高中英语不定式

nullnull动词不定式To do that sort of thing is foolish。I want to see you this evening.All you have to do is to finish it quickly. We found a house to live in.She came here to study English. I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation. 主语 宾语表语 定语 状语 宾补null 不定式或不定式短语可起名词，形容词和副词的作用，在句中做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语和宾语补足语。 一，不定式在句中的作用： 1、主语：不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。 eg: To make a new dress takes her a lot or time. Not to get there in time is your fault. 注：常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。null句型1：It + 谓语 + to do eg: It takes us an hour to get there by bus. 句型2：It’s + n. + to do eg: It’s our duty to help the poor. 句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth. 注：for/of sb to do sth 为不定式复合结构。 1) of引起的复合结构只能做主语。 eg: It’s very kind of you to help me.null2) for引起的复合结构在句中可做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语等。 eg: Another method is for them to leave at once. (表语) We’d better find some work for the children to do. (定语) He put the paper on desk for you to read. (状语) What he told her made it impossible for him to go on her work. (宾语) It’s common for leaves to fall form the trees in autumn. (主语)null2、做表语：主语+系动词+不定式 1). 其主语多为抽象名词(wish, need) eg: My wish is to be a scientist. The main thing is to keep our room clean. 2). 不定式to let, to blame, to seek做表语,主动表被动. eg: The house is to let. 3). be to do可构成将来时态,表 “准备/打算/计划/需要”; be是助动词，无词义,其主语为具体名词(人/事物); to be可用be going to或will/shall代替,此时不定式是谓语的一部分,而不是表语. eg: She is to return next week. It was about to leave when it started to rain.null3. 做定语: 不定式做定语总是放在它所修饰的名词之后,不定式表示的行为通常是未来的行为,它们常和被修饰的词有动宾关系,主谓关系和修饰性关系. 1). 动宾关系: I have a lot of work to do. Give me a piece of paper to write on. 2). 主谓关系: She is the best person to finish the work. Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboat. 3). 修饰性关系(同位),它所修饰的词多为抽象名词. need, time, way, right, chance, courage, reason, wish, movement. eg: There is no need for him to come. He has no time to read the book.null4. 做状语: 1). 目的状语: 可放于句首,也可放于句末, 前面可加in order/so as/so…as to表强调. eg: He went to see the artist himself. He stopped to have a look. He ran so fast as to get to school in time. 2). 结果状语:主要用在enough to/too…to…/only to结构中。 eg: The question is too difficult to answer. They worked hard enough to finish their work.null3). 原因状语: 主语+系动词+adj.+ to do a). 表感情的adj.有: happy, surprised, pleased, glad, sorry, anxious(忧虑), disappointed, careful, afraid, wrong. eg: I’m very sorry to see you. He was afraid to leave him home. b). 说明句中主语在哪个方面存在形容词所表示的情况时,即与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，主动表被动. interesting, difficult, easy, important, possible, expensive, dangerous, useful. eg: The question is easy to answer. He is difficult to teach.null5. 做宾语: 不定式做宾语的情况，一般表示将来的行为,这时谓语和不定式的动作都是主语发出的. 1). 下列动词只能按不定式做宾语. . plan, choose, manage, learn, pretend, agree, decide, refuse. promise, prepare, offer, fail, hope, wish, expect, ask;demand, want, hesitate null2). 不定式做动词tell, teach, know, show, find out, discover, see(understand)的宾语时,不定式前常加连接代词who, which, what和连接副词how, when, where构成不定式短语做宾语. eg: I don't know how to get there. 注: why不能与不定式连用. 3). begin, start, continue 后接不定式,动名词意思一样. 4). like, love, hate, prefer动名词表经常性的动作，不定式表一次性动作.null5). remember, forget, regret后动名词表已经做过的动作,不定式表没有做过或将要做的动作. 6). stop, try, go on, mean, be afraid, propose 后两者都可, 但意义不同. propose to do计划,打算做 propose doing 建议做 7). a). prefer doing to doing prefer to do rather than do b). be used to doing used to do c). it’s no use doing it’s useless to do d). be worth doing be worthy of being done be worthy to be donenull6. 做宾补(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系) 1). 有些动词(短语)必须接to的不定式做宾补 talk, ask, warn, want, allow, permit, order, advise, force, beg, cause, encourage, invite, persuade, get, require, prefer, call, leave, expect, use(allow/permit/advise doing sth)null2). 与表示说话或心理状态的动词say, report, believe, suppose, think, understand, consider等的被动语态连用. eg: He is said to have written a new book about workers. 3). 与表示希望，期望，意愿的动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, think, want, wish的过去时态连用，表曾经打算设想做却没做的事. eg: They expected to have gone to the match, but the tickets were all sold. They had expected to go to the match. null四, 不定式的时态和语态 时态: 三态 to do/ to be doing/ to have done 一般式表示的动作通常与句中谓语动作同时或在其后发生 eg: We saw him go to the shop. 进行式表示不定式的动作正在进行. eg: He pretended to be working hard. 完成式表示不定式动作在谓语动作/状态前发生. I’m glad to have seen your mother. eg: I happened to have read the book. 动词不定式To 的几种常见的省略形式 动词不定式To 的几种常见的省略形式     非谓语动词历来是高考中的重点，不定式结构在考点中常占很大比重。其中TO的用法很复杂，现就TO在一些结构中常被省略的情况作如下小结。       1．感官动词和使役动词在主动语态中不需要带to，即我们常说的“一觉二听三让五看”：feel,　listen to 、hear ,let、make、have, see、watch、notice、observe、look at.　 He noticed Tom take a branch of flowers in his hand. 　　他注意到汤姆手中拿着一束鲜花。 The teacher has us write a composition every week. 　　老师要我们每周写一篇文章。     注：　除let 外其他在变成被动语态时要加上to。 The person was seen to enter the shop by us .  　　我们看见那个人进了那家商店。 null 2　由 all， what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。 All I did was empty the bottle.我所做的是倒空这个瓶子。What I wanted to do was drive all night.我想做的是彻夜开车。 The only thing I could do was do it myself 。我惟一能做的是我自己解决。 　　　   3．常用的结构　may well do，may as well do (还是…好了)及but或except后接不定式时，如果它们前面有do便可省略to，其结构为can not do but（do)…，can not help but (do)不得不…等句型， We might as well put up here for tonight.我们不妨今晚就在这儿过夜。 She can do nothing but/except sing.她除了唱歌什么也没做。 There is nothing he could do but play all day long。他除了整天玩，别无它事可做。 　　 null 4．不定式做help后的宾语补足语或宾语时，可带to也可不带。 Can I help（to） carry it for you? 　　　我可以帮你搬吗？ I helped him（to） mend the bike. 　　　我帮助他修理自行车。 5．在had better，would rather，rather than之后省略to。 You'd better not tell him the news .　 　　　你最好不把这个消息告诉他。 Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi. 　　　我决定乘出租车回家而不愿等候任何人。 null学习动词不定式时要特别注意以下几点： 一、后接不定式的动词 1.后接不定式做宾语的动词hope, agree, dare, decide, determine｜｜begin, start, refuse, prepare,offer｜｜manage,try, aim, forget, remember ，choose｜｜seem, pretend, learn, love, hate等。 (可记：希望同意敢决定，开始拒绝备提供，设法瞄准忘记选，似乎假装学爱憎。) 2.后接不定式作宾补的动词 permit,request,allow,command,tell,invite,cause,encourage｜｜warn,adivse,persuade｜｜force,order,remind,teach等。 (可记首字母：practice wap fort 实践攻克堡垒。) 3.后接不定式既作宾语又可作宾补的动词 ask,beg,like,preter,help,promise,wish,want,expect等。 （可记：请求、愿、助、诺、希望。） null二、不定式省略to的现象： 1.在had better,would rather, why not…,do nothing but,would rather…than以及情态动词后。如： Tom would rather play tennis than swim. I could do nothing but wait for you. 2.在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe,let,make,have等感官动词和使役动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，但当这些动词为被动时其后的不定式必须带to.如： He saw two men enter the room. I was made to do it 三、不定式的否定式 否定不定式时，否定副词not或never,seldom,hardly等要置于to前。如:She checked the names so as not to make mistakes. null四、注意不定式复合结构的用法 句中不定式需要有逻辑主语时，常用for+名词(或代词宾语)+不定式，构成不定式的复合结构。如： It is very important for us to learn English well. 但某些形容词如kind, clever, foolish, wise, nice, generous, silly, stupid等，是表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征的，常用of引导不定式的逻辑主语。如： It was wise of him to do that. 五、不定式的主动式与被动式： 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式用主动式。如： I need to buy a computer. 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式用被动式。如： The fridge needs to be repaired. null六、区分不定式小品词to和介词to ： 1.下列to为不定的小品词，后接动词原形： be able to,be about to,have to,ought to,too…to,in order to,so as to,used to等。 You ought to follow your father's advice. 2.下列to为介词，后接名词、代词或V-ing形式： pay attention to,look forward to,be/get used to(习惯于),lead to,stick to,belong to,devote oneself to等。如： I'm looking forward to seeing you again. 七、不定式的位置及与所修饰词之间的关系 1.不定式作定语放在被修饰词之后。如： I want to have something to read. 2.不定式与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，所以当不定式的动词是不及物动词或不定式的动词与其所修饰的词之间构不成动宾关系时，其后需加一个适当的介词。如： I need a pen to write with. null八、疑问词how,when,what,where,which以及whether与不定式连用，在句中作主语、表语或宾语，其功能相当于名词性从句。如： Where to go has not been decided yet. （Where we shall go has not been decided yet.） 九、有些动词(stop,forget,remember,regret,like等)后接不定式或动名词时，意思差别很大。如： I must remember to post the letter.我必须记着要发信。(信还未寄出) I remember posting the letter.我记得发了信了。(信已寄出) I like swimming.(喜欢游泳这项运动) I like to swim this Friday.(喜欢在星期五去游泳这一具体动作) nullThe purpose of new technologies is to make life easier ________ it more difficult. (MET99) A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 2. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ______ in my new job. (NMET2000) A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects高考题汇集：null3. Charles Babbage is generally considered _____the first computer. (MET1998) to invent B. inventing C. to have invented C. having invented4. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _______ to carry all the way home. (MET2003) much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much null5. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______. (NMET95)A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 6. Little Jim should love _____ to the theatre this evening. (MET 97) to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. takingnull7.There are five pairs ___,but I’m at a loss which to buy.(1999上海高考)to be chosen    B. to choose from  C. to choose  D. for choosing 8. ________late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. (2001年北京春季高考) A. To sleep  B. Sleeping  C. Sleep  D. Having sleep null9. With a lot of difficult problems ________,the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (2002年上海春季高考)settled B. settling C.to settle D. being settled 10. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_____in making the earth a better place to live. (2003上海春季高考) A.to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing null11. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state run companies are trying ______their products more competitive. ( 2002上海春季高考) to make B. making C. to have made D.having made12. The teacher asked us_______so much noise. (2003北京春季高考) A.don't make B. not makeC. not making D. not to makenull4. Mary is always the first student to answer the teacher’s questions in class. A. rising B. to rise C. rose D. risen 5.— Mum ,why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day? --- __enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting 6.—Would you be so kind us out? ---With pleasure. A. helping B. in helping C. help D. as to helpnull7. Wet umbrellas are not allowed into this hotel according to the rule. A. to be taken B. to take C. taken D. taking 8. Robert is said _______ abroad, but I didn’t know what country he studied in. A to have studied B to study C to be studying D to have been studying9. In Australia he made a lot of friends ____a very practical knowledge of English. get B. getting C. to get D. got nullEXERCISES 1.You had better ______ your hair cut. A. had   B. have   C to get   D to have  2 We ______ put the meeting off for a week. A can as well   B. will as well    C. shall as well    D . may as well  3 He ______ live in the country than in the city. A prefers  B likes to  C had better  D. would rather  4  The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut. A. become  B. to become  C becoming   D  became  null5  Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.　  A. learn　 B. to learn　 C. learned　 D. learning  6  --- I usually go there by train.　     ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?　 　A. to try going　 B.　trying to go　 C.　to try and go　 D.　try going　　  7     He wants to do nothing but ＿＿out. 　Ａ to go　Ｂ　 go    Ｃ going　  Ｄgoes  8     He wants to believe anything but___ the medicine.      A to take     B take     C take           D  takes null9　 Compared with women. men always prefer ____ at home rather than ____  so much time shopping .      A to finish ,to spend   B to finish ,spend    C finish ,spend   D  finish  ,to spendnull[巩固性练习] 1. She can’t help _____ the house because she’s busy making a cake. A.     to clean B. cleaning C. to be cleaning D. being cleaned      2 While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need. A.     to persuade B. to be persuaded C .persuading D. being persuading   3    We agreed ____ here, but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. A.     having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met   null4    ---- You were brave enough to raise the objections at the meeting. ----- Well, now I regret _____ that. A.     to do B. to doing C. to have done D. having done 5  Little Tom should love ____ to the theatre this evening. A .to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. takingnull    6  I’ve got a terrible headache. I tried ____ some medicine, but it didn’t help. A.     to take B. having taken C. taking D. to have taken   7   ---- Would you join us tonight ? ---- I _____, but I have to prepare for tomorrow’s test. A . would love so B. would love to C. would love it D. would love    8   I would love ____ to the party last night, but I had to finish extra hours to finish a report. A .to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone null9 he let me repeat his instructions ____ sure that I understood what was ____ after he went away. A .to make, to be done B. making, doing C. to make, to do D. making, to do 10  ---- You should have thanked her before you left. ---- I meant ____, but when I was leaving, I couldn’t find her anywhere. A . to do B. to C. doing D. doing so 11  In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____ for another hour. A . waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting null12  With a lot of difficult problems ____, the newly- elected president is having a hard time. A.     settled B. steeling C. to settle D. being settled 13.  Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _____ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C .to be telling D. to have been told null14.To fetch water before breakfast seemed to be a rule ___________. A. to never break B. never to be broken C. never to have broken D. never to be breaking 15. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, but _____ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make ：1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. B null练习：1. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you wouldn’t have time to ______ before the party. (NMET2004全国卷I) A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 2. My advisor encouraged ______ a summer course to improve my writing skills. (NMET 2004 北京) A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take 3. I don’t know whether you happen ______, but I’m going to study in the USA this September. (NMET 2004 辽宁) A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard 4. The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to ______ our studies. (NMET 2004 辽宁) A. get down to B. get out　C. get back for D. get overnull5. The flu is believed ______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. (NMET 2004 上海) A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 6. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left. (NMET 2004 福建) 　A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 7. It seems that he has no pen ___. (NMET 2003 北京 春) A. to write B. to write with　C. writing D. writing with 8. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role______ in making the earth a better place to live. (NMET 2003 上海 春) A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playingnull9. The teacher asked us ______ so much noise. (NMET 2003 北京) A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make 10. The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation. (NMET 1996) A. to eat not B. eating not　C. not to eat D. not eating 11. We agree _____ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. (NMET 1995) A. having met B. meeting　C. to meet D. to have met 12. Hurry up, he is sure ______ for us. (NMET 1995) A. to wait B. to be waiting　C. waiting D. being waitednull13. At the shopping-centre, he didn’t know what _____ and _____ with an empty bag. A. to buy; leave B. to be bought; left 　C. to buy; left D. was to buy; leave 14. She made a candle ___us light. 　　A. give B. gave C. to give D. given 15. — Where should I send my form? — The Personnel Office is the place 　　______. A. for sending it B. to send it to　C. to send D. to send it 16. It’s necessary ______ some English grammar. A. for us students to learn 　B. for we students to learn C. of us students to learn 　D. for our students learningnull17. ______ kind to the enemy is _____ cruel to the people. A. Be; be B. To be; to be C. To be; being D. Being; to be 　　18. No matter how busy he is, he ______ at least 15 minutes a day. 　A. makes a rule read B. makes a rule reading 　C. makes it a rule read D. makes it a rule to read 19. — If Mary doesn’t come to work on time, she may be fired.— Surely she is not so foolish ______ it. 　　A. as not to realize 　　B. not as to realize 　　C. that she didn’t realize　　D. as not realizing 　　20. I ought to ______ him the news, but I forgot to do so.　A. remember to tell　　B. remember telling C. have remembered to tellD. have remembered telling null21. I ______ you the exciting news, but you were not at home. A. meant telling　　B. meant to tell　　C. meant to having told 　　D. meant to telling 22. Tom kept quiet about the accident ______ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 23. My friend, David, was not used ______ by air, so he felt unwell. A. to travel B. to traveling C. traveling D. travel 24. When I went out it happened ______. A. to rain B. rain 　C. to be raining D. raining 　25. I felt it an honour ______ to speak here. A. asking B. having asked C. to ask D. to be askednull1. —The light in the office is still on. ---Oh, I forgot . A. turning it off B. turn it off C.. having turned it off D. to turn it off 2. She can’t help ______ the house because she’s busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. Cleaned D. being c leaned 3. Not everybody has the ability in public. A. of speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak 练习null10. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 11. We agreed ___ here, but so far she hasn’t turned out yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 12. Paul doesn’t have to be made ________. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learningnull