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自考 现代语言学历年真及 2011年1月-2001年10月 全套!(sara 整理) 1 9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of 现代现言自考现年现学真2011 1-2001 10utterances. ( )全国2011年1月自考现学现代现言现现学 A. the motor area B. Broca’s area现程代现,00830C. Wernicke’s area D. the angular gyrusI . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the 10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )(2% × 10=20% )A. prelinguistic B. one-word1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and C. two-word D. multiwordhow we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the linguistic performance. ( )first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word A. creation B. communicationonly, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )C. comprehension D. perception11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in 2.The sounds that begin and end the words church general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.and judge are voiceless and voiced 12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the ______,respectively. ( )streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.A. affricates B. stops13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different C. velars D. palatalswords may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.　3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, 14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according and case are called _______ morphemes. ( )to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.A. free B. bound15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e C. derivational D. inflectionalmeaning.4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word 16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise usually contain head, ______and complement. ( )to conversational i .A. modifier B. determiner17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or C. qualifier D. specifierexpressiveness, then rule e occurs.5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ 18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in experience. ( )common.A. Reference, sense B. Sense, referent19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of C. Sense, reference D. Referent, sensethe brain is called 1 .6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of 20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language. A. prelocutionary B. locutionaryIII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put C. illocutionary D. perlocutionarya T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a 7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a A. in word-initial B. in word-middlemotorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian C. in word-final D. in syllable-initialnot to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it 8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( 22,( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones～linguists use slashes,,for )phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments,A. a regional dialect B. a social dialect23, ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech C. a situational dialect D. an ethnic dialect 第 1 现 2 of the original word,2011年1月全自考现代现言考答案国学参24, ( )In addition to sentences and clauses～a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function, 25, ( )The word“flower”and “flour”～which are identical in sound～but different in spelling and meaning～are homophones, 26,( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context～pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.27, ( )The meaning representation of words may change～becoming broader, narrower, or shifted,The word knight once meant “youth”～but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry～When Juliet tells Romeo～“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much,She means “I am too foolish,”These are two examples of semantic broadening, 28, ( ) In sociolinguistics～speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language,Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29, ( )Generally speaking～the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from～the right side of the body, 30,( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’ “the younger the better”, IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30% ) 31.displacement 32.voicing 33.morpheme 34.finite clause 35.componential analysis 36.declarations 37.epenthesis 38.speech variety 39.linguistic relativism 40.the nativist view of language acquisition V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% × 2=20% ) 41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction? 42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them. 第 2 现 3 第 3 现 4 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______. A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. A. linear B. hierarchicalC. constituent D. syntactic 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, 　largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. ; , A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.; , A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner 中自考人国 (www.zk8.com.cn)—— 改昨日现憾 现造美好明天,用科方法牢现知现点写学 现利通现考现,7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to 全国2010年10月自考现现代现言现现学学 be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from 第 4 现 5 caretaker. 14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other A. back-formation B. clippingC. blending D. abbreviatingwords to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules 8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The competence. connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as 　15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical opposed to an unmarried man. items are called r opposites. A. important B. unusualC. pejorative D. commendatory16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes 9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. ; ,them is whether the context of use is considered. A. brain B. vocal cordsC. tongue D. articulatory organs17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are 10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “næfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one grammatical structures. ; ,of the grammatical rules in Old English. A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, learned by children as their first language, it becomes c . the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE 19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )brain lateralization. 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic 20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think 12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a version. ; 2%×10=20% , word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the 21.; ,Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.combination of sounds in a particular language.22.; ,In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech 13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the morphology.air passing out again, such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing 第 5 现 6 [p] and [t] the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.29.; ,Language is the only means of expressing thought.23.; ,From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always 30.; ,The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in perceived from the meanings of its components.the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.24.; ,According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer ?. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. power of Move a, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instruction in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% ) natural languages vary.41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.25.; ,In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of 42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in X. So if Y is true, X must be true.social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?26.; ,According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and decalrations. 27.; ,For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [æks], but the word asking is pronounced [æskI?]. It is interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask in most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process that reorders segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments. 　28.; ,Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication. 第 6 现 7 2010年10月全自考现代现言考答案国学参 第 7 现 8 第 8 现 9 全国2010年1月自考现现代现言现现学学 I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% ) 1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( ) A. system B. structureC. competence D. performance 2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )　A. larynx B. hard palateC. glottis D. vocal cords 3. The word “manuscript” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefix C. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP ? ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( ) A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents 5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by ______. A. Plato B. Ogden and RichardsC. John Firth D. Bloomfield 　6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( ) A. prelocutionary B. locutionaryC. illocutionary D. perlocutionary 7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.; , A. Germanic B. PersianC. Sanskrit D. Lithuanian 8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( ) A. conceptual meaning B. connotative meaningC. cultural meaning D. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. A. right B. left C. front D. back 10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______. A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversation D. career-oriented examination II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed 第 9 现 10 of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which 25.; ,“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”. are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are 26.; ,John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and meaningful.“performatives”. 12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the soft 27.; ,Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.analogy to foe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as 13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type the plural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change of does not occur when words are borrowed from foreign languages. s to form a new word.28.; ,The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last 14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of Name (e.g., Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.Mr. President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside 15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and “pop” meaning popular are in of marked settings, between friends, neighbours and colleagues, first relationship of c homonyms.names are always preferred. 16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort 29.; ,Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.hemisphere are able to transfer their language centers to the right 17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. hemisphere and to reacquire the lost linguistic skills with relatively little English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify disruption. the functional roles of nouns.30.; ,The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early 18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f language differentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for 19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow the brain is called l .transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. 20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second language hyponymy36.commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. acquisition.interferenceIII. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put V. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think 41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct language with examples.version. ;2% × 10=20%)42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order to 21.; ,According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans understand the relationship between language and thought.communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used 全国2009年10月自考现现代现言现现学学oral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habitually used symbols."　?. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one 22.; ,Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in principle longer than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )collectively known as intonation. 23.; ,Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they 1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the modify the meaning of the original word but usually do not change its members of a speech community. (　　　)part of speech. 24.; ,When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-A. performance B. paroleC. langue D. competencestructure, we do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different. Since syntactic movement occurs to all 2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of sentences, so the representations of the two levels look different.the allophone is ______. (　　　) 第 10 现 11 the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in A. random B. rule-governed C. haphazard D. unpredictable ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. 3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (　　　) ( 1%×10=10% )A. phoneme B. word C. compound D. morpheme 11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people 4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular what they should say and what they should not, it is said to be p .grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. (　　　) 12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called t A. lexical B. phrasal C. syntactic D. phonetic languages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. (　　　) 13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical A. “buy” and “sell” B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold” D. “alive” and “dead” relations or categories such as number, tense and case.6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful 14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is other.said and reality. 15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic A. directives B. declarationsC. commissives D. representatives analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p , which is the abstraction of the 7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old English noun had four cases, i.e., meaning of a sentence.nominative, genetive, dative and ______. (　　　) 16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible A. possessive B. vocative C. accusative D. locative for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and 17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter appropriate for use in particular speech situations. (　　　) languages is called the comparative method.A. Social B. Ethnic C. Regional D. Situational 18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude, emotions and value 9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells judgements.called ______.(　　　) 19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that A. nerve fibers B. nerves C. neurons D. cerebral cortex human’s language a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of the inflectional morphemes. (　　　)20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learner is likely to benefit A. telegraphic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-wordfrom an II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, i motivation. 第 11 现 12 ?. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put many languages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you most part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% morpheme or by compounding. 29. (　　　) Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated ×10=20% ) in a single area of the left hemisphere.21. (　　　) The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., there are no words in 30. (　　　) The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound. explained by mother tongue interference.22. (　　　) Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word ?. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for begins with an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33. not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a phonemes. semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s area23. (　　　) The different stresses used in a compound do not usually affect the ?. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )meaning of the compound. 41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced [æks], and children’s 24. (　　　) The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to speech shows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.“animal”. Now explain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference 25. (　) Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included between sound movement and sound addition by examples. in Y.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using 26. (　　　) Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and examples. 全国2009年1月自考现代现言现现学are not verifiable.I. Directions,Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of 27. (　　　) Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory” the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A～B～C～or D in results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For the brackets. (2%×10=-20,) example, children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of 1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds～showing how they differ～ phonology tells us that they function as ______～acting to contrast words. dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification. A. sounds units B. sound features C. phonemes D. allophones28. (　　　) One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in 2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words～but it is often the case 第 12 现 13 that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( )______? ( )A. Wernicke’s B. Broca’s C. Gage’sD. Genie’s A. writing B. orthography C. transcription D. phonology10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show 3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT combined with other morphemes～either free or bound～to form a word. ( )______. ( )A. planned speech B. writingC. career-oriented exam D. 　casual A. Bound B. Free C. Inflectional D. Derivationaland spontaneous conversation 4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories～such as II. Directions,Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one noun phrases(NP)～verb phrases(VP)in English. ( )word～the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to A. Lexical B. Phrasal C. Semantic D. Logicalfill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence～ a(n)______ is a logical participant in a (1%×10=10%) predication～ largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( )l1. M linguistics～unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” A. argument B. subject C. object D. attributewhich sets models and rules for language users to follow～is mostly 6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when descriptive～i.e.～it attempts to describe the language people actually use～be it speaking～ linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical “correct” or not. with the speaker’s intention. ( )12. Many languages～including English～have vowels called d ～which could A. performative B. constative C. illocutionary D. perlocutionaryalso be described as a sequence of two vowels. 7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England 13. A r is often seen as part of a word～it can never stand by itself although it under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the bears clear, definite meaning～it must be combined with another similar form or an Norman Conquest～ Middle English was heavily influenced by French～most affix to form a word. noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( )14. In a complex sentence～the incorporated～or subordinate～clause is normally A. vocabulary B. pronunciation C. morphology D. syntaxcalled an e clause. 8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation～bilingual or 15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words,n words and multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of borrowed words. speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( 16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten～and it is a specific instance of d )? A. bilingualism B. multilingualism C. diglossia D. code-switching17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already 9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word～for 第 13 现 14 example～edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the sentence. agentive suffix. 26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative 18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary～examples used to Principle～ they do not always observe these maxims strictly. illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. 27. ( )The Great Vowel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English. wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflects s in society. 28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation～in which there exists a 19. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a variety or L-variety. particular language. 29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right 20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes～t sentences in the multiword hemisphere of the brain. stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of 30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language～and no single sentence formation. human～ except those with mental or physical impairments～is a better or worse III. Directions,Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. language acquirer than any other human. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you IV. Directions,Explain the following terms～using one or two examples for think a statement is false～you must explain why you think so and then give the illustration～if necessary. (3,×10=30,) αcorrect version. (2%×10=20,)31. arbitrariness32. distinctive features33. Universal Grammar34. Move 21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. 35. contextualism36. comparative reconstruction37. speech community38. In other words～it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the 　immediate interpersonal communication39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism40. 1anguage situations. acquisition 22. ( )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable～so they are typically V. Directions,Answer the following questions. (10,×2=20,) syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants. 41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree 23. ( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same diagram for each of the following sentences. roles in explaining the internal structures of language. 1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.2) The old man put the book on the table. 3) 24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic I think that you are from the South. movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original 42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples. 全国2008年10月自考现现代现言现现学学place to a new position. I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of 25. ( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the 第 14 现 15 brackets. (2%×10=20%)9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( ) 1.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last A. human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was so century.( )damaged and he could still speak A. American linguist N. Chomsky B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure B. human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC. American linguist Edward Sapir D. British linguist J. R. Firth　 C. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the 2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and back voiced _______, respectively.( ) D. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the A. stops B. fricatives C. affricates D. plosivesfront 3.In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( )10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronunciation of “dat” for “that” A. free B. bound C. root D. inflectionalbelongs to _______ error.( ) 4.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly A. fossilization B. transfer C. interference D. overgeneralizationknown as parts of speech.( )II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, A. verbs B. nouns C. phrases D. categoriesthe first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE 5.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)and meaning. They are _______.( )11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is A. complete homonyms B. homographs C. hyponyms D. homophonessaid to be d_______. 6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified 12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all in the utterance.( )these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are A. directives B. expressives C. commissives D. representativesvoiced. Only n is nasal. 7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in 13. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.or Latin.( )14. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as A. English B. Sanskrit C. German D. Danish“and,” “but,” “or.” 8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a 15. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and are called r_______ opposites. spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( )16. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or A. social B. regional C. cultural D. politicalthe same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force. 第 15 现 16 17. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process the late 1950s. or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is 27.( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of known as e_______.affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), 18. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy). Such a m_______ language is called pidgin.28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns 19. The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, l_______, which psycholinguists are particularly interested in.and none, such as He don’t know nothing. Such double negation constructions 20. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning was indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems.“illogically.” III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a 29.( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a signals from, the right side of the body. statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct 30.( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical version. (2%×10=20%)system of language. 21.( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for unlimited source of expressions.illustration. (3% ×10=30%) 22.( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one 31. displacement32. general linguistics33. assimilation rule34. derivational affix33. sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are hierarchical structure called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal 36. semantic triangle37. grammatical meaning38. cooperative principle39. high and leaf.variety40. right ear advantage 23.( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)words in the compound.41. New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, 24.( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as compounding, blending and back-formation, each with two examples.surface structure.42. Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language 25.( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and acquisition. 全国2008年1月高等育自考现教学interrogative forms. 26.( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of 第 16 现 17 the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in 　6. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in the bracket.(2%×10=20%)isolation, but in _______. ( ) 1. The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not” is phonetically variant; it is before A. sense B. concept a vowel or an alveolar consonant, before a labial consonant, and before a C. sentence D. context _____, for example, inoperable , indiscrete , impossible 7. The languages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine , and inconceivable . ( )the languages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that 　A. velarB. palatalprovide further evidence for the “______” relatedness we know exists.C. fricativeD. stopA. geographical B. genetic 2. Tones are pitch variations that refer to morphologically defined segments to the extent C. typological D. functional that different _______ in a language are distinctive. Pitch variations can distinguish 8. In English, powder room is a euphemism for toilet, which itself started as a _______ meaning just like phonemes.( )for lavatory, which is now more acceptable than its replacement. ( )A. soundsB. patternsA. variant B. variation C. pitchesD. featuresC. variable D. euphemism 3. Some of the ______ rules are productive; they can be used freely to form new words.( 9. What can be drawn safely from the case of Genie is that _______. ( ))A. it confirms the critical period hypothesis A. syntacticB. morphologicalB. human’s language acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. semanticD. phonologicalC. language can not be acquired at all after the critical period4. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for D. the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, as _______ and complements in phrases. ( )a result, most linguistic skills cannot develop A. headsB. specifiers10. Although children are still acquiring aspects of their native language through the C. lexical itemsD. obligatory wordslater years of childhood, it is normally assumed that they have completed the greater 5. Bloomfield drew on _______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of part of the language acquisition process by the age of ______.( )linguistic forms. ( ) A. three and half B. four A. contextual B. conceptualist C. five D. sixC. behaviorist D. mentalist ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word , 第 17 现 18 the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE 　III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you 11. The core area of linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and s think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the .correct version. ;2%×10=20%, 12. Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; 21.( ) People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, phonology tells us that they function as p , acting to contrast words.human language is creative. 13. Both i____________ morphology and derivational morphology are the two sub-22.( ) In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless branches of morphology.aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the 14. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced same phonemic context or environment. one after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words in a sentence shows 23.( ) Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate that the structure of a sentence is l_____________.in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and 15. C_________ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. among languages. It is a matter of usage.24.( ) Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and 16. According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, “I swear I have never seen surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.the man before” is among the most typical examples of the r______.25.( )The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the 17. Sound a________ refers to sound change or process by which features of one words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words. 18. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d___________ community, where 26.( ) Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.and“performatives”. 19. The left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, 27.( ) Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India the r___________ side of the body.belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer 20. Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic language usually obtained in school settings while a__________ refers to the gradual distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in 28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, daily communicative situations.somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in 第 18 现 19 A. artificialB. non-linguistic:C. animalD. abstract 2. If you put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z”, you can feel the vibrations of the He don’t know nothing._______________. A. glottisB. windpipeHe don’t like nobody.C. larynxD. vocal cords He ain’t got none.3. In the word suitable, “-able” is a _______________morpheme. A. derivationalB. inflectional29.( ) The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving C. rootD. stem 4. _______________is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.language, i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order.30.( ) During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are A. MorphologyB. Syntaxabsent of syntactic or morphological markers.C. PhonologyD. Semantics 5. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called IV. Dirctions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for _______________. A. selectional restrictionsB. grammatical rulesillustration.;3%×10=30%,C. phrase structure rulesD. phonological rules 31. applied linguistics32. diacritics33. phrase structure rule34. predicate35. 6. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _______________ .presupposition36. cognates37. creoleA. clauseB. speech C. utteranceD. predication38. Wernicke’s area39. overt thought40. instrumental motivation7.The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of ____________, who delivered an important paper in 1786 in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) stronger affinity to Greek and Latin.41.To what extent can we say that language is culturally transmitted? Explain with A. the British scholar Sir William JonesB. the German linguist Franz Bopp C. the Danish scholar Rasmus RaskD. the German scholar Jacob Grimmexamples. Does animal communication have the same feature of cultural 8.The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must,transmission?in some reasonable way, interact _______________with other members of the 　42. According to John Austin’s new model, please illustrate the three speech acts a community. A. geographicallyB. linguisticallyspeaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking.C. sociallyD. psycholinguistically 全国2007年10月高等育自考现教学9. Th e view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back _______.I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the A. less than 1000 yearsB. over 2000 years four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the C. less than 2000 yearsD. over 3000 years 10. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _________system of brackets. (2% × 10=20%)language.1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it A. phonologicalB. semanticfrom anyC. grammaticalD. communicative _______________system of communication. II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the 第 19 现 20 first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word be willing to cooperate. only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)27. ( ) The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening.11. L is generally known as the scientific and systematic study of language.28. ( ) In medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. 12. Speech sounds can be described in physical or a terms. Physically, sounds areIt consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it transmitted through the air from one person to another.was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.” The term lingua franca was 13. The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all bygeneralized to other languages similarly used. Thus, any language can be a lingua themselves are called f morphemes.franca.14. A simple sentence consists of a single c which contains a subject and a predicate 29. ( ) Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself.and stands alone as its own sentence.30. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.15. C analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.?.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for 16. According to Searle, s acts fall into five general categories, i.e., there are five illustration.general types of things we do with language. 17. In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the d (3%×10=30%) processes of change in language elements and language systems.31.duality32.producrivity33.fricative34.affix35.recursiveness36.the naming 18. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g and socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not theory37.complementary antonymsnecessarily spread to another.38.conversational implicature39.language planning40.psycholinguistics19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the 1 hemisphere of the brain.V.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)20. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires41,Explain the Great Vowel Shift in the history of English, and give at least two little conscious i on the part of adults. examples of both Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription.llI. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T 42.Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model.statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. 全国2007年1月高等育自考现教学 (2%×10=20%)?.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of 21. ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in communication. 22. ( ) We use dark [] at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such the brackets.(2%×10=20%)as feel [fi:] and little [lIt], and clear [1] before a vowel, such as loaf [l?υf]. 　From the phonological point of view, dark [] and clear [1] are the two different sounds.1, The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of 23. ( ) Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any great interest to those working in the area of;　　　,parts of speech. 24. ( ) The level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary A,phonologyB,articulatory phoneticsmovement is what we call deep structure. 25. ( ) Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study.C,auditory phoneticsD,acoustic phonetics26. ( ) Paul Grice thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all 第 20 现 21 2,The vowel [u:] in English has all the following features EXCEPT;　　　,but not identical. A,longB,roundedA,diglossicB,bilingual C,closedD,centralC,linguisticD,sociolinguistic 3,The stress of the compound noun“armchair”falls on;　　　,9,The view that the brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back A,the second syllableB,the first syllableover;　　　,years. C,both the first and second syllablesD,either the first or the second syllableA,10000B,5000 4,When we move a noun phrase from the object position to the subject position in C,2000D,1000 passive transformation in English, we are;　　　,the noun phrase to the left.10,;　　　, motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language A,rewritingB,postposingin order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.　C,maintainingD,preposingA,Instrumental B,Functional 5,Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning is C,IntegrativeD,Social explained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, specific situations is referred to asthe first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in A,contextualismB,behaviourismONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. C,conceptualismD,the naming theory(1%×10=10%) 6,The illocutionary point of the ;　　　, is to commit the speaker to something’s 11.Traditional grammarians tried to tell people what was good usage and what was bad being the case, to the truth of what has been said.usage by setting models for language users to follow. Thus their approach to the study A,representativesB,commissivesof language was p . C,expressivesD,directives12.The f intonation in English usually indicates that there is an implied message in 7,Abbreviations of longer words or phrases may become lexicalized, for example, gym what the speaker says. for gymnasium. This process is sometimes called;　　　,　13.The affix“hood” is a n -forming suffix that can be added to the end of stems, A,blendingB,abbreviatingsuch as child, boy, man, etc. C,clippingD,compounding14.X-bar theory refers to a general and highly a schema that can reduce the 8,The differences between standard and non-standard, on the one hand, and between redundancies of individual phrase structure rules and may well capture certain basic high and low language varieties in a _______ situation, on the other hand, are parallel properties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world. 第 21 现 22 15.In the semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p .23. ( )A logical subject may have different positions in a sentence.16.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics 24.( )The subordinator only marks the beginning of an embedded clause, and it doesn’t considers meaning in c and traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation indicate the grammatical function of the embedded clause in the sentence.from use.25.( )English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e. 17.Language changes can be associated with major social changes caused by wars, synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.invasions, colonialization and colonial settlement, cultural and economic advances, or socio-economics 26.( )The utterance meaning of a sentence remains the same in all contexts.18.A personal dialect is referred to as idiolect. It shows idiosyncratic varieties and combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and s variation, in 27.( )In Old English the main negation element was “ne”.Like Modern one form or another. English“not”,the “ne”usually occurred after the auxiliary verb.19.It is known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a 28.( )A pidgin is ordinarily a simplified version of one of the languages, usually particular hemisphere of the brain . The localization of cognitive and perceptual European, such as English, modified in the direction of the other and characterized by functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l . an absence of any complex grammar, and its vocabulary is also very limited.20.The C Analysis approach was founded on the belief that it was possible, by 29.( )The nerve cells that form the surface of the brain are called the cortex, which establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language systems, serves as the intellectual decision-maker, receives messages from the sensory organs, to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the and initiates all voluntary actions.types of errors they would make. 30.( )Children learn language by simply imitating the speech of the people around ?.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a them.T for true of F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a ?.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct illustration if necessary.(3%×10=30%)version.(2%×10=20%) 31.arbitrariness32.assimilation rule33.embedded clause21.( )With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and 　34.syntactic category35.sense36.Grimm’s Lawperformance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract 37.code-switching38.psycholinguistics39.dichotic listening40.error analysisstructure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use. ?.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)22.( )If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in the word feel not as a dark , 41.Do you think that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its but as a clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something components? Support your argument with examples.else. 42.Which maxim does B’s utterance in the following conversation violate? Does the 第 22 现 23 antonyms?violation give rise to conversational implicature? If it does, what is the implicature? A,complementaryB,relational[A is talking with B about a film they have seen.] C,superordinateD,gradableA: The film was good. Don’t you think so? 6,In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” B: The music was nice. 全国2006年10月高等育自考现教学is a______________;　　　, ?. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of A,one-place predicationB,two-place predicationthe four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)C,three-place predicationD,no-place predication 1,Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, 7,In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old which is a feature of;　　　,English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern A,all consonantsB,vowels onlyEnglish has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word 　C,all consonants and some vowelsD,all vowels and some consonantsorder of________________. 2,The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is A,SOVB,SVO actually pronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the C,VSOD,OSV ______________rule at work.;　　　,8,Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.;　　　, A,deletionB,assimilationA,regionalB,standard C,phoneticD,sequentialC,ethnicD,situational 3,The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.; 9,The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of ,_____________years old in one’s life, during which the human brain is most ready A,two rootsB,a root and a suffixto acquire a particular language. C,a root and a free morphemeD,a prefix and a root　A,1-2B,2-12 4,When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we C,1-12D,13-18 study English” to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to 10,In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least the right.one language. What is meant by this ______________view of language A,rewritingB,preposingacquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language C,postposingD,maintainingand language use.5,Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of 第 23 现 24 A,behavioristB,nativistear. C,mentalistD,empiricist20.At children’s language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, concept or predication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in might use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.more candy”. Those utterances can also be called h_________________ sentences. (1%×10=10%)?.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a 11.A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a language data.statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct 12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic version.(2%×10=20%) communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are called the 21.( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two p________________ medium of language.approaches are equally favored by modern linguists. 13.phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite 22. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not with length, due to their r________________ properties.sentences. 14.A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at 23. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between its the same time stands structurally alone.components, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.15.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The 24. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical relationship between X and Y is i_________________ items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.16.In Austin’ s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either 25. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the state or describe, and were thus verifiable.etymology of the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the 17.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound meanings in question. loss, sound a________________ and sound movement.26. ( )The significance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it 18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be is possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said. undesirable in f_________________ styles of language.27. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to 19.D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through extend its meaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or earphones, two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left semantic representation of words may become broader. 第 24 现 25 A. bound morphemesB. affixes28. ( )An official language is in fact a national language. C. free morphemesD. roots29. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the left 4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called . hemisphere of the brain.A. phase structure rulesB. syntactic rules30. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same C. lexical rulesD. transformational rules 5. The naming theory was proposed by .number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general A. the Greek scholar PlatoB. C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richardsintelligence.C. the British linguist J. FirthD. the American linguist L. Bloomfield ?.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.6. Speech act theory was first proposed by . (3%×10=30%)31.phonemiccontrast32.freemorphemes33.hierarchicalstructure34.co-A. John AustinB. John Searle C. Noam ChomskyD. John Firthhyponyms35.utterancemeaning36.perlocutionaryact37.internal borrowing38.subvocal 7. linguistics refers to the study of a language or languages at a single point in speech39.contrastive analysis40.caretaker speechtime, without reference to earlier or later stages.?.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)A. DiachronicB. Synchronic 41.Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animal C. HistoricalD. Comparative 8. Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a 　church communication system. sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most A. registersB. styles bilingual communities have one thing in common?C. dialectsD. accents全国2005年10月高等育自考现教学9. is the study of language in relation to the mind.?. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of A. PsycholinguisticsB. Sociolinguisticsthe four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in C. LinguisticsD. Semanticsthe brackets. (2%×10=20%)10. In general, children’s holophrastic sentences begin .1. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second yearlanguages such as .B. in the second half of the second yearA. ChineseB. EnglishC. between two and three years oldC. Chinese and EnglishD. English and FrenchD. between four and five years old2. Voicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of .?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, A. the velumB. the vocal cordsthe first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in C. the glottisD. the uvulaONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. 3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called .(1%×10=10%) 第 25 现 26 11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for human sentence from the active voice to the passive voice, it can move a noun communication.phrase to any Case receiving position. 12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of 24. ( ) Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has symbols called d are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle major and minor lexical categories of a finite set.differences between similar sounds.25. ( ) A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the 26. ( ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose meanings of its components.or the same illocutionary point.14. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m clause.27. ( ) Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from another 15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be language and adds it to its lexicon.dissected into meaning components, called s features.28. ( ) It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of 16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by language.the speaker and the hearer.29. ( ) Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords.17. The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great Vowel 30. ( ) According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually Shift involves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English.assume correct forms of the language of their community when their “bad” 18. Certain words in all societies are considered t -- they are forbidden or to be speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively avoided.reinforced.19. It’s known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a ?. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for particular hemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .human language)32. phoneme33. linguistic competence34. syntactic movement35. 20. C speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. homonymy36. derivation37. idiolect38. the critical period hypothesiswhen they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.39. intrapersonal communication40. telegraphic speech?. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put ?. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think 41. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? version.(2%×10=20%)Support your answer with examples.21.( ) According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited 42. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to number of sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about show how the flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature his language.(Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).22. ( ) Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they 中自考人国 (www.zk8.com.cn)700—— 现自考现程 永久免现、完整 在现现 快快加入我学 现,吧can be applied to all languages. 23. ( ) Under the Case Condition principle, when the Move αrule operates to change a 第 26 现 272005年10月自考现代现言现现答案学 　 第 27 现 28 第 28 现 29 全国年月高等育自考现教学20051A. second language B. first language C. foreign language D. interlanguage一、现现现现现在每小现的四现现答案中～现出一正答案～正答案的序个个确并将确号(10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school 填号内在现干的括。每小现分～共分220)children of age six is around ( ). 1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.A. 7800 B. 6800 A. comparative B. diachronicC. 5800 D. 4800C. up-to-date D. descriptive二、空现填每小现分～共分(110)2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most 11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study. highly developed, is ( ) phonetics. 12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in A. auditory B. acoustic isolation, they are collectively known as i________. C. articulatory D. none of the above three13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: 3. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’ prefixes and suffixes. past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and 14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meaningful, they are also ( ). meanings. A. phonemes B. morphemes15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ C. allophones D. phonesrestrictions. 　4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and 16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory. 17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of A. speech act B. TG related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programmeoriginal form of a language family that has ceased to exist. 5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ). 18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations. A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis 19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. C. componential analysis D. proposition analysisThis is known as language t________. 6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of 20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention. in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act process is called a ________. C. perlocutionary act D. constative act三、判现明现断判下列各现～正的在现干后面的括“断确号内填～现现的填(T”7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British “～现明理由。每小现并分～共分F”220)scholar ( ). 21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )A. Sir William Jones B. John Firth 22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a C. M. A. K. Halliday D. F. D. Saussuresequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( )8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with 23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ). total of the meanings of its components. ( )A. discourse role-switching B. activity role-switching 24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, C. social role-switching D. code-switchingwhose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( )9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ). 25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze 29 30 meaning. ( )现代现言现现学26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( )现程代现,00830 ?27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the .Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. ( )the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the 28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, brackets.(2%×10=20%) sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( )1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s 29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )A. langue B. competence 30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive procedure C. parole D. performance Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( )2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature 四、名现解现每小现分～共分(330)of ( ).31. competence and performance32. minimal pair33. morphology34. finite clause35. sense and referenceA. palatalB. alveolar 　36. Cooperative Principle37. semantic broadening38. language planning39. the critical C. bilabialD. dental period hypothesis3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.40. instrumental motivation vs. integrative motivationA. L. BloomfieldB. F. Saussure 五、现述现第、小现各分～第小现分～共分(4142743620)C. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday 41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to 42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure. particular values. 　The girl ate the orange. A. Adjacent ConditionB. parameters 43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify C. Case ConditionD. Case requirement 5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident. King: Where is Polonius?called ( ) synonyms. Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see. A. stylisticB. dialectal If your messenger find him not there, C. emotiveD. collocational seek him i’ the other place yourself. 6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.But indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as youA. representativesB. commissives go up the stairs into the lobby. C. expressivesD. declaratives Act IV, Scene iii7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ). A. Middle EnglishB. Old English 中自考人国 (www.zk8.com.cn)700—— 现自考现程 永久免现、完整 在现现 快快加入我现学吧 ,C. FrenchD. Norman French 8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.全国年月高等育自考现教学200410 30 31 ?A. geneticB. social.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T C. directD. closefor true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a 9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. ,,impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with (2×10=20) 21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still syntax. many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.A. Werniker’sB. visual C. motorD. Broca’s22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, 10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the communicate with native speakers of the target language.strong puff of air withheld to some extent.A. InstrumentalB. Functional23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second C. IntegrativeD. Socialelement, without exception. ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the 24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word part to the whole.,,only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1×10=10) 25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms 11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to of the situational context and linguistic context.be 26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of d . performative verbs.12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are 27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional therefore consonants. or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal 13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language. borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply 14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as the rule generally.“be”, “have”, “do” etc. 28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The 15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in relationship between form and the reality. nature.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, 29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is and were thus verifiable. language-dominant.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of 30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same the adult language.number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general 18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at intelligence. least a single language variety.?.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial ,,(3×10=30) expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.31. assimilation rule 20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, 32. root the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations 33. bound morphemes for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species. 31 32 root” - ology," meaning "a branch of learning," We get the word "geology," which means "the sundy of the 34. surface structure 35. grammaticalityearth's structure."36. elaboration 33. Such as -er,-en, dis-, bio-,-less,-sym. These morphemes cannot be used by themselves, but must be 37. bilingualism 38. creolecombined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently. They are called bound 39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis morphemes.40. fossilization ?,,. Answer the following questions.(10×2=20)34. What syntactic movement suggests for the study of the grammar is that a sentence structure may have 41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called two levels of syntactic representation, one that exists before movement takes place, and the other that suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.occurs after movement takes place. This observation is well supported by the data we examined above. In 42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representations are commonly termed as D-structure (or analysis of phonemes into distinctive features. 中自考人国 (www.zk8.com.cn)—— 改昨日现憾 现造美好明天,用科方法牢现知现点现写学the deep structure) and S - structure (roughly meaning the surface structure).利通现考现,35. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i. e., its grammatical well- 年月自考现现代现言现卷答案学学200410formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. 36. Although simplification, regularization and internal borrowing do seem to account for some changes in the grammar, they fail to account for some other changes, such as rule elaboration or addition. Rule 1.1. D 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. Celaboration occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or II. 11. descriptive 12. obstruction expressiveness. Language seems to maintain a balance in expressiveness and grammatical elaboration over 13. Morpheme 14. AUX. movement time.15. Reference 16.constatives 37. Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an 17. approximates 18. speech individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.19. nonverbal 20. language 38. A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some III. 21. F 22. F 23. F 24. T 25. F 26. F 27. F 28. F 29. F 30.T speech community. That is, when a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, IV. 31. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole.phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. 39. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, as it came to be called, is best represented in Whorf's well-known 32. A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite statement that "we cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. Such roots are numerous in because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way -- an agreement that holds throughout our English.. For example, the root "geo - "bears the meaning of "the earth”; when it combines with another 32 33 speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language. "The meaning - distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages. 40. An explanation provided for this break in learning is that a learner's interlanguage fossilized some way English is not a tone language. Our mother tongue Chinese is a typical tone language, it has four tones. The short of target language competence while the internalized rule system contained rules that are different 现平阳平上声去声first tone is level() , the second rise(), the third fall -rise(), and the fourth fall (). The role from those of the target language system. The fossilization of the learner's interlanguage is believed to be a of the tone can bewell illustrated by pronouncing the same sound combination such as "ma" in the four major source of incorrect forms resistant to further instruction.different tones: 　V. 41. So far we have been dealing with the phonemes -- sound segments that distinguish meaning. But distinctive features can also be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are language like English. Compare the following three different versions of saying the same sentence : (1) That' s ‘ not the ' book he ' wants.the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main (2) That's not the book he ,wants.suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, and tone. (3) ‘That' s , not the , book he , wants.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and 42. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The sentence stress. approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, When we say that a certain syllable of a word is stressed, we mean that the syllable is pronounced with called semantic features. This is parallel to the way a phoneme is analyzed into smaller components called greater force than the other or others. Therefore, stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more distinctive features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present syllables can be said to have word stress, and monosyllabic words, i.e., words of only one syllable, can not or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For be said to have word stress. For example, student, repeat. example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising the features of + HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, + But the location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. For example, ‘import n. –im’port v. ‘increase MALE.n. –in’creae v. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain Sentence stress refers to the relative force which is given to the words in a sentence. The more important words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. For example, the two words words in English are nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and demonstrative pronouns; To give special "man" and "woman" share the features of + HUMAN, + ADULT, and + ANIMATE, but differ in the emphasis to a certain notion, a word in a sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed. For example, feature of MALE.. And the words "man" and” boy" share the features of + HUMAN, + ANIMATE, and + in the sentence: He is driving my car, the words that are normally stressed are the main verb driving and MALE, but differ in the feature of ADULT.the noun car, the rest being unstressed.But to emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or Of course, it would be senseless to analyze the meaning of every word by breaking it into its yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is meaning components. But it provides an insight into the meaning of words and a way to study the not stressed. 33 34 relationships between words that are related in meaning.8. In a speech community people have something in common __________ -- a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it. 中自考人国 (www.zk8.com.cn)700—— 现自考现程 永久免现、完整 在现现 快快加入我现学吧 , A. sociallyB. linguistically C. culturallyD. pragmatically 9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left 全国年月高等育自考现教学200310 hemisphere in most people? __________.I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the A. language and speech B. visual and spatial skills four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. C. reading and writing D. analytic reasoning (2%×10=20%) 10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s 　1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________. second year.A. a particular language B. the English language A. babbling B. one-wordC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language C. two-word D. multiword2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic ?. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the features: __________. first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)C. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative 11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe 3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.is known as a(n) __________. 12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are A. derivational morphemeB. free morpheme called s rules.C. inflectional morphemeD. free form 13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a 4. In the phrase structure rule “S?NP VP”, the arrow can be read as __________. f___________ morpheme.A. is equal to B. consists of 　14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”, C. has D. generates “but”, “or”.5. “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”. 15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .A. entails B. presupposes 16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to C. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.6. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change X: Who was that you were with last night? seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? 18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the A. quality B. quantity language that is sexist.C. relationD. manner 19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may 7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This regard thought as “s speech,” and speech as “overt thought.” In such a case, means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.added, lost or altered. 20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.A. phrases B. sentences ?. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T C. morphemesD. utterances for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a 34 35 statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. 全国年月高等育自考现教学(2%×10=20%)`200210 ?21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in .Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.brackets.(2%×10=20%) 22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof 23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the that human language is ______. meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.A. arbitrary B.non-arbitrary 　 24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and C. logical D.non-productive sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT 25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a ______. symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought. 26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is 27. ( ) In first language acquisition children’s grammar models exactly after the grammar commonly termed the ______. of adult language.A.phrase structure B.surface structure 28. ( ) The sentences “He crazy” and “He be sick all the time” are both acceptable in C.syntactic structure D.deep structure Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features 4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and of Black English.object positions. 29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same 　 A.Case Condition B.Adjacent Condition objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system. C.parameter D.Adjacent parameters 5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called 30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.______.?. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. A.polysemy B.hyponymy(3%×10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. C.antonymy D.homonymyderivational affixes35. syntax 36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. 6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously lingua franca40. cerebral cortexviolates the maxim of ______.?. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) A.quality B.quantityC.relation D.manner41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the 7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the history of English.linguistic information they hear.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner’s acquisition A.use B.acceptof a second language. C.generalize D.reconstruct 中自考人国 (www.zk8.com.cn)700—— 现自考现程 永久免现、完整 在现现 快快加入我现学吧 , 8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications. A.language interpretation B.language identification C.language choice D.language planning 35 36 　?9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language .Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T acquisition?for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a ______.statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. A.Cerebral cortex B.Neurons(2%×10=20%) C.Eyes D.Angular gyrus21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability 10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically telegraphic speech stage.transmitted. A.the copula verb "be" B.inflectional morphemes22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused C.function words D.content wordson the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with ?.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the how speech sounds distinguish meaning. first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word 23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a 11.Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.some point of time is called a _s_______ study of language.25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" 12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.not in other parts of speech. 　13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other 26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" 27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to consists of Det,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus complement."peddle" was derived from "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" 15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should was the agentive suffix. see the doctor" should fall into the category of _d________.28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and 16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.items.The word that is more general in meaning is called _s________.29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human 17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive cannot develop. sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and 18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance. ?expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve .Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.(3%×10=30%)31.narrow transcription32.stem33.derivational affixes34.grammatical 19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _h________, one on relation35.predication36.semantic narrowing the right and one on the left.37.nonstandard languages38.linguistic taboo39.angular gyrus40.interlanguage ?20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, .Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) 　and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition 41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also literature.how they are related. 36 37 42.Explain what is sense and what is reference with examples.parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may 中自考人国 (www.zk8.com.cn)700—— 现自考现程 永久免现、完整 在现现 快快加入我现学吧 ,regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( ) A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought 全国年月自考现现代现言现现学学 200110C.covert thought D.overt thought 一、现现现现现本大现共小现～每小现分～共分在每小现列出的四现现中只有一现现个个(10220)10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition? 是符合现目要求的～现正现现前的字母在现后的括。将确填号内_______.( ) 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any other A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.( )B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings A.the conventional nature of languageC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language B.the creative nature of language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 二、空现填(本大现共10小现～每小现1分～共10分。)C.the universality of language 　 D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other 2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology. ,, ,,sequential rules in English.( )12.Clear 1and darkare allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never 1 A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbktake the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S?NP VP".( )13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the should stay adjacent to each other.( )other. A.Case Condition B.parameter 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parametercharacteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentenceis concrete and context-dependent. 　6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For future course of action are called _______.( )example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declarativesthe/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which 18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparativecoming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and 19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________, personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+titlelanguage knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language C.title alone D.first name+last name+titlet________. 三、判现明现断本大现共小现～每小现分～共分。判下列各现正现～正者在括断号内9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some (10220) 37 38 写“～现者在括“号内写～现明理由。并 T”F”1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、空现填本大现共小现～每小现分～共分( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before (10110) the spoken form.11.social12.complementary13.root14.complex15.complementary16.utterance17.metathesis( )22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long 18.bilingualism19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判改现现断本大现共小现～每小现分～共分vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.(10220) 　 ( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words.21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. ( )24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”,and “The 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words.24.T linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. student.”belong to the same syntactic category.A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the ( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different same star but differ in sense.26.T situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same 27.F The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is sense.conventional and somewhat arbitrary.28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds ( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds. 四、名现解现现本大现共小现～每小现分～共分if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.(10330) ( )27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the nonconventional and not arbitrary.ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human ( )28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social to be taught and learnt. taboos or racism.32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, ( )29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a i.e.the speech sounds. language successfully later on.33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the ( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the vocal cords. sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal native language once their parents teach them.relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English. 四、名现解现现本大现共小现～每小现分～共分。 (10330)35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the 31.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32.phonic medium of relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, "The dog is language33.voicing34.inflectionalmorphemes35.reference36.locutionary barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the act37.protolanguage38.ethnic dialect39.registers40.acculturationhearer in the situation.The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular 五、现述现本大现共小现～每小现分～共分。(21020)situation is the reference of the word "dog". 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For your statement with examples.example, by saying "You have left the door wide open",the locutionary act 42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production.performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what 全国年月自考现代现言现现现考答案学参200110the words literally mean. 一、现现现现现本大现共小现～每小现分～共分 (10220)37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to 38 39 exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar Broca's area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional tract to physically articulate the words. differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted. segregation.When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern. situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or 浙江省年月高等育自考现教学regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also 20021 一、现现现现现在每小现的四现现答案中～现出一正答案～正答案的序在现干个个确并将确号填known as situational dialects.( 的括。每小现号内分～共分40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the 220) second language community.1.The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.( ) 五、现述现本大现共小现～每小现分～共分 (21020)A.gradable opposites B.relational opposites 41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic 2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most scholar .( ) truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. A.Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask For example, the phrase " the old men and women" may have two C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones interpretations, i.e.the adjective "old”may modify the noun "men", or the following 3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) two nouns "men and women".Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it A.unusual B.something to be feared 　 is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this C.abnormal D.natural difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative 4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content than linear structure analysis.of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( ) NP NPA.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic 5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows: .( NP NP NP NP) A.They cannot pronounce/n/ The old men and the women the old men and the old womenB.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of 6.A word with several meanings is called __word.( ) perception,comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple the coordination of various language centers.7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.( ) When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to A.informative B.phatic C.directive D.performative 39 40 8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in 30.naming theory and conceptualist view31.maxims of quality and __ and vocabulary.( )manner32.blending33.sociolect34.subvocal speech 　 五、现述现每小现分～共分A.usage B.grammar C.pronunciation D.structure(1020) 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( )36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic A.Linguistic geography B.Lexicologyrules account for the ambiguity of sentences. C.Lexicography D.Sociolinguistics(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.( )(2)He saw young men and women present. A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment. C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.二、空现填每空分～共分(110)re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 浙江省年月高等育自考现教学11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of 20031 一、现现现现现在每小现的四现现答案中～现出一正答案～正答案的序在现干个个确并将确号填w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.( 的括。每小现号内分～共分12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.220) 13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning 1.______ is NOT a design feature of human language. ( ) of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.A. Cultural transmission B. Displacement 14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several C. Duality of structure D. Prescriptivism languages fluently.2. Vibration of the vocal cords results in ______. ( )15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are A. aspiration B.nasality v________.C. obstruction D. voicing 三、判现明现断判下列各小现～正的在现后括“断确号内写～现的“写～现明理并由。　(T”F”3. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphemes in it. ( ) 每小现2分～共20分)A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( )4. “ We vowed to fight on until all our demands were met” is a sentence. ( )17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( )A. coordinate B. complex C. compound D.simple18.Linguistics is the course of language.( )5. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______. ( ) 19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy grammatically called predicate.( )6. “Interviewer” and “ interviewee” are a pair of ______ opposites. ( )20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( )A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. relational21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not 7. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant's contrsimply refers to a distinct form of language.( )ibution be relevant to the conversation. ( ) 形现。学22.Morphology is translated as ( )A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner23.The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.( )8. The regular consonant changes found among cognates in the Germanic languages were 24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.( )known as ______Law. ( ) 25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( )A. Bopp's B. Grimm's C. Jones' D. Rask's四、名现解现每小现分～共分(330)9. When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and 26.general linguistics27.suprasegmental features28.root and stem29.hierarchical children learn it as their first language, it becomes . ( ) 　structure35.contrastive analysisA. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creole 40 41 C. regional dialect...lingua franca D. lingua franca...regional dialect8. Euphemisms may serve as substitutes for taboo words. ( )10. A child who knows the general plural form may apply the rule to irregular nouns and 9. The strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that language determine produce “foots”. This is called ______. ( )thought. ( ) A. assimilation B. transfer10. Interference from one's first language may occur at all levels of grammar. ( ) 四、名现解现并至少现一例加以现明。每小现分～共分C. overgeneralization D. underextension(424) 二、空现填在下列空格中上以现出字母现始的恰的现现。每空填当分～共分(116)1. derivational morpheme2. stylistic synonyms3. illocutionary act4. blending5. standard 1. In F. de Saussure's dichotomy, l______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by language6. telegraphic speech 五、现述现;每小现分～共分,all the members of a speech community; p is its realization in actual use.1020 2. Language is a system of a______ vocal symbols for human communication.1.Tell the difference between phone, phoneme and allophone. 3. M______ studies how words are formed, while s studies how words are combined 2.For each of the following two sentences, draw a tree diagram of its underlying structure to form sentences.that will reveal the difference in the relationship between John and please.4. In the study of meaning, s______ is only concerned with relations between linguistic 1)John is eager to please. 2)John is easy to please . 浙江省年月高等育自考现教学elements; r______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and 20041 一、现现现现现在每小现的四现现答案中～现出一正答案～正答案的序个个确并将确号nonlinguistic world of experience.,( 填号内在现干的括。每小现分～共分5. Conversational i______ may arise as a result of a speaker's violation of the cooperational 220) principle.1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ). 　6. S______ are varieties of languages used by people belonging to particular social classes; A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouth e______ dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged social class; i______ is a personal C. place of articulationD. voicing dialect.2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ). 7. In the second language acquisition, there is supposed to be a c period, which lasts A. phoneticsB. morphology from age two to puberty.C. syntaxD. semantics 8. The localization of cognitive and perceptual function in a particular hemisphere of the 3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language. brain is called l______.A. competenceB. parole 9. A learner has i______ motivation when he learns a second language in order to use it C. performanceD. langue functionally, while i______ motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social.4. “Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the 10. I______ is an approximate language system that a second language learner constructs, same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms. which represents the learner's transitional competence in the target language.A. collocationalB. dialectal 三、判改现现断判下列各小现～正的在现后括打“断确号内～现的打“～改正。每小并(T”F”C. completeD. stylistic 现分～共分。220)5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic 1. Synchronic study describes language as it changes through time. ( )meaning among them. This is known as ( ). 2. Monosyllabic words can also have word stress. ( )A. homonymyB. hyponymy 3. All affixes are bound morphemes. ( )C. polysemyD. antonymy 4. “He saw a child” entails “He saw a girl”. ( )6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?” ( ) “He ran the red light”. 5. In pragmatics, utterance meaning is concrete and contextindependent .( ),A. entailsB. contradicts 6. Only sociological factors contribute to language change. ( )C. presupposesD. includes 　7. The word UN is an abbreviation, while TV is an acronym. ( )7. The word “lab” is formed through ( ). 41 42 A. back formationB. blending3. Linguistic change occurs only in sound and lexical system, but not in syntax. ( )C. clippingD. derivation4. In a predication, the argument is said to govern the predicate. ( )8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production. 5. Modern English began with the Norman Conquest. ( ) A. Angular gyrusB. Broca’s area6. Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language co-exist in a C. The right hemisphereD. Wernicke’s areaspeech 9. When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” means community. ( ) ( ). 7. The case of Genie suggests that the language faculty of an average human degenerates A. + HumanB. + Human + Adultafter the C. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parentcritical period. ( ) 10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature. 8. Interference is the only source of errors in the second language acquisition. ( )A. AspirationB. Intonation9. When a plural form -s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronounced as ,,C. StressD. Tonez, due to 二、在下列空格中上以现出字母现始的恰的现现。;每空填当分～共分,116assimilation. ( ) 1. D_________ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a 10. In the sentence “The father beat the child”, “the child” is both a structural and logical 　wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space. object. ( ) 四、名现解现～至少现一例加以现明;每小现并分～共分,2. S_________ study of language describes language at some point in time; d_________ 424 study describes language as it changes through time. 1. duality2. phoneme3. complex sentence4. reference5. perlocutionary act6. linguistic taboo 五、现述现;每小现分～共分,3. N_________ transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while b_________ 1020 transcription does not. 1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:4. A sentence has a hierarchical structure and l_________ structure as well. A: Where’ve you been? B: Out. 5. Unlike a sentence, the meaning of an u_________ is concrete and context-dependent. 2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:6. Chinese belongs to S_________ language family, while English belongs to I _________ specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, language family. ungentlemanliness 每现素个分7. R_________ are situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations; (0. 5) 　i_________ is a personal dialect. 8. When a p_________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes c_________. 9. I_________ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner’s transitional competence in the target language. 10. A_________ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community. 11. Words that have descended from a common source are c_________. 三、判下列各现～正的在现后括“断确号内写～现现的“写并且加以改正。T”F” ;每小现分～共分,220 1. “ Beat” and “bit” are not a minimal pair. ( ) 2. Compounds are words created by combining two or more than two words. ( ) 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51