美国玉米DDGS在猪日粮中的营养价值

2010-8-3 1 Nutritional Value of U.S. Corn DDGS in Swine Diets (with Recommendations for Poultry, Aquaculture, and Dairy) 美国玉米DDGS在猪日粮中的营养价值 (包括家禽、水产、奶牛推荐量) Dr. Jerry Shurson Professor, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota 美国明尼苏达大学动物科学系教授, 美国谷物协会聘请的技术顾问 杰丽· 舍森博士 Composition of Selected Nutrients Among 32 DDGS Sources 32种DDGS中部分营养素组成(DM Basis 干物质基础) Nutrient 营养素 Average (CV, %) 平均值（变异系数） Range 范围 Dry matter, % 干物质 89.3 87.3 – 92.4 Crude protein, % 粗蛋白 30.9 (4.7) 28.7 – 32.9 Crude fat, % 粗脂肪 10.7 (16.4) 8.8 – 12.4 Crude fiber, % 粗纤维 7.2 (18.0) 5.4 – 10.4 Ash, % 灰分 6.0 (26.6) 3.0 – 9.8 Swine ME, kcal/kg (predicted)猪代谢 ，千卡/千克（预测值） 3810 (3.5) 3504 – 4048 Lysine, % 赖氨酸 0.90 (11.4) 0.61 – 1.06 Phosphorus, % 磷 0.75 (19.4) 0.42 – 0.99 Source: University of Minnesota 来源：明尼苏达大学 Nutritional Characteristics of DDGS for Swine DDGS对于猪的营养特性 y DDGS ME = corn ME DDGS代谢能=玉米代谢能 y Amino acid content and digestibility variable y 氨基酸含量与消化率的变异 ◦ Total lysine (0.61-1.06% DM basis) ◦ 总赖氨酸（0.61-1.06%干物质基础） ◦ Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of lysine (44 - 67%) ◦ 赖氨酸回肠消化率（SID）(44 - 67%) y High digestible P 高可消化磷 ◦ Reduce diet inorganic P supplementation 减少日粮无机磷的补充 ◦ May reduce manure P excretion 可能减少粪便中磷的排泄量 y Partially replaces some corn, soybean meal, and inorganic phosphate and reduces diet cost y 部分替代玉米、豆粕和无机磷酸盐，降低日粮成本 ME Prediction Equations for DDGS in Swine Diets 猪日粮中DDGS代谢能的预测公式 ME kcal/kg DM = (0.949 × kcal GE/kg DM) – (32.238 × % TDF) – (40.175 × % ash) 代谢能 总能 总可溶性纤维 灰分 Anderson et al. (2010) r2 = 0.95 SE = 306 相关系数 ME kcal/kg DM = 2,815 + (94.5 × % crude fat粗脂肪) + (96.2 × % crude fiber 粗纤维) – (33 2 × % NDF中性洗涤纤维) – (66 2 × % ash灰分) + (25 9 × % starch淀粉)(33.2 × % NDF中性洗涤纤维) (66.2 × % ash灰分) + (25.9 × % starch淀粉) Mendoza et al. (2010) r2 = 0.90 SE = 49 相关系数 ME Prediction Equations for DDGS in Swine Diets (Pedersen et al., 2007) 猪日粮中DDGS代谢能的预测公式 ME kcal/kg DM = −10,866 − (108.12 × % ash) + (37.55 × % CP) − (8.04 × % starch) − (71.78 代谢能 干物质 灰分 粗蛋白 淀粉 × % EE) − (164.99 × % ADF) + (15.91 × % NDF) + (3.007 × GE, kcal/kg) r2 = 0.99 粗脂肪 酸性洗涤纤维 中性洗涤纤维 总能 相关系数 ME kcal/kg DM = −11,128 − (124.99 × % ash) + (35.76 × % CP) − (63.40 × % EE) − (150.92 代谢能 干物质 灰分 粗蛋白 粗脂肪 × % ADF) + (14.85 × % NDF) + (3.023 × GE, kcal/kg) r2 = 0.99 酸性洗涤纤维 中性洗涤纤维 总能 相关系数 ME kcal/kg DM = −10,267 − (175.78 × % ash) + (23.09 × % CP) − (71.22 × % EE) − (137.93 代谢能 干物质 灰分 粗蛋白 粗脂肪 × % ADF) + (3.036 × GE, kcal/kg) r2 = 0.99 酸性洗涤纤维 总能 相关系数 ME kcal/kg DM = −7,803 − (223.19 × % ash) − (61.30 × % EE) − (121.94 × % ADF) + (2.702 代谢能 干物质 粗脂肪 酸性洗涤纤维 × GE, kcal/kg) r2 = 0.97 总能 ME kcal/kg DM = −4,212 − (266.38 × % ash) − (108.35 × % ADF) + (1.911 × GE, kcal/kg) r2 = 0.94 Concentration and Standardized Ileal Digestibility (SID) of Amino Acids in Corn DDGS (%) 玉米DDGS中氨基酸标准回肠消化率（%） Stein and Shurson (2009) % 2010-8-3 2 Variation in Digestible Amino Acids in 34 Sources of Corn DDGS (%) 34种来源玉米DDGS中可消化氨基酸的变异 Amino Acid 氨基酸 Max 最大值 Min 最小值 CV 变异系数 Lys 赖氨酸 0.77 0.33 18.4 Met 蛋氨酸 0.66 0.40 12.6 Thr 苏氨酸 0.96 0.68 10.2 Trp色氨酸 0.21 0.10 15.8 Urriola et al. (2007) Prediction of Amino Acid Digestibility in DDGS for Swine 猪DDGS氨基酸消化率预测 y Crude protein 粗蛋白 ◦ Poor prediction of SID Lys (r2 = 0.02) ◦ 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸预测差 Kim et al. (2010) y Total lysine 总赖氨酸 ◦ Good predictor of SID Lys (r2 = 0.85) ◦ 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸预测良好 Kim et al. (2010) ◦ SID Lys% = - 0.482 + (1.148 × analyzed Lys, %) 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸 赖氨酸测定值 y Reactive lysine 活性赖氨酸 ◦ Good predictor of SID Lys (r2 = 0.90) ◦ 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸预测良好 Kim et al. (2010) ◦ SID Lys% = - 0.016 + (0.716 × reactive Lys, %) 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸 活性赖氨酸 y Lysine:CP ratio 赖氨酸：粗蛋白比 ◦ General predictor of relative lysine digestibility among DDGS sources ◦ 多种DDGS来源的相对赖氨酸可消化率的一般预测 Stein (2007) Prediction of Amino Acid Digestibility in DDGS for Swine 猪DDGS中氨基酸消化率的预测 y Pepsin-pancreatin 胃蛋白酶-胰液素 ◦ Poor predictor of CP digestibility (r2 = 0.55) 粗蛋白消化性预测差 x Pedersen et al. (2005) y Color (L*, a*, b*)颜色 ◦ General predictor of extreme differences among DDGS sources U l l (2007) 差异极大的不同来源DDGS之间的一般预测x Urriola et al. (2007) 差异极大的不同来源DDGS之间的一般预测 x DDGSOptical density (Urriola et al. , 2007) ◦ Excellent predictor (r2 = 0.99) of digestible lysine but less accurate for other amino acids 可消化性赖氨酸的预测极好，但其它氨基酸较差（ r2 = 0.99 ） ◦ Requires complex statistical analysis 需要复杂的统计 y Front face fluorescence (Urriola et al. , 2007)面部荧光 ◦ Excellent predictor (r2 = 0.99) of all digestible amino acids but requires specialized equipment and complex statistical analysis 所有可消化性氨基酸的预测极好，但是要求专用设备和复杂的统计分析 Relationship Between Lightness of Color (L*) and Digestible Lysine Content of Corn DDGS for Swine 颜色亮度值（L*）与猪玉米DDGS中可消化赖氨酸含量的关系 Dlys = 0.02(L*) - 0.25 R2 = 0.480 60 0.70 0.80 te nt , % Dlys = 0.01(L*) + 0.32 R2 = 0.03 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Color parameter L* D ig . l ys c on Urriola et al. (2007) Concentration and Digestibility of Phosphorus in DDGS in Diets for Growing Pigs 生长猪日粮中DDGS的磷的浓度和消化率 Measure 测定值 Average 平均值 Range 范围 Total P, % 总磷 0.61 0.51 – 0.74 Total P % of DM 干物质中的总磷 0 70 0 57 – 0 85Total P, % of DM 干物质中的总磷 0.70 0.57 0.85 Apparent total tract digestibility, % 观总肠道消化率 59 50 – 68 Digestible P, % 可消化磷 0.36 0.28 – 0.47 Stein and Shurson, 2009 New Nutritional “Tools” Are Available to Manage Nutrient Variability Among DDGS Sources 新的营养“工具”可有效管理不同DDGS资源的营养变异 y Assess relative value among sources y不同资源的相对值的估计 y Provide accurate nutrient loading values for diet formulationfor diet formulation y为日粮配方提供精确的营养数据库 y Examples:举例 • Cargill - Reveal® • Value Added Science and Technology - Illuminate® 2010-8-3 3 Illuminate® Laboratory Results Illuminate® 实验室提供的结果 A B C D E DM 干物 质 87.9 90.1 86.5 91.7 90.0 CP粗蛋白 28.2 26.7 27.7 26.7 25.1 Fat脂肪 11.4 9.9 11.5 10.6 11.2 Starch淀 7 3 8 1 7 2 8 3 4 6Starch淀 粉 7.3 8.1 7.2 8.3 4.6 ADF酸性 洗涤纤维 11.4 10.8 12.5 10.6 8.6 Ash 灰分 4.5 3.3 4.4 3.9 4.4 Phosphor us 磷 0.90 0.66 0.82 0.75 0.76 Lysine 0.88 0.83 0.86 0.89 0.78 IlluminateIlluminate®® Nutrient Loadings ExampleNutrient Loadings Example Illuminate® 营养数据库中的数值举例 A B C D E ME 代谢能 3070 3460 2970 3410 3540 Dig. Lys 可消化 赖氨酸 0.54 0.52 0.54 0.61 0.54 Dig Met可消化 0 50 0 47 0 49 0 48 0 46Dig. Met可消化 蛋氨酸 0.50 0.47 0.49 0.48 0.46 Dig. Thr 可消化 苏氨酸 0.70 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.68 Dig. Trp 可消化 色氨酸 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.14 Avail. Phosphorus 有 效磷 0.67 0.50 0.62 0.56 0.64 Relative Value 相 对值 $175 $204 $165 $208 $215 Quick Calculation of Feed Cost Savings 饲料成本节省值的快速计算 Thumb rule: 计算方法 Additions/1000 kg diet 增加值/1000千克日粮 + 100 kg DDGS x ______ $/kg = $______ + 1.5 kg limestone 石粉 x ______ $/kg = $______ TOTAL ADDITIONS (A) 总增加值 $TOTAL ADDITIONS (A) 总增加值 $______ Subtractions/1000 kg diet 减少值/千克日粮 - 88.5 kg corn玉米 x ______ $/kg = $______ - 10 kg SBM大豆粕 (44%) x ______ $/kg = $______ - 3 kg dical. phos. 磷酸钙 x ______ $/kg = $______ TOTAL SUBTRACTIONS (S) $______ 总减少值 (S – A) = Feed cost savings/ton by adding 10% DDGS to the diet 日粮中添加10%DDGS，每吨饲料可节省的成本 Use of U.S. Corn DDGS in Swine Diets 猪日 粮中玉米DDGS的使用 Estimated Use of DDGS in U.S. Swine and Poultry Diets (2001-2009) 美国猪和家禽日粮中DDGS使用量的估计 ic t on ne s M et ri Maximum Inclusion Rates of U.S. DDGS in Swine Diets (Based Upon University Trials) 猪日粮中DDGS的最大应用比例 y Nursery pigs (> 7 kg) 保育猪 ◦ Up to 30% 最高30% y Grow-finish pigs 生长-育肥猪 ◦ Up to 30% 最高30% G i 妊娠母猪y Gestating sows 妊娠母猪 ◦ Up to 50% 最高50% y Lactating sows 泌乳母猪 ◦ Up to 30% 最高30% Assumptions: no mycotoxins formulate on a digestible amino acid and available phosphorus basis 2010-8-3 4 Current U.S. Pork Industry Ranges in Dietary DDGS Inclusion Rates and Estimated Usage 及目前美国生猪产业DDGS的用量 y 70 - 80% of MN pork producers are usingDDGS y 70-80%MN生猪生产者正在使用DDGS y Grower-finisher diets ~ 80-85% 生长-育肥日粮 ◦ 10 - 40% of the diet 占日粮的10-40% ◦ Save $3 to $10/ton for each 10% DDGS added to the diet 日粮 中每增加10%DDGS，可节省3-10美元/吨中每增加10%DDGS，可节省3-10美元/吨 ◦ Save $3 to $9/market hog 每头上市猪节省3-9美元 y Sow diets ~ 10-15% 母猪日粮 ◦ Gestation – 10 - 90% of the diet ◦ 妊娠期-日粮的10-90% ◦ Lactation – 10 - 30% of the diet ◦ 泌乳期-日粮的10-30% y Late nursery diets < 5% 保育后期日粮<5% ◦ Added at 5 - 30% of the diet 日粮中添加5-30% Feeding DDGS to Weaned Pigs 断奶仔猪饲喂DDGS Summary of Growth Performance Effects of Feeding Levels up to 30% DDGS in Weanling Pig Diets 断奶仔猪饲喂30%DDGS对生长性能影响的综述 Performance Measure 性能测定 N 样本数 Increased 增加 Reduced 减少 Not changed 无变化 ADG 平均日增 重 10 0 0 10 ADFI 平均日采 食量 10 0 2 8 G:F 增重/耗料 10 5 0 5 Stein and Shurson (2009) Feeding DDGS to Grower-Finisher Pigs 生长-育肥猪饲喂DDGS Summary of Growth Performance Responses from Feeding Levels up to 30% DDGS to Grower-finisher Pigs 生长-肥育猪饲喂30%DDGS时的生长反应综述 Performance Measure 性能测定 N 样本 数 Increased 增加 Reduced 减少 Not Changed 无变化 数 ADG 平均日增 重 25 1 6 18 ADFI 平均日采食 量 23 2 6 15 Gain/Feed 增重/ 耗料 25 4 5 16 Stein and Shurson (2009) Summary of Carcass Characteristic Responses from Feeding Levels up to 30% DDGS to Grower-finisher pigs 生长-肥育猪饲喂30%DDGS对胴体特性反应综述 Performance Measure性能测定 N 样本 数 Increased 增加 Reduced 减少 Not Changed 无变化 Dressing % 屠宰率 18 0 8 10 Backfat thickness 背膘厚 15 0 1 14 Loin depth眼肌厚度 14 0 2 12 % Carcass lean %胴体瘦肉率 14 0 1 13 Stein and Shurson (2009) 2010-8-3 5 Increasing Dietary Levels of DDGS MAY Slightly Reduce Carcass Dressing Percentage 日粮中提高DDGS水平可能使屠宰率稍有降低 Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Dressing Percentage 日粮中不同DDGS水平对屠宰率的影响 77.9 77.7 77.1 76.777 78 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % Dietary DDGS Level 日粮中DDGS水平 % Xu et al. (2009) Linear effect (P < 0.01) 线性影响 Summary of Belly Quality Characteristics from Feeding Levels Up to 30% DDGS to Grower-finisher Pigs 生长-肥育猪饲喂30%DDGS对腹脂质量特性综述 Performance Measure性能测 定 N 样本 数 Increased 增加 Reduced 减少 Not Changed 无变化 Belly thickness 腹脂厚 4 0 2 2 腹脂厚 Belly firmness 腹脂坚实度 3 0 3 0 Iodine value碘价 8 7 0 1 Stein and Shurson (2009) Belly Firmness of Pigs Fed a Corn-Soybean Meal Diet vs. 30% DDGS Diet 饲喂玉米-豆粕日粮和30%DDGS日粮时脂坚实度的对比 Corn-soybean meal diet 饲喂玉米-豆粕日粮 30% DDGS diet 饲喂30%DDGS日粮 Current Pork Fat Quality Standards 目前猪肉脂肪质量标准 y Not well defined and questionable 无明确而且存在问 题 ◦ Based on Iodine Value (IV) 建立在碘价（IV）基础上 x ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids 不饱和脂肪酸：饱和脂肪酸 比例 y Suggested maximum IV IV的最大建议量Suggested maximum IV IV的最大建议量 ◦ 70 – Danish Meat Research Institute 70-丹麦肉类研究所 ◦ 70 – National Pork Producers Council 70-国家猪肉生产者协会 ◦ 74 – Boyd et al. (1997) y Various adipose tissue sites are affected differently by dietary fatty acid composition y 不同脂肪组织受日粮脂肪酸组成影响 What is the main concern? 关心的主要问题是什么？ y The dietary level and feeding duration of unsaturated fatty acids y 不饱和脂肪酸的饲喂水平和持续时间 y Linoleic acid (C18:2) 亚油酸（C18：2） R 60% f f d l ◦ Represents ~ 60% of fatty acids in corn oil ◦ 在玉米油中脂肪酸占60% ◦ Reduces the omega 6:omega 3 ratio in pork fat ◦ 降低猪肉脂肪中 Ω 6：Ω3 ◦ May contribute to reduced shelf life of fresh pork ◦ 可能减少新鲜猪肉的货架寿命 Comparison of Selected Nutrients in Corn DDGS and Corn (As Fed Basis) 玉米DDGS和玉米（饲喂基础）中部分营养成分的对比 Nutrient 营养物 Corn DDGS DDGS 玉米DDGS Corn 玉米 Swine ME, kcal/kg 猪代谢能 千卡 千克 3,390 3,420 猪代谢能 ，千卡/千克 Crude fat, % 粗脂肪，% 9.6 3.9 Linoleic acid (C18:2), % 亚油酸（ C18:2 ），% 5.32 1.92 Oleic acid (C18:1), % 十八烯酸（ C18:1 ）% 2.47 0.94 2010-8-3 6 Effects of Feeding 0, 20, and 40% DDGS Diets on C18:2 and n-6:n-3 Ratio in Belly Fat 日粮中添加0，20，40%DDGS对腹脂中C18:2和n-6:n-3的影响 DDGS main effect (P < 0.05) 主要作用 DDGS linear effect (P < 0.05) 线性作用 White et al. (2009) Effects of Feeding 0, 10, 20, and 30% DDGS Diets on Belly Firmness(Xu et al., 2009) 日粮中添加0，10，20，30%DDGS对腹脂坚实度的影响 30 40 50 D10 vs. D0 (P > 0.05) D20 < D0 (P < 0.05) D30 < D0 (P < 0 05) PSE = 2.06 gr ee 腹 脂 坚 实 度 0 10 20 D0 D10 D20 D30 D30 < D0 (P < 0.05) Diets 日粮Be lly fi rm ne ss , d eg Effects of Feeding 0, 10, 20, and 30% DDGS Diets on C18:2 Content of Pork Fat (Xu et al., 2009) 日粮中添加0，10，20，30%DDGS对猪肉脂肪中C18:2含量的影 响 15 20 25 Backfat Belly fat Loin fat 2, % 0 5 10 D0 D10 D20 D30 Diets C 18 : Linear effect of DDGS for all fat depot sites (P < 0.01) DDGS对所有脂肪沉积都存在线性的影响（ P < 0.01 ） Diet × site (P < 0.01) 日粮×脂肪沉积部位 （P < 0.01 ） Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Iodine Value of Pork Fat (Xu et al., 2009) 日粮中DDGS水平对猪肉脂肪碘价的影响 al ue 34 Diets Io di ne V a Linear effect of DDGS level for all fat depot sites (P < 0.01) DDGS对所有脂肪沉积组织都存在线性影响（ P < 0.01 ） Diet × site (P < 0.01)日粮×脂肪沉积部位 （P < 0.01 ） Effects of Feeding 0, 10, 20, and 30% DDGS Diets on Fat Stability of Pork Loins During 28 Days of Retail Storage (TBARS, mg malonaldehyde/kg)(Xu et al., 2009) 饲喂0，10，20，30%DDGS日粮对储存28天期间眼肌脂肪稳定性的影响 0 15 0.2 0.25 0% DDGS 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 Day 0 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 0% DDGS 10% DDGS 20% DDGS 30% DDGS No significant differences among dietary treatments. 不同的日粮处理之间没有显著差异 Effects of Feeding 0, 10, 20, and 30% DDGS Diets on Sensory Characteristics of Cooked Pork Loins (Xu et al., 2009) 饲喂0，10，20，30%DDGS日粮对烹调里脊肉感官特性的影响 3 4 5 0% DDGS 0 1 2 FlavorTendernessJuicinessOverall 0% DDGS 10% DDGS 20% DDGS 30% DDGS No significant differences among dietary treatments. 不同的日粮处理之间没有显著差异 2010-8-3 7 Effects of Feeding 0, 10, 20, and 30% DDGS Diets on Sensory Characteristics of Cooked Pork Loins (Xu et al., 2009) 饲喂0，10，20，30%DDGS日粮对烹调里脊肉感官特性的影响 1.5 2 0% DDGS 0 0.5 1 Cook loss, % Off Flavor 0% DDGS 10% DDGS 20% DDGS 30% DDGS No significant differences among dietary treatments. 不同的日粮处理之间没有明显的差异 Effects of Feeding 0, 10, 20, and 30% DDGS Diets on Sensory Characteristics of Cooked Bacon (Xu et al., 2009) 饲喂0，10，20，30%DDGS日粮对烹调里脊肉感官特性的影响 y No differences in: y 在以下方面没有差异： Cooking yield 出肉率 Crispiness 烤焦 Off-flavor 异味 O ll t bilitOverall acceptability 总可接受性 Quadratic effect for flavor (P < 0.05) 对风味呈二次方影响 (P < 0.05) Linear effect for tenderness (P < 0.05)对嫩度呈线性影响 （ P < 0.05) Linear and quadratic effect for fattiness (P < 0.01) 对油性呈线性和二次方影响(P < 0.01) Flavor: high = intense 风味：高=浓 Tenderness: high = tough 嫩度：高=硬 Fattiness: high = fatty 油性：高=脂肪多 Effects of Feeding 0, 10, 20, and 30% DDGS Diets on Fatty Acid Content of Pork Fat (Xu et al., 2009) 饲喂0，10，20，30%DDGS日粮对猪肉脂肪中脂肪酸含量的 影响 y Linear increase 线性增长 ◦ PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids)多不饱和脂肪酸 ◦ IV (iodine value) 碘价 x Backfat (58 63 68 72) x Backfat (58, 63, 68, 72) x 背膘(58, 63, 68, 72) x Belly fat (61, 65, 69, 72) x 腹脂(61, 65, 69, 72) x Loin fat (52, 57, 57, 58) x 眼肌脂肪(52, 57, 57, 58) y Linear decrease线性减少 ◦ monounsaturated fatty acids 单不饱和脂肪酸 ◦ saturated fatty acids 饱和脂肪酸 Diet Formulation and Feeding Strategies to Improve Pork Fat Quality when Feeding DDGS Diets 饲喂DDGS日粮时，饲料配方和饲喂策略可改善猪肉脂肪品质 y With drawing DDGS from the diet before harvest. y 屠宰之前从日粮中撤掉DDGS ◦ EFFECTIVE 是有效的 y Feed wheat and barley based diets. y 饲喂小麦和大麦的基础日粮 ◦ EFFECTIVE 有效 y Feeding reduced corn oil co-products.日粮中减少玉米油等副产 品的使用 ◦ EFFECTIVE, BUT NOT ENOUGH QUANTITY AVAILABLE FOR EXPORT MARKETS 有效但是没有足够的数量提供出口 y Adding conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)增加共轭亚油酸（CLA） ◦ EFFECTIVE, BUT MAY NOT BE APPROVED IN PRC 有效但是可能不能被养猪协会认可 Diet Formulation and Feeding Strategies to Improve Pork Fat Quality when Feeding DDGS Diets 饲喂DDGS日粮时，饲料配方和饲喂策略可改善猪肉脂肪品质 y Formulate diets based on iodine product value? y 饲料配方要以碘价为基础？ ◦ SOMEWHAT EFFECTIVE, BUT MANY MANAGEMENT FACTORS AFFECT IV OF PORK FAT 一程度上有效，但是许多管理因素影响碘价和猪肉脂 肪 y Add crude glycerol to DDGS diets? y DDGS日粮中添加天然丙三醇？ ◦ EFFECTIVE, BUT NOT AVAILABLE IN PRC 有效，但养猪协会不允许使用 y Add saturated supplemental fat sources (e.g. tallow) to DDGS diets? 在DDGS日粮中添加饱和脂肪来源（例如牛油）？ ◦ NOT VERY EFFECTIVE AND NOT LIKELY AN ALTERNATIVE IN PRC ◦ 不很有效，而且不会被养猪协会认可。 Effect of Dietary DDGS Level and Withdrawal Interval on C18:2 Content of Belly Fat 日粮中DDGS水平和停喂间隔时间对腹脂中C18：2含量的 影响 12 16 20 D0 D15 D30 P-value D < 0.0012, % PSE = 0.67 0 4 8 12 Control 0wk 3wk 6wk 9wk 42 W < 0.001 D × W = 0.67 DDGS withdrawal interval 停喂间隔 C 18 :2 All treatments > control (P < 0.05) 所有处理>对照 2010-8-3 8 Effect of Dietary DDGS Level and Withdrawal Interval on IV of Belly Fat 日粮DDGS水平和停喂间隔时间对腹脂碘价的影响 30 40 50 60 70 D0 D15 D30 P-value: D < 0.001 v a lu e, % 碘 价 PSE = 1.30 0 10 20 30 Control 0wk 3wk 6wk 9wk 43 W < 0.001 D ×W = 0.3 DDGS withdrawal interval Io d in e D15-9 wk and D30-9 wk = control D15-9周与D30-9周=对照组 All others > control (P < 0.05) 所有其它>对照组 Iodine Value Product Concept 碘价产物的概念 y Formulate by accounting for:确切的解释： ◦ Amount of fat in each ingredient 每个组分中脂肪的量 ◦ IV of the fat in each ingredient 每个组分中脂肪的碘价 ◦ Madsen (1992) ◦ Later modified by Boyd (1997) Later modified by Boyd (1997) ◦ PIC Tech Memo 153 (1997) y IV of backfat = 0.32 IVP + 52.4 y 背膘的碘价= 0.32 IVP + 52.4 where: IVP = IV of the diet oil x % diet oil x .1 IVP=日粮油脂的碘价x % 日粮油脂x .1 Influence of Diet Iodine Value on Carcass Iodine Value 日粮碘价对胴体碘价的影响 Benz, 2008 The Positives of DDGS 使用DDGS的好处 y Feeding diets containing up to 30% DDGS has no adverse effects on: 饲喂30%DDGS日粮的有益作用： ◦ growth performance 生长性能 ◦ carcass backfat thickness 胴体背膘厚 ◦ % carcass lean 胴体瘦肉率 ◦ belly thickness 腹脂厚 ◦ backfat and belly fat color 背膘和腹脂颜色 ◦ loin muscle characteristics (met current NPPC target values) 眼肌特性（与目前NPPC目标值一致） ◦ loin fat oxidation 眼肌脂肪的氧化 ◦ loin sensory characteristics 眼肌感官特性 ◦ bacon sensory characteristics 腌肉感官特性 The Negatives of DDGS 使用DDGS的不利影响 y Yield was linearly reduced (77.9 to 76.7%) 产量线性减少（ 77.9 to 76.7%) y Belly firmness was linearly reduced 腹部坚实度线性减低 y Bacon appears “greasy” (30% DDGS) 腌肉呈现脂肪过多（30%DDGS） y PUFA content and IV of pork fat were linearly increased y PUFA含量和猪肉脂肪的IV线性增高 ◦ highest IV = 72 (30% DDGS) 最高IV= 72 (30% DDGS) ◦ > current NPPC standard of 70 目前NPPC规定>70 ◦ < 74 (IV threshold suggested by Boyd et al., 1997) Boyd等建议IV <74 HOWEVER: 然而： Effective diet formulation and feeding strategies exist to reduce the impact of feed DDGS diets on pork fat quality. 有效日粮配方和饲喂管理可降低DDGS对猪肉脂肪品质的影响 Depending on pork fat quality standards used, maximum usage rate of DDGS in grower-finisher swine diet can be 30%. 依据猪肉脂肪品质标准的规定，生长-肥育猪的日粮中DDGS的最大用量为30% Does Feeding DDGS Improve Gut Health of Growing Pigs? 饲喂DDGS能改善生长猪消化道健康吗？ 2010-8-3 9 Healthy 健康 Ileitis 回肠炎 Effect of Dietary Treatment on Lesion Length (21 d Post-Challenge) 日粮处理对肠道器官损伤长度的影响（疾病挑战后21天） 15 20 25 gt h, c m NC PC D10 PC+AR SE = 3.3 0.9 0.1 0.3 15 20 25 gt h, c m NC PC D10 PC+AR SE = 3.3 0.9 0.1 0.3 15 20 25 gt h 损 伤 长 度 , c m NC PC D10 PC+AR SE = 3.3 0.9 0.1 0.3 •Effect of disease challenge (P < .01). 疾病的影响 D10 (P = .02) D10 (P = .02) 0 5 10 Jejunum* Ileum* Cecum Colon* Section of gastro-intestinal tract Le si on le ng PC+AR D10+AR D10 (P = .02) D10 (P = .02) 0 5 10 Jejunum* Ileum* Cecum Colon* Section of gastro-intestinal tract Le si on le ng PC+AR D10+AR 0 5 10 Jejunum* 空肠 Ileum* 回肠 Cecum 盲肠 Colon* 直肠 Section of gastro-intestinal trac 胃肠道分段 Le si on le ng PC+AR D10+AR Effect of Dietary Treatment on Lesion Severity (21 d Post-Challenge) 日粮处理对肠道器官损伤程度的影响（疾病挑战后21天） 0 9 1.2 1.5 1.8 e 损 伤 评 分 (0 -4 ) NC PC D10 PC+AR AR (P = .03) D10 (P = .02) D10 (P = .10) SE = 0.16 0.17 0.08 0.11 0 9 1.2 1.5 1.8 NC PC D10 PC+AR AR (P = .03) D10 (P = .02) D10 (P = .10) SE = 0.16 0.17 0.08 0.11 * Effect of disease challenge (P < .01).疾病的影响 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 Jejunum* Ileum* Cecum Colon* Section of gastro-intestinal tract Le si on s co re D10+ARD10 (P = .09) 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 Jejunum* 空肠 Ileum* 回肠 Cecum 盲肠 Colon* Section of gastro-intestinal tract胃肠道分段 D10+ARD10 (P = .09) Effect of Dietary Treatment on Lesion Prevalence (21 d Post-Challenge) 日粮处理对肠道器官损伤蔓延的影响（疾病挑战后21天） 60 80 100 f p ig s NC PC D10 PC+AR AR (P = .04) D10 (P = .02) D10 (P = 03) SE = 6.3 6.4 3.6 5.0 60 80 100 f p ig s NC PC D10 PC+AR AR (P = .04) D10 (P = .02) D10 (P = 03) SE = 6.3 6.4 3.6 5.0 * Effect