电解质代谢的生理基础null Water and electrolyte disorders
Water and electrolyte disorders
null一、水、电解质代谢的生理基础
(一) 体液
1. 体液及其分布
Intracellular fluid
Total (ICF) 40%
(60%) interstitial fluid 15%
extra...
null Water and electrolyte disorders
Water and electrolyte disorders
null一、水、电解质代谢的生理基础
(一) 体液
1. 体液及其分布
Intracellular fluid
Total (ICF) 40%
(60%) interstitial fluid 15%
extracellular fluid plasma 5%
(ECF) 20% transcellular fluid 2%
(透细胞液)
null 2. 体液中主要电解质及其分布
extracellular fluid:
Na+、Cl-、HCO3-
intracellular fluid:
K+、HPO42-
在Na+- K+-ATPase作用下,细胞内外Na+ 、K+保持不对等分布。null 3. Osmotic pressure of body fluid
(plasma)
Positive ion: 151mmol/L
Negative ion: 139mmol/L total 280-310mmol/L
Nonelectrolyte: 10mmol/L (678.3kpa)
Plasma colloidal osmotic pressure:
3.72kpa(28mmHg) null(二) movement of water and electrolytes
1. plasma interstitial fluid
capillary protein
2. intra- and extra- cellular fluid
proteins and positive ion: permeability
water and negative ion: permeability
(water movement balance of osmotic pressure)R
B
Cnull 3. Balance of body water and sodium
drink 1200ml
water intake food 1000ml
(2000-2500ml) oxidation 300ml
balance
of water urine 1200-1500ml
water loss skin 500ml
(2000-2500ml) respiration 350ml
feces 150ml
Balance Intake/d 100-200mmol (digestive tract)
of sodium Loss/d 100-200mmol (urinary system)
ECF:50%
Distribution ICF: 10%
of sodium 骨基质:40% (正常血清钠:130-150mmol) null(三) Regulation of osmotic pressure and volume
Hypertonic thirst
of ECF
1.body water ADH ; aldosterone
sodium thirst
Ang Ⅱ ADH
body volume aldosterone
receptor of volume
ADH
2.body water
sodium ADH
reabsorption of sodium
3.blood volume ANP aldosterone(ADS)
tension
4.others ADH
painnullFigure: regulation of ADH secretion
osmotic pressure R
pressure R
ADH
volume R
heart
null二、water and sodium disorders
hypertonic hypertonic
dehydration isotonic water excess isotonic
hypotonic hypotonic
(一) 细胞外液容量不足(extracellular fluid deficit)
1. Hypotonic dehydration
sodium loss > water loss
serum sodium < 130mmol/L
plasma osmotic pressure < 280mOsm/L
null 1) cause and Pathogenesis
excessive loss of water and sodium replaced with water only.
vomiting, diarrhea; burn; diuretics;
Addison’s disease (ADS ) ;
chronic renal failure; renal tubular acidosis
2) adaptive response and effect on body
① movement of body fluid
ECF ICF cellular swelling
Blood volume
Extracellular fluid
Shock dehydrated signs edema of brain and lung
null ② urinary alteration
urine specific urine
volume gravity [Na+]
----------------------------------------------------------
early ADH ± or
stage ADS
late ADH
stage ADS
-----------------------------------------------------------
(注:经肾失钠的低渗性脱水,尿钠不减少) null 3) principles of treatment
① treating primary disease
② 0.9%NaCl
2. hypertonic dehydration
① water loss > sodium loss
② serum sodium > 150mmol/L
③ plasma osmotic pressure>310mOsm/Lnull1) cause and pathogenesis
lack of water(desert;sea)
① intake
to drink inability(coma;baby)
lung: hyperpnea(hypoxia;acidosis)
skin: fever; hyperthyroidism; sweat;
exposure to hot environment
② loss digestive tract: vomiting; diarrhea;
baby diarrhea([Na+]: 60mmol/L)
kidney: diabetes(ketosis);
diabetes insipidus
diuretic(mannitol;hypertonic glucose)
null 2) effect on body
① hypertonic of ECF thirst
② movement of the body fluid
ICF ECF cell dehydration
Brain dehydration
Sleepiness subarachnoid space bleeding
Dehydration of sweat glands
dehydrated fever
dehydration of heat
regulating center null ③urinary alteration
urine specific urine
volume gravity [Na+]
----------------------------------------------------------------
early ADH
stage ADS ±
late ADH
stage ADS
-----------------------------------------------------------------
3) principles of treatment
先水,后盐;补水大于补钠。 null病例1:患者,男性,40岁,吐、泻伴发热、口渴、尿少4天入院。
体格检查:体温 38.2℃,血压 110/80mmHg,汗少,皮肤黏膜干燥。
实验室检查:血Na+ 155mmol/L,血浆渗透压320mOsm/L,尿比重﹥1.020。
给予 5%葡萄糖溶液 2500ml/d 和抗生素,2天后体温、尿量正常,口不渴,眼窝凹陷,皮肤弹性明显降低,无力,肠鸣音减弱,腹壁反射消失。浅
静脉萎陷,脉搏 110次/分,血压 72/50mmHg,血Na+ 120mmol/L,血浆渗透压 255mOsm/L,血K+ 3.0mmol/L,尿比重﹤1.010,尿钠8mmol/L。null 3. isotonic dehydration
① water loss ≈ sodium loss
② serum sodium = 130-150mmol/L
③ plasma osmotic pressure:280- 310mOsm/L
1) cause and pathogenesis
① vomiting; diarrhea; gastrointestinal suction;
biliary fistula; intestinal fistula
② ascitic fluid; pleural effusion null2) effects on body
① slight thirst
② blood volume dehydrated signs; BP
③ urinary alteration
urine specific urine
volume gravity [Na+]
------------------------------------------------------------------
early ADH
stage ADS
late ADH
stage ADS
------------------------------------------------------------------
3) principles of treatment
补偏低渗液;先补0.9%NaClnull病例2:
患者,女性,38岁,因减肥连续服用泻药一周,现感虚弱乏力,偶有直立性眩晕而入院。
体格检查:体温36.7℃,血压从入院时的110/60mmHg 很快降至 80/50mmHg,心率 100次/分,皮肤弹性差,黏膜干燥,尿量120ml/24h。
实验室检查:血Na+ 140mmol/L,血浆渗透压295mOsm/L,尿比重 1.038,尿钠 6mmol/L。null(二) 细胞外液容量过多(extracellular fluid excess)
1. water intoxication
water intake , total sodium ±; ECF , ICF ;
hyponatremia; Serum sodium < 130mmol/L
1) cause
excessive water intake
renal loss (acute renal failure;
acute congestive heart failure)
2) effects on body
brain cells swelling
water moves into cells
pulmonary edema
3) principles of treatment diuresis null病例3:患者,女性,因外伤急救误输异型血 200ml后,出现黄疸和无尿。
体格检查:体温37℃,脉搏 80次/分,呼吸 80次/分,血压从入院时的110/60mmHg 很快降至 80/50mmHg。神志模糊,表情淡漠,皮肤黏膜干燥、黄染,静脉塌陷。
实验室检查:血清尿素氮 15.0mmol/L,非蛋白氮 57.12mmol/L,血 K+ 6.7mmol/L。
入院后急速输入5%~10%葡萄糖溶液1500ml,生理盐水500ml后,当晚做血液透析,透析中血压上升并稳定在110~140/70mmHg,透析后查尿素氮为 9.46 mmol/L,非蛋白氮 44.3mmol/L,血 K+ 5.7mmol/L。
患者5天内一直无尿,并逐渐出现明显气喘、心慌、不能平卧,嗜睡、呕吐、头痛、精神错乱症状。查体发现,心率 120次/分,两肺布满湿罗音。血 Na+ 120mmol/L,血浆渗透压 230mOsm/L,红细胞比容 32%。null 2. Edema
interstitial fluid
fluid in the body cavities hydrops
fluid in the cells cellular edema
(1) pathogenesis
1)imbalance of exchange between intra- and extra-
body fluid (retention of water and sodium)
basic mechanism: glomerular-tubular imbalance
① GFR acute glomerulonephritis
heart failure
② reabsorption of proximal tubule
sympathetic nerve filtration fraction
ANP reabsorption of water and sodium
nullnull ③ reabsorption of distal tubule
ADH , aldosterone
④ redistribution of renal blood flow
sympathetic nerves and renin
2) imbalance of exchange between intra- and
extra-vascular fluid
① capillary blood pressure
② plasma colloid osmotic pressure
③ permeability of capillary
④ obstruction of lymph
3) kinds of edema
3. 盐中毒null病例4:患者,女性,因发热、呼吸急促及心悸入院。
体格检查:体温39.6℃,脉搏 161次/分,呼吸 33次/分,血压 110/80mmHg.
口唇发绀,半卧位,颈静脉怒张,心界向两侧扩大,心尖区闻及明显收缩期杂音,两肺闻及广泛湿罗音。肝脾肿大,下肢明显凹陷性水肿,入院诊断为右心衰竭。
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