation of
hydrolysis under the conditions used. Suitable test experiments
proved that the addition of ,-glucosidase did not alter the
amount of D-glucose released by individual cellulases or combin-
ations of the enzymes after 1 h (no synergism between the
cellulases and the p-glucosidase).
Enzymic pretreatment of filter paper
The effect of substrate pretreatment was examined in a two-step
experiment.
Step 1
Filter-paper discs (5.05 mm diameter; 2.0+0.5 mg) in 100 ,l
0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.6, containing 0.2 unit of /8-
glucosidase/ml and different cellulases (either 2.6 ,uM CBH I,
2.6 ,uM CBH I core, 2.6 ,uM CBH 11, 0.4 ,uM EG I or 0.7 ,uM EG
III) were shaken (Thermomixer 5436; Eppendorf, Munich,
Germany; 50 °C and 1300 rev./min). After 1 h, 70 1el of the
reaction mixture were withdrawn and the same amount of buffer
was added. The tubes were heated (90 min at 95 °C) to inactivate
the enzyme adsorbed to the cellulose and, after cooling to room
temperature, the enzymically pretreated filter paper was washed
several times with 70 ,ul fresh buffer. Controls containing buffer
and filter paper only were treated similarly.
Step 2
The enzyme used in the second step was added to the preincubated
(50 °C, 10 min) solutions containing the pretreated filter paper
(final volume 100 ,ul). Conditions and final concentrations were
as in step 1. After 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, samples were taken
(7 ,e1), further incubated for 30 min at 50 °C and analysed for D-
glucose by the GOD/POD assay (100l,u reagent), measuring
absorbances at 405 nm in microtitre plates (Easy Reader; SLT
Lab Instruments, Graz, Austria). The complete inactivation of
the enzyme used in step 1 was checked by addition of buffer and
fl-glucosidase to the pretreated filter paper and measuring
formation of D-glucose as described above.
Adsorpfton
Adsorption of individual cellulases on to pretreated filter paper
was determined by measuring the specific activity of non-
adsorbed enzyme (1 h incubation) in the supernatants (Tomme et
al., 1990). CBH I (core), EG I, and EG III activities were
determined at 50 °C by on-line monitoring of the release of 2-
chloro-4-nitrophenol (et 1.8 x 104 M-1 cm-' at 405 nm and
pH 5.6) from the CNP ,-glycosides of lactose (1 mM), cellobiose
(1 mM), and cellotriose (0.25 mM) respectively (Van Tilbeurgh
et al., 1988). Prior to these activity measurements any cellobiose
present in the samples was hydrolysed by adding fl-glucogidase
as described above. In the subsequent activity measurement, the
,8-glucosidase (and contaminating ,3-galactosidase) activities in
the samples had to be totally inhibited by addition of 10 mM
glucono-6-lactone and galactono-&-lactone. Residuai C1H II
after adsorption was determined by measuring activities of
supernatant samnples against untreated filter paper (20 g/l).
Computational methods
Parameters in the mathematical models (see the Appendix) were
estimated by non-linear least-squares regression using theBMDP
statistical software package (BMDP statistical software, Los
Angeles, CA, U.S.A.).
Synergistic action of Trichoderma reesei cellulases 707
Table 1 Kinetic constants calculated by non-linear regression according to the models in the Appendix for individual cellulases and their binary, synergistic
combinations acting on flIter paper (results are means + S.D.)
(a)
Range Vm= KE
Enzyme (#M) (g/h per litre) (#M) Vma/K Ratio
CBH 0.20-8.00 0.448 + 0.072 4.243 + 1.285 0.106 + 0.036 l
CBH core 0.40-15.00 0.471 +0.101 9.663 + 2.548 0.049 + 0.016 2.17
CBH II 0.10-7.00 0.518 + 0.052 3.301 + 0.644 0.157 + 0.034
EG 0.01-0.50 0.172+ 0.021 0.095+ 0.034 1.810+ 0.5031
EG III 0.02-0.90 0.299 + 0.010 0.047+ 0.007 6.361 + 0.971 6
EG IlIl core 0.02-0.90 0.271 + 0.012 0.241 + 0.031 1.125+ 0.153 665
(b) (c)
Calculated optimal
ratios (total enzyme
concentration)
Vs.,rtx. V(E)+ V(E2) K1 K
Enzyme 1/enzyme 2 (g/h per litre) (g/h per litre) (#M) (ciM) (1 ,uM) (10 #uM)
CBH l/CBH 11
CBH l/EG
CBH l/EG Ill
CBH Il/EG IlIl
2.183 + 0.141
0.494 + 0.053
1.277 + 0.080
0.635+ 0.069
0.966 + 0.089
0.620 + 0.075
0.747 + 0.073
0.817+ 0.053
4.243*
4.243*
1.488 + 0.193
0.803 + 0.216
0.297 + 0.063
0.022 + 0.010
0.008 + 0.002
0.042 + 0.009
62/38 70/30
74/26 90/10
82/18 92/8
74/26 86/14
* Set constant during regression analysis because of highly linear correlation between Vsy and K1.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hydrolysis of cellulose by individual cellulases and their core
proteins
Under the conditions used and for each of the six enzymes
studied (always in the presence of fl-glucosidase), initial hy-
drolysis rates of Whatman No. 1 filter paper proved to be linear
(first 30 min) when D-glucose was measured by the coupled assay
(see the Experimental section). At longer reaction times a steady
decrease in reaction rate was observed for EG I and EG III
(core), probably indicating a rapid depletion of available sub-
strate sites (results not shown).
Adsorption of cellulases on to the surface of their insoluble
substrate is generally assumed to be a prerequisite step for
hydrolysis. Therefore it seemed appropriate to analyse initial-
rate data ofcellulose hydrolysis at various enzyme concentrations
and constant substrate concentration and to use equations
deviating from classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics (see the
Appendix). For the individual, intact cellulases and for the
respective core proteins of CBH I and EG III, kinetic constants
VMax. and KE were estimated by non-linear regression analysis
(Table la). The resulting 'catalytic efficiencies' point to 10-50-
fold higher values for the endocellulases compared with those
for the exo-type enzymes and 2-6-fold reduced values for the
core proteins compared with those for intact CBH I or EG III.
The maximal hydrolysis rate values agree with those found for
the same enzymes with other types of cellulosic substrates
(Henrissat et al., 1985; Tomme et al., 1988).
Within statistical significance, maximal hydrolysis rates (Vm..
in Table la) are not influenced by proteolytic modification. Thus
one function of the CBD can simply be to enhance the enzymes'
efficiency by increasing the adsorption partition coefficient on
crystalline cellulose (Tomme et al., 1988; Teeri et al., 1992). It
seems thus improbable that the fungal CBD induces any ad-
ditional 'active' property to the enzyme, as suggested by some
authors (Knowles et al., 1987), at least not in the case of filter-
paper hydrolysis. Furthermore, no synergistic effect on filter-
paper hydrolysis was observed when CBH I core and the isolated
CBD of CBH I were admixed either in equimolar amounts or
with a 5-fold molar excess of CBD.
Hydrolysis of cellulose by binary combinations of Intact cellulases
Four combinations, CBH I, CBH II, EG I and EG III, showed
positive co-operativity (Table lb). This was investigated at
various total enzyme concentrations and different ratios of the
individual components. In all cases the synergistic factors, which
were defined as the ratio of the activity of a given combination
to the sum of the individual activities, were found to be constant
during hydrolysis of filter paper up to 5 h reaction time. From a
large amount of hydrolysis-rate data, parameters could be
extracted by using the mathematical model outlined in the
Appendix (eqns. A2a and A2b).
Values for V'yn_max.. and the respective constants, K1 and K2,
were determined by non-linear regression for different combin-
ations of the cellulases (Table lb). Experimental hydrolysis rates
were fitted to the model (eqns. A2a and A2b) using the parameter
values from Table la. As shown in Figs l(a)-1(d), no serious
trend deviation can be detected, indicating that the model is valid
to describe the experimental data.
The highest synergistic rates were observed with the combin-
ations CBH I/CBH II and CBH I/EG III (Table lb). The half-
saturation constant of at least one enzyme in a synergistic
combination (K1 or K2 in Table lb) is reduced drastically when
compared with the results in Table l(a). This may indicate an
increased affinity of the individual enzymes for the substrate
when acting in a synergistic combination.
From eqns. (A2a) and (A2b) the maximal hydrolysis rates for
different ratios of the components at a given total enzyme
concentration can be calculated (Table ic). It is evident that the
B. Nidetzky and others
1.0 A
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0.6 -
0.4 -
0.2 -
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_
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