明喻暗喻拟人

null The Appreciation of English Rhetoric The Appreciation of English Rhetoric Su Xuelei null另外，值得注意的是英语中有许多成语含有明喻，其结构为as + 形容词+ as +名词（第一个as可省略）。例如： (as) blind as a bat           目光如豆 (as) cool as cucumber        泰然自若 (as) cold as a marble         冷若冰霜 (as) busy as a bee            像蜜蜂一样忙 (as) firm as a rock            坚如磐石 (as) light as a feather          轻如鸿毛 (as) mute as an oyster          噤若寒蝉 (as) strong as horse           健壮如牛 用些含明喻的成语用like构成。例如： like a duck to water          如鱼得水 like a hen on a hot griddle     像热锅上的蚂蚁 like a mouse in a hole            瓮中之鳖 以上是明喻最典型的体现格式：A is like B. 和A is as…as B.null英语中的明喻可以多种格式体现，其他的格式或句型还有： 1、虚拟句型   最常见的是用as if或as though作比喻词，另外还有其他一些形式。例如： My handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants, escaping from an ink bottle, had walked over a sheet of paper without wiping their legs.                               (Sydney Smith ) 我的笔迹，看来就像一大群蚂蚁从墨水里逃出来，没有把脚抹干净就在纸上四散奔跑过似的。笔迹像蚂蚁爬的痕迹，比喻得恰如其分。null…and the fattest woman I have ever seen in my life dozing in a straight-backed chair. It was as if a sack of grain was supported by a matchbox. ……还有一位我生平所未曾见过最胖的女人坐在一把直背椅子上打瞌睡，那简直就像一口袋粮食放在一个火柴盒上一样。 “一口袋粮食放在一个火柴盒上”比喻（含夸张）得多么生动。nullShe looked both young and aging, as if she had just emerged from an illness of some crisis.     (Isacca Bashevis Singer: The Briefcase) 她看上去既老又年轻，好像是新病初愈或是刚遭了一场灾难的样子。 He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez. (Ernest Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls) 那匹马很漂亮，像是维拉斯凯兹油画上的马变活了。null2、what型    常见的句式有两种：A is to B what C is to D和 What C is to D, A is to B。例如： Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars. 卡洛斯·雷德与可卡因的贩运的关系，正如亨利·福特与汽车的关系。 卡洛斯·雷德是著名的哥伦比亚毒枭（Colombian drug lord），亨利·福特是美国汽车大王，本句通过喻体（福特）本体（雷德）。此明喻起说明的作用。 Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.                                          (Bovee) 明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用。 The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter. 作家的笔犹如战士的枪。 Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body. 智力对思想犹如视力对于身体一样重要。null在这个明喻句式中，系动词可以改用实义动词do，介词to改为 for，而成为 A does for B what C does for D 。这里what引导的是一个宾语从句。例如： Marx did for the development of society what Darwin did for the development of the biology.  马克思对社会发展的贡献和达尔文对生物学发展的贡献一样。 第二个句式是把what从句提到句首而形成的。例如： What the blueprint is to the builder the outline is to the writer. 提纲对于作家犹如蓝图对于建筑师一样重要。 What blood vessels are to a man’s body, that railways are to the country. 铁路对于一个国家的作用正如血管对于人体的作用。 What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。 What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature. 妙语与幽默之于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。similesimile喻体的选择往往具有浓郁的民族色彩。当英汉两种语言对同一本体设喻时，所采用的喻体有同有异，且异多于同。 1.喻体相同 As cold as ice 冰冷 As cunning as a fox 狐狸般的狡猾 As still as death 死寂 As graceful as a swan像天鹅一样的优美 As chaste as ice冰清玉洁nullAs fat as pig 胖的像猪 As handsome as paint 美丽如画 As greedy as a wolf 想狼一样贪婪 喻体相异 喻体相异 由于地理环境，历史，风俗习性，价值观念，宗教信仰等的不同造成了文化的重大差异。例如 To eat like a horse 狼吞虎咽 To drink like a fish 牛饮 Like a drowned rat 想落汤鸡一样 Like a peacock among sparrows 鹤立鸡群 As merry as a cricket 快乐如神仙 As poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗 中英动物词汇的联想意义对比中英动物词汇的联想意义对比Fox 狡猾， 诡计多端 He is as sly as a fox. You have got to watch him. 他狡猾如狐狸，你可要小心点。 When the fox says he is an vegetarian, it’s time for the hen to look out. null2. Wolf 残忍凶暴，贪婪成性 To me he is a power---he is the primitive with cruelty of the wolf in his innermost nature. 他对我有绝对的控制权---他是个野蛮的土人，骨子里透着豺狼般的残忍。 She was as greedy as a wolf. 她像狼那样贪得无厌。 A wolf in sheep’s clothing(披着羊皮的狼)。null3. Donkey (ass), pig 愚蠢，窝囊 You ass! You stupid ass! How could you do such a thing like that?! 你这头驴！ 你这头蠢驴！你怎么会干出那种事来？ “pig” , she spat out at him viciously, her nostrils flaring in a look of savage disdain. “蠢猪”， 她恶毒地咒骂他，两只鼻孔张得大大的，露出极端蔑视的神情。 Make an ass of oneself(做蠢事)null4. parrot 模仿 You are no better than a parrot when you act the priest, Father de Bricassart! 徳.布里卡萨神父，当你成为教士后，并不比学舌的 鹦鹉高明多少。 5. lamb 温顺 March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb. 三月天气来时凶猛如狮，去时温和如绵羊。 as gentle as a lamb/as meek as a sheep null1. dog 在汉语中，狗是卑贱的动物，因为狗过于忠诚于主人，反而让人们讨厌，所以在汉语，与狗相关的词汇都带有贬义，如:狗仗人势，狗眼看人低，狗改不了吃屎，狗嘴里吐不出象才来，狗咬吕洞宾，狼心狗肺，狗血喷头，落水狗，丧家之犬。国人一听到狗字就特别反感。 喻义相异null 对于英国人来说，狗既可以用来看门或打猎，也可以被视为人的伴侣和爱物。在英国狗的地位是很高的，人们对狗的印象都很好。所以人多数与狗相关的词汇都是含有褒义或中性词义的。如:a lucky dog(幸运儿，走运的家伙)、love me, love my dog(爱屋及乌)、every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意时)、A gay dog(欢乐的人)、help a lame dog over a stile(台阶)(助人渡过难关)。null2. dragon 龙是中国传说中的神异动物。在中国，龙象征着皇权，神力，威严,尊贵。国人称自己是龙的子孙，龙的传人。在封建社会，龙是皇帝的象征。在汉语，凡与龙相关的词语都是褒义，如:龙飞凤舞、 龙凤吉祥、藏龙卧虎、望子成龙、龙马精神、虎啸龙吟、龙腾虎跃、画龙点睛、攀龙附凤。 null而在西方神话中，dragon是一只巨大的晰蝎，长着翅膀，身上有鳞，拖着一条长长的尾巴，能够从嘴中喷火。英国人看到dragon这个词时，想到的是青面獠牙，残忍的怪兽，邪恶的家伙和恶势力。The (old) dragon指的是撒曰，魔王，魔鬼。在英语最占老的史诗Beowulf 中, dragon指的就是个凶恶暴虐的恶龙。另外，dragon还指凶狠的妇女，悍妇，如:his wife is a real dragon(真是一个凶狠，泼辣的母老虎)。 null 3. bat 中国文化中，蝙蝠因与“福”字是谐音,所以蝙蝠被认为是好运，吉祥的象征。在西方，蝙蝠是一种邪恶的动物，常与罪恶和黑暗联系在一起，特别是、vampire bat吸血蝙蝠，提起来就令人毛骨惊然，所以与蝙蝠相关的词语都带有贬义色彩，如: as blind as a bat(像蝙蝠一样瞎);have bats in one‘ belfry(钟楼) (疯疯癫癫，傻里傻气)、Crazy as a bat:精神失常，发痴。null Owl在英语中常‘常是智慧、聪明的象征，英语比喻as wise as an ow1(象猫头鹰一样聪明)就是一例;还有“神情严肃”的联想意义， as grave as an owl.而在汉语中猫头鹰则常被视为不祥之物，会让人联想起凶兆，比喻会有不测。人们认为猫头鹰叫则预示着将要死人，猫头鹰进屋更是一种凶兆。民间就有忌讳“夜猫了进宅，无事不来”，指的也是猫头鹰能够带来恶运。null A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. (Webster’s New World Dictionary) 暗喻 metaphornull A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit(含蓄，不明确的); whereas in simile it is explicit. ( A Dictionary of Literary Terms) null Metaphors are often easy to identify and take the form X is Y. Something or someone is being compared to something or someone else through a construction using the appropriate part of the verb to be (i.e. am, are, is, was, were, will be).nullAll the world’s a stage, And all men and women merely players; They have their exits and entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages… (Shakespeare, As you Like it ) 全世界是一个舞台，他们都有下场的时候，又都有上场的时候。一个人一生中扮演者好几个角色，他的演出可分为七个时期。 The first clause sets up the basic comparison. The tenor(本体) and vehicle(喻体) invoked by the first line are elaborated in the lines that follow. The metaphor makes possible for the literary writer to explain things vividly in great detail. nullSome books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. ( Of Studies, Bacon) 一些可以浅尝辄止；一些书可以狼吞虎咽；而有些书则需要细嚼慢咽，好好消化。 She has a photographic memory for detail. 她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。 （把her memory比作camera，但喻体camera没有出现。） null A man' s nature runs either to herbs or weeds; therefore let him seasonally water the one, and destroy the other. (Bacon) 人的本性不是趋向善，就是趋向恶。把善喻做香花(herbs)，把恶比做毒草(weeds)，言简意赅，形象具体。 null美国黑人作家体斯写的题为《警告》的一首诗: Warning Negroes, Sweet and docile, M eek, humble, and kind: Beware the day They change their mind! Wind In the cotton fields, Gentle breeze: Beware the hour It uproots trees! null 诗中反映了美国黑人反对种族歧视、争取自由解放的强烈愿望。诗中的“Wind一词是个隐喻，表示今天的和风会成为明天的风暴，将种族歧视的参天大树连根拔起。这首诗给人以“于无声处听惊雷“的强烈震撼的感觉，读后使人精神振奋，勇气倍增。 隐喻的结构特征 隐喻的结构特征 喻体直陈式 认定本体就是喻体，把本体和喻体说成一件事。这种方式强化了语言表达的逻辑力量。 A book that is shut is but a block. 总是合着的书只不过是一块砖头而已。 College is a comma of a sentence of life. 大学就是人生长句中的一个逗号。 null2. 喻体半隐式 喻体半隐半现，此式中的喻体词语通常是由名词转化来的动词。通过这个动词对动作或状态的描述，来发现这个名词所具有的喻体特征。实际上这个动词的名词形式就是喻体。 He doesn’t have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say. 他没有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。 A heavy silence blanketed the room. 整个房间沉浸在一片沉默中。 They stormed the speaker with questions. 他们猛烈质问演讲者。 Was covered like a blanket/spoke violently like a storm null3. 喻体全隐式 表面上喻体并未出现，实际上比喻却暗含句中，即以适用于喻体的词语来充当喻体。 Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. ( Of Studies, Bacon) 一些书可以浅尝辄止；一些书可以狼吞虎咽；而有些书则需要细嚼慢咽，好好消化。 把book比作food，但food这个喻体没有出现，取而代之的是以适用于喻体的taste, swallow, chew digest 四个动词。null2、Metaphor的设喻     每一巧妙而令人难忘的比喻都来自生活的实践和作者丰富的想象。尽管metaphor 有千千万万, 但在本体和喻体的关系方面, 也就是metaphor的设喻方法, 归纳起来大致有以下三种。 1) 以一种形象具体的事物去比喻另一形象具体的事物nullThe tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure.                           (Thomas Jefferson) 自由之树常以爱国志士和暴君的血来浇灌, 这些鲜血是自由之树的天然肥料。 此例以“肥料”(manure) 喻革命志士与暴君之血。 Books are the ever-burning lamps and accumulated wisdom.              (Stephen Butler Leacock ) 好书乃积累智慧的长明灯。 此例把书籍喻为“长明灯”。  null2) 用形象具体的事物, 比喻抽象的事物或概念 It’s the same with Negro in America. That shoe ... the white man’s system ... has pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it has almost destroyed him. 美国黑人的情况也是这样。白人制度这只鞋夹紧了他的灵魂，使之受磨难, 几乎要把他毁掉了。 用夹紧黑人的灵魂的一只“鞋子”来比喻美国的白人制度, 这是典型的以具体事物比喻抽象事物 。nullHistory is all these things——waves, tides and currents —— and like the sea, no matter how tranquil the surface, it is never still. A sequence of events is a series of waves, one crest following upon the other; and the trick for statesmen and reporter alike, is to tell which crest is surge of the tide and which a mere accident of the wind. 历史总是这些东西——波浪, 潮汐和水流——像海洋一样, 无论表面多么平静, 它从未静止过, 一系列的事件是一层层的波浪, 一个波峰接着一个波峰, 政治家与记者的技能一样, 是告诉人们哪一个是潮汐的作用, 哪一个不过是因风而起。 用海洋中的“波浪, 潮汐和水流”来比喻历史, 也是用具体事物比喻抽象事物。null3) 以一种抽象概念去比喻另一种抽象概念 。  ... It was the age of wisdom; it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief; it was the epoch of doubtfulness, it was the season of light; it was the season of darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair.              （Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities） ……这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代；这是信仰的时期，这是怀疑的时期；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是希望之春，这是失望之冬。 在此例中，作者将“时间”这一抽象概念，用一系列的其他抽象概念：智慧，愚蠢，信仰，怀疑，光明，黑暗，希望，失望来比喻。  nullMetaphor 在英语里运用极为广泛、频繁。请看下面几例： Police work on inner city streets is a domestic Vietnam, a dangerous no-win struggle fought by confused, misdirected and unappreciated troops. ( Gordon Witkin ) 市中心贫民区的治安工作是一场国内的越南战争，有一支思想混乱、指挥失灵、无人赏识的部队进行的一场危险的，只输不赢的斗争。 这是一例典型的隐喻。人们对警方的工作（本体）可能了解不深，但在美国人们对越南战争（喻体）则是体会的既具体又痛切。本体，喻体同时出现，通过三个相似点（confused, misdirected，unappreciated），痛陈警察的不平和苦衷，可望引起公众对警察的同情和理解。文中Vietnam指the Vietnam War。 nullFor years her cries of “fish for sale” were in vain. She had no home, no family, no friends — and her life was a basket of unsold fish. 多年来，她“卖鱼啦”的叫喊声全然白费。她无家可归，无夫无子，无亲无友——她的生活就是一篮没卖出去的鱼。 把卖鱼妇的生活比喻成一篮没有卖出的鱼，激起人们对卖鱼妇的无限同情。 This century…man has started to look into the working of that other universe which is inside himself ——the human brain. (Isaac Asimov: What Is Intelligence, Anyway) 本世纪……人类已经开始研究自身内部的的另外一个宇宙的活动了，这另外一个宇宙就是人脑。 作者用隐喻向读者表明：“人脑”就是一个“宇宙”，它奥秘无穷，有待人类进一步研究探索。 While most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somewhat reluctant to give our fellow the warm sunshine of praise. （Janet Grham: The Profits of Praise） 我们大多数人动不动就对别人刮起批评的寒风，不知为什么却不愿意把表扬的温暖阳光给予我们的同伴。 此句把太多的批评比喻为“冷风”，把表扬比喻为“温暖的阳光”，本体和喻体的关系由of含蓄表达，都是喻体在前，本体在后。nullBeware of little expenses. A small leak will sink a great ship. ( Benjamin Franklin ) 当心小笔的费用。小漏不堵也会沉大船。 以上例子不是用词或短语而是用进行比喻，前一句为本体，后一句为喻。 A modern Japanese woman, they say, instead of trying to enrich her inner self, is in a mad scramble to ape anything that is new and foreign — fashions, cosmetics, hairdos, rock-and-roll. ( Peiko Hatsumi: Japanese Women ) 他们说，现代日本妇女，不是努力丰富自我的精神，而是拼命模仿新的洋的事物——时装，化妆品，发式，摇摆舞。nullA figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person. (Webster’s New World Dictionary) 拟人是将物当作人来描写的修辞手法，其本质上是一种隐喻。拟人大致分四种：以动物拟人、以植物拟人、以无生命的事物拟人以及以抽象概念拟人。 Personificationnull 1. O, my love’s like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June: O, my love’s like the melody That’s sweetly played in tune. －Robert Burns 啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰； 六月里迎风初开； 啊，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌； 唱得合拍又柔和。 (王佐良译）null 2. Kindness is the golden chain by which the world is bound. (Goethe) 仁爱是联结世界的一条金链。 null3. The rain to the wind said “You push and I’ll pelt,” They so smote the garden bed That the flowers actually knelt And lay lodged— though not dead I know how the flowers felt. (Robert Frost)雨对风说： “你来狂吹，我来猛落。” 他们俩就这样在花圃上施暴虐 于是花儿们便七歪八倒叶残瓣破 最后终于倒下了——尽管还奄奄一息活着 我知道花儿们此时心中感受如何。 null例1是明喻，将爱人比作花朵，比作乐曲； 例2是隐喻，将仁爱比作金链条，都是静 止的比喻。 例3作为拟人格却活泼得多，风和雨都成 了人，变成了冷酷、残暴、以施虐为乐的 人，风和雨狂吹猛落直把花儿摧残得奄奄 一息。 nullIt is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion. 当狼依然持有不同意见之时，群羊通过的赞成素食主义的决议案也是徒劳无功的。 A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. 真理还来不及穿上鞋子，谎言已经走遍了半个世界。 这里把lie(谎言)和truth(真理)拟人化了，它 们有了腿可以走路，把谎言传播得比真理要快得多，讽刺得惟妙惟肖。 null拟人的方法 (一)无生命的事物拟人化 所谓“无生命”主要是指不具有思想感情活动的人，不是指科学的、严格意义的无生命。这种拟人可以赋予无生命的事物以人的思想、感情、行为、声音、笑貌，使情景交融，充满抒情味。例如: nullRoy: 1 knew I wouldn’t sleep so I’ve been walking in the garden confiding my good luck to the stars. Myra: Were they pleased? Roy: Oh, they seemed indifferent. They went on glittering, the little exhibitionists. 罗伊:我知道自己睡不着的，所以到花园里散散步，把我的好运向星星们诉说。 玛拉:星星们高兴吗? 罗伊:哦，它们似乎挺冷漠的，不搭理我，继续闪烁着光芒，这些爱显摆的小东西。 null 以上这段对话中的3句话都用到了拟人，把星星当作人来写。星星是无生命的，说向它诉说好运(confiding my good luck to the stars)，问它是否高兴(pleased)，还说它冷漠(indifferent)，是爱显摆的小东西(little exhibitionists). null 4) George Bernard Shaw. "You never can Tell" "Well. you were an advanced woman. accustomed to defy public opinion, and with no regard for what the world might say of you.” “嗯，你曾是个思想先进的女人，习惯于与公众 意见抗衡，不顾世人对你看法如何。” "We're old-fashioned: the world thinks it has left us behind.” “我们是落伍的人了:这个世界认为我们跟不 上它的步伐了。null(二)有生命的事物拟人化 这里有生命的事物主要指动物、植物。《伊索寓言》中的《狐狸与葡萄》: A thirsty fox saw juicy grapes. They were on a vine which was on a high limb(主枝). The sun had ripened them nicely. "Those look great!” said the fox .He jumped and jumped to get them .He missed them each time .Then he said “Forget it! who wants those lousy grapes. They are likely to be sour anyway. 这是一段典型的童话式的写法，其中的狐狸和太阳都被赋予了人的生命，狐狸像人一样思考说话，太阳像人一样亲切地使葡萄成熟。这是动物拟人化的一个典型例子。 null下面一段也引自《伊索寓言》，不过是把蚂蚁，蚱蜢等昆虫当作人来描写。 On a cold, frosty day an Ant was dragging out some of the corn which he had laid up in the summertime, to dry it. A Grasshopper, half perished with hunger, besought the ant to give him a morsel of it to preserve his life. “what were you doing ,” said the Ant, “this last summer?” “Oh,” said the Grasshopper, “I was not idle. I kept singing all the summer long.” Said the Ant, laughing and shutting up his granary, “Since you could sing all summer, you may dance all winter.” Winter finds out what Summer lays by.  (The Ant and the Grasshopper    from Aesop’s Fables) 一个霜冻的冷天，一只蚂蚁拖出夏天贮存的一些谷子来晒。一只饿得半死的蚱蜢恳求蚂蚁给他一口谷子来维持他生命。蚂蚁说：“你今年夏天干什么来着？”蚱蜢说：“哦！我并没有闲着，我唱了一夏天的歌。”蚂蚁关起谷仓笑着说：“你既然能唱一夏天的歌，那么你也可以跳一冬天的舞啦。” 到了冬天才知道夏天所贮存的东西的重要。null (三)抽象的事物拟人化 这种拟人法可使抽象事物具体化，显得生动活 泼，易于理解。例如: How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! (Milton) 时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷， 盗窃了我二十又三年飞去了。 在十七、十八世纪的古典诗歌中，诗人们出于对神话和传统的尊重，常喜欢把自然现象人格化。诗人按照传统把Time比拟做人。 nullCordell Hull, in the age of print, observed that a lie goes half way around the world before truth has time to get its trousers on. With television today, truth never catches up with half-truth. (Mortimer B. Zuckerman) 康代尔·赫尔在印刷品时代曾经指出，真理还来不及穿上裤子，谎言已经走遍了半个世界。今天，在电视机的威力下，真相更难赶上半真半假的说词。 Cordell Hull是1933—1944年间的美国国务卿，那时没有电视，传播媒体主要靠印刷的报纸，所以说in the age of print。把抽象的真理和谎言人格化，把传播真相和散布谎言比作一场赛跑，前者动作迟缓，后者不胫而走，确实十分生动。 Thank you!