38-Secondary authority 次级法律渊源

中正法律英语翻译网：http://translation168.lingdi.net SecondarySecondarySecondarySecondary authorityauthorityauthorityauthority 次级法律渊源 The principal kinds of secondary authority are these: 次级法律渊源主要有以下几种 Dictionaries.Dictionaries.Dictionaries.Dictionaries. The traditional American law dictionary is Bouvier’s Law Dictionary and Concise Encyclopedia (F. Rawie 8th ed. 1914), in three volumes. Popular one volume works are Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed. 1979) and Ballantine’s Law Dictionary (W. Anderson 3d ed. 1969). The statements of law sometimes appended to the definitions contained in these sources should not, however, be taken as reliable. 词典 传统的美国法律词典是《博韦法律词典及简明百科全书》（F·拉维，1914年第 8版），三卷本。流行的一卷本作品是《布莱克法律词典》（1979年第 5版）和 《拜仑坦法律词典》（W·安德森，1969年第 3版）。法律的陈述有时会附加 这些资料中的定义，不过并不能作为可靠依据。 Encyclopedias.Encyclopedias.Encyclopedias.Encyclopedias. There are two popular general encyclopedias, American Jurisprudence 2d in over ninety volumes, and Corpus Juris Secundum in over one hundred volumes. Both are well indexed, contain ample citations, and are kept up to date with annual cumulative supplements to each volume. Although they may be useful aids in finding cases, they are concerned mainly with the exposition of the law as it is rather than with critical analysis and are less reliable than the better treatises and texts. The contributions, which are unsigned, are those of the publisher’s permanent staff rather than of known scholars. 百科全书 有两种通用的百科全书，《美国法释义全书第二版》，数量超过九十卷；以及《美 国法律百科续编》，有超过百卷之多。二者都有精良的索引，包含大量法律引证， 每卷都会有年度的补遗以更新资料。尽管它们对于查询案例颇有帮助，但是被认 为主要是对于法律的说明而不是评论性的，并且不如更好一些的论著和课本 可靠。条目编著者并不署名，都是出版者的常年职员，而不是知名学者。 TreatisesTreatisesTreatisesTreatises andandandand textbooks.textbooks.textbooks.textbooks. Treatises and textbooks may be designed to serve several purposes. Some treatises, like those of Corbin, Powell, Scott, Wigmore, and Williston, mentioned above, are carefully reasoned and scholarly expositions of a field with explanation of the reasons behind the rules and criticism of the present state of the law. They are equally useful to the scholar and the practitioner. Others, often written by practicing lawyers on 中正法律英语翻译网：http://translation168.lingdi.net specialized topics such as automobile accidents or insurance, are intended primarily for the practitioner whose chief concern is with the present state of the law and who is searching for a case or other authority in a particular field. Treatises of both kinds are usually kept up to date with annual cumulative supplements. Single-volume textbooks, such as E. Farnsworth, Contracts (1982), G. Gilmore & C. Black, The Law of Admiralty (2d ed. 1975) or W. Prosser, Handbook of the Law of Torts (4th ed. 1971), have been written in many fields to serve as introductory works for students as well as practitioners. Occasionally shorter student editions of major treatises, such as the abridgements of Powell and Scott, have been published. In addition, there are many excellent monographs on particular aspects of the law, such as P. Freund, On Understanding the Supreme Court (1949, reprinted 1977) and G. Gilmore, The Death of Contract (1974). 论著和教科书 论著和教科书可以用于多种目的。有些论著，比如像科宾、鲍威尔、斯各特、威 格摩尔以及威利斯顿等人的著作，有仔细的论述和针对某一领域学术性的探讨， 解释了规则背后的原理并且对现行法律加以批评。这些书籍对于学者和实务家都 非常有用。另外一些，通常是执业律师所作，专注于特定的领域，如交通事故或 者保险等，其主要目的是为关心现行法律状况以及在某一特定领域查询案例或其 他渊源的人们提供帮助。这两种论著通常都会有年度补遗刊行以更新资料。有很 多单卷本的教科书面世，如 E·方斯沃斯的《论合同》（1982年）、G·吉尔摩 尔和 C·布莱克合著的《海事法》（1975年第 2版）以及W·普罗瑟的《侵权 法手册》（1971年第 4版）等，作为学生和从事实务者的入门书籍。有时还有 一些重要著作的简写学生版出版发行，如鲍威尔和斯各特著作的缩写本。此外， 还有许多对于法律特别方面的出色的专论，如 P·弗洛因德的《了解最高法院》 （1949年版，1977年重印）以及 G·吉尔摩尔的《合同的末日》（1974年版）。 Casebooks.Casebooks.Casebooks.Casebooks. While the casebook is chiefly a teaching tool for student use, it should not be ignored as a research work as well. Many casebooks, such as W. Cary & M. Eisenberg, Cases and Materials on Corporations (5th ed. 1980) and E. Farnsworth & W. Young Cases and Materials on Contracts (3d ed. 1980), contain copious notes and references to leading articles as well as cases. Since they are more frequently revised than many text books, they may contain more recent material. 案例教科书 尽管案例教科书主要是一种供学生学习使用的工具，但同时作为研究著作是不能 被忽视的。许多案例教科书，如W·凯利和M·埃森伯格合著的《公司法案例 与材料》（1980年第 5版）以及 E·方斯沃斯和W·杨的《合同法案例与材料》 （1980年第 3版），包含了大量对于主要法条和案例的注释和参考材料。因为 这些书籍相比其他许多教科书进行更多的修订，就包含了更多最近的材料。 LegalLegalLegalLegal periodicals.periodicals.periodicals.periodicals. 中正法律英语翻译网：http://translation168.lingdi.net The most distinguished American legal periodicals are the university law reviews, which now number upwards of two hundred. Traditionally they are edited by topranking students and print student notes and comments as well as signed leading articles and book reviews by professors, lawyers, and judges. The leading articles are apt to be more original, argumentative, and critical than is the material found in treatises. The quality of the student work is often high and has not infrequently merited citation by the courts. Many reviews stress the local law of their jurisdiction or geographical area. A few emphasize special fields, for example the Tulane Law Review is devoted to the civil law, comparative law, and codification. Aside from the university law reviews, there are many journals that are published by bar associations and specialized groups. Examples are the American Bar Association Journal, the Journal of Legal Education, the American Journal of International Law, and the American Journal of Comparative Law. A summary of recent developments in various fields is published each year in the Annual Survey of American Law of the New York University School of Law. Work published in most English language periodicals in the United States and elsewhere is indexed in the cumulative Index to Legal Periodicals, and, beginning with 1980, in the somewhat more comprehensive Current Law Index. 法学期刊 最著名的美国法学期刊是各大学的法律评论，现在总数有两百多种。按传统它们 是由最优秀的学生负责编辑，发学生的学术短文以及教授、律师和法官所作的 署名论文和书评。相比论著中的材料，重要的文章更具原创性、争论性和批评性。 学生作品的质量通常也很高，被法院援引的事例也并不罕见。许多法律评论对本 司法辖区或地理区划内当地的法律都会形成一种压力。有些期刊专注于特别的领 域，例如《图兰法律评论》就是专门涉及民法、比较法以及法典化。除了大学的 法律评论之外，还有律师协会和专门组织发行的期刊，比如《美国律师协会杂志》、 《法律教育杂志》、《美国国际法杂志》以及《美国比较法杂志》等。对于法律 各领域新近发展的简要论述则有纽约大学法学院出版的《美国法年度调查》，绝 大多数以英语在美国和其他地方出版的作品有索引收录于《法学期刊索引》，而 自从 1980年起，有更为详尽的《当代法律作品索引》。 LooseleafLooseleafLooseleafLooseleaf servicesservicesservicesservices. Looseleaf services, notably those published by the Commerce Clearing House (CCH) and Prentice-Hall, enable the lawyer to keep abreast of developments in such rapidly changing fields as federal and state taxation, business regulation, and administrative law. Examples are the CCH Standard Federal Tax Reporter and the Prentice-Hall Corporation service. Each service covers one specific field as completely as possible, including all types of authority together with comment and explanations. 活页 活页指南，尤其是由商业结算中心（CCH）和学徒堂出版社出版的指南，使得律 师们能够紧紧跟上诸如州和联邦税务、商业规章以及行政法之类变化无常的领域 的脚步。例如 CCH出版的《联邦税务报告》以及学徒堂出版的《公司指南》。 中正法律英语翻译网：http://translation168.lingdi.net 每一种指南都尽可能穷尽某以专业领域的内容，包括所有类型的法律渊源以及评 论和释义。 MiscellaneousMiscellaneousMiscellaneousMiscellaneous.... The lawyer who is concerned with the drafting of legal documents may find help in form books, some general and some specialized, that collect standard forms for such documents, both substantive and procedural. Another useful aid for the practitioner is the Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory, a multi-volume set that contains a directory of American lawyers and a collection of brief digests of the law of the fifty states and many foreign countries. 其他 从事有关法律文件起草工作的律师会发现格式参考书非常有帮助，有些是一般性 的，有些则是专业性的，收录各种实体及程序性文件的标准格式。另一种有助于 实务者的是《马丁代尔—胡贝尔法律词典》，多卷本的系列，包含一个美国律师 名址录以及五十个州和许多外国的简明法律摘要。