自考00015英语（二）自考笔记自考小抄

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 11 Unit 12 Unit 13 Unit 14 Unit 15 模拟试卷 单词表 organizational [`ɔ:gənai‘zeiʃənl] a.组织（上）的 goal [gəul] n.1.目的，目标；2.得分进球，球门 objective [ɔb‘dʒektiv] n.目标，目的；a.1.客观的，真实的；2.如实的，无偏见的 accomplish [ə‘kʌmpliʃ] vt.完成（任务等） predict [pri‘dikt] vt./vi.预言；预示 accompany [ə‘kʌmpəni] vt.1.伴随，陪同；2.为……伴奏完整版 请加QQ：1273114568 implement [‘implimənt] vt.实现；完成（任务等）；履行（协定、诺言等） constraint [kən‘streint] n.1.强制；2.强制因素，制约条件 precedent [‘presidənt] n.先例，前例 simplify [‘simplifai] vt.简化 tendency [‘tendənsi] n.趋势，倾向 managerial [`mænə‘dʒiəriəl] a.1.经理的，管理人的；2.管理上的，经营上的 maker [‘meikə] n.制造者；制造商 achievement [ə‘tʃi:vmənt] n.1.完成，达到；2.成就，成绩 attain [ə‘tein] vt.达到；完成 optimal [‘ɔptiməl] a.最适宜的；最理想的 suboptimization [sʌb`ɔptimai‘zeiʃən] n.局部最优化（指使整体目标中的某个选定目标圆满实现） trade-off [‘treid ɔf] n.1.（对不能同时兼顾的因素）权衡；2.物物交换 argue [‘ɑ:gju:] vt./vi.争辨，争论，辩论；vt.1.说服；2.用辩论证明 budget [‘bʌdʒit] n.预算；vt.1.把……编入预算；2.安排，预定 scheme [ski:m] n.计划；；vt./vi.计划，策划 define [di‘fain] vt.1.解释，给……下定义；2.限定，规定 multiple [‘mʌltipl] a.多样的，复合的；n.倍数 profitability [`prɔfitə‘biliti] n.赚钱，获利 correctness [kə‘rektnis] n.正确，正确性 unintended [‘ʌnin‘tendid] a.非计划中的，非故意的 ongoing [‘ɔn‘gəuiŋ] a.进行中的，前进的 entity [‘entiti] n.1.存在，实体；2.统一性 skilled [skild] a.熟练的；有技能的 in the way 挡路；碍事 make a guess at 猜测 and the like 等等，诸如此类 seek to 追求，争取 in part 部分地，在某种程度上 point of view 观点 interview [‘intəvju:] vt./n.1.面谈，采访；2.面试，口试 criticism [‘kritisizəm] n.批评；评论 candidate [‘kændideit] n.1.候选人，候补者；2.应试者 vague [veig] a.含糊的；不明确的 notion [‘nəuʃən] 1. 概念；2.想法，看法 prospect [‘prɔspekt] n.1.展望，景象；2.[常pl.]前景，前程 community [kə‘mju:niti] n.社区；共同体 unattractive [`ʌnə‘træktiv] a.无吸引力的；不引人注意的 indifference [in‘difrəns] n.冷漠；不感兴趣（to） interviewer [‘intəvju:ə] n.接见者；面谈者 personality [`pə:sə‘næliti] n.个性；人格；品格 prospective [prəs‘pektiv] a.预期的；未来的 speechless [‘spi:tʃlis] a.1.不会说话的；2.不说话的 clarification [`klærifi‘keiʃən] n.澄清，阐明 correspondence [`kɔris‘pɔndəns] n.1.符合，一致；2.通信 photocopy [‘fəutəu`kɔpi] vt./n.1.复印，影印；2.照相复制本 resume [‘rezju:mei]] n.1.摘要，梗概；2.个人简历 inefficiency [`ini‘fiʃənsi] n.无效；效能差 neat [ni:t] a.整洁的；简洁的；整齐的 conservative [kən‘sə:vətiv] a.1.保存的，防腐的；2.保守的，守旧的 punk [pʌŋk] n.1.（俚）阿飞；2.朋克（70年代以来英国、美国的年轻人中的颓废派）；a.颓废派的 miniskirt [‘miniskə:t] n.超短裙 panel [‘pænl] n.专门小组 intimidate [in‘timideit] vt.恐吓，恫吓 clutch [klʌtʃ] vt./vi.抓住，握紧 grip [grip] vt./n.1.紧握，紧夹；2.掌握，控制 painful [‘peinful] a.1.痛苦的；2.费力的 rephrase [‘ri‘freiz] vt.重新措辞，改用别的话表示 apply for 申请 day to day （=day-to-day） work 日常工作 take the trouble to 不辞劳苦，费力 put oneself in somebody‘s place 设身处地 to one‘s advantage 对某人有利 ask for 1.请求，向……要；2.寻找 in hand 手头上有 make sure 1.查明，弄确实；2.确信 at a disadvantage 处于不利地位 turn down 1.拒绝；2.调小或调低；3.翻下 astronomer [əs‘trɔnəmə] n.天文学家 escape [is‘keip] vi./vt.逃跑；避免；n.1.逃跑；2.逃路，出口 exert [ig‘zə:t] vt.尽（力）；发挥（威力等）； 施加（压力等）；产生（影响等）；行使（职权等） explode [iks‘pləud] vt.使爆炸；vi.爆炸；突发 density [‘densiti] n.1.密集度，稠密度；2.[物][化]密度完整版 请加QQ：1273114568 collapse [kə‘læps] vt./vi./n（使）倒塌，（使）崩溃；（使）瓦解 supernova [`sju:pə‘nəuvə] n.[天]超新星 daytime [‘deitaim] n.白天，日间 dwarf [dwɔ:f] n.1.矮子；2.[天]矮星（= ～ star，如太阳） shrink [ʃriŋk] vt./vi./n.收缩；缩小；vi./n.退缩，畏缩 gravity [‘græviti] n.1.严肃，认真；2.严重性，重要性；3.[物]重力，地球引力 marble [‘mɑ:bl] n.1. （游戏用的玻璃、石头等做的）弹子；2.大理石；a.大理石的，大理石般的 boundary [‘baundəri] n.分界线，边界 observer [əb‘zə:və] n.1.遵守者，奉行者；2.观察者，监视者 interchangeable [`intə（:）‘tʃeindʒəbl] a.可交换的；可互换的 constant [‘kɔnstənt] a.1.永恒的，经久不变的；2.经常的，不断的；n.[数] 常数 measurement [‘meʒəmənt] n.衡量，测量 implication [`impli‘keiʃən] n.1.含意，暗示；2.牵连，涉及，卷入 basis [‘beisis] n.1.基础，根据；2.主要成份；3.军事基地 launch [lɔ:ntʃ] vt.1.发射，投射；2.使（船）下水；3.发动，发起（运动等）；n.发射，（船）下水 galaxy [‘gæləkəsi] n.1.[天]星系，[G-]银河系，银河；2.一群出色（或著名）的人物 observatory [əb‘zə:vətəri] n.1.天文台；2.了望台 convincing [kən‘vinsiŋ] a.有说服力的，使人信服的 binary [‘bainəri] a.1.二，双，复；2.[数]二进制的；n.1.二，双（体），复（体）； twin [twin] a.1.双胞胎的；2.两个相似部分组成的；n.1.双胞胎之一，[pl.] 双胞胎；2.两个相象的人或物；3.[Twins][天]双子座 companion [kəm‘pænjən] n.1.同伴，同事；2.[天]伴星 speculation [`spekju‘leiʃən] n.1.推测，猜测；2.投机完整版 请加QQ：1273114568 swallow [‘swɔləu] vt.吞咽 mankind [`mæn‘kaind] n.人类 operate [‘ɔpəreit] vi.1.运转，起作用；2.动手术（on， upon）；vt.1.操作，操纵，经营；2.对……动手术 research into 研究 speculation about 关于……猜测 重点短语 完整版 请加QQ：1273114568 Unit 1-A 1．course of action行动步骤，办事程序，做事方案 what is the best course of action we can take?我们采取什么办法最好? Your best course of action is to forget about the whole unfortunate matter．你最好的方法是忘掉这一切不幸。 2．in the way挡路，阻碍，妨碍 I’m afraid your car is in the way．看来你的汽车挡着道了。 I left them alone．as I felt I was in the way．我觉得自己碍他们的事，就走了。 3．to make a guess at对……进行猜测 Make a guess at an answer，please!请猜一下答案! If I might make a guess(at her age)，I’d say she was about 30．要让我猜(她年龄)的话，我看她大概三十岁。 4．to blind sb to sth使某人看不到某物，使某人对某物丧失判断力 His desire to do it blinded him to all the difficulties．他急于做事的愿望让他对困难一无所知。 Her lore for him blinded her to his faults．她非常爱他，这让她对他的缺点丧失了判断力。 5．to contribute to sth 1)促成，导致 Does smoking contribute to lung cancer?吸烟会导致肺癌吗? Carelessness contributed to his errors．粗心大意造成了他的错误。2)有助于，增添 Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject．她的著作非常有助于我们对这个难的了解。 We hope your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem．我们希望你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。，3)捐助，捐赠，贡献 to contribute aid to refugees／contribute to the Red Cross 向难民提供援助／捐助红十字会 Everyone should contribute what he can afford to it．人人都应该尽自己的能力做贡献。4)撰稿，投稿 She has contributed to literary magazines．她给几家文学刊物投了稿。 6．a state of affairs情况，局势 What a shocking state of affairs!局势真惊人哪! That was the state of affairs before the election．选举前的情况就是那样。 7．to seek to do sth设法做某事 They are seeking to mislead．他们竭力进行误导。 They sought to bring their conflict to an end．他们试图结束冲突。 8．the scheme of things事物的规律，安排 In the scheme of things，it is hard for small businesses to succeed．一般来说(按事物的规律)，小本生意难做。 9．in part部分地；在某种程度上 His success was due in part to luck．在某种程度上，他成功靠的是运气。 We’re losing money--in part because，with our ancient computers，we can’t stay competitive．我们在赔钱--在某种程度上是因为我们仍用旧的计算机，缺乏竞争力。 10．vary from…to…从……变为……；在……与……之间变化 Her mood varied from optimism to extreme depression．她的情绪一下子由乐观变为极度消沉。 These fish vary in weight from 31b to 5lb．这些鱼的重量从三磅到五磅不等。 Unit 1-B 1．to apply for申请，请求 to apply for a job／post／passport／visa／scholarship 申请工作／职位／护照／签证／奖学金 to apply to the publishers for the permission to reprint an extract 向出版者请求准予转印节录 2．day-to-day 1)日常的，每日常规工作的 She has been looking after the day--to．day administration．她一直做日常的管理工作。2)逐日的 I have organized the cleaning on a day-to--day basis，until the usual cleaner returns．我已经安排了清洁工回来前的逐日清洁工作。 3．to have no idea不知道；无能力 He has no idea how to manage people．他根本不知道如何做人事工作。 You have no idea how worried I was!你根本不知道我有多么担心！ 4．to take the trouble to do sth费力做某事，不辞劳苦做某事 Decent journalists should take the trouble to check the facts．责任心强的新闻工作者应该不厌其烦地核实报导内容。 Nobody took the trouble to comfort the angry woman．没有人费力去劝劝那位愤怒的女人， 5．to put oneself in sb’s place设身处地替某人着想 If you put yourself in my place．you would understand it．设身处地替我想一下，你就会理解的。 cf．in sb’s place处于某人的境地 What would you do in my place?你要是我会怎样做? In her place I’d sell the lot．我要是她的话就全部卖掉。 6．to one’s advantage对某人有利，对某人有帮助 You will find it to your advantage to learn some German before you visit Switzerland．你会发现去瑞士前学一点德语将对你有好处。 It would be to our mutual advantage to continue the training centre．把培训中心继续办下去对我们双方都有好处。 cf．to one’s disadvantage对某人不利，有损某人的声誉 It would be to your disadvantage to invest in the project．在这个工程上投资对你会十分不利。 Have you heard of the turnouts to his disadvantage?你听说那些对他不利的谣言了吗? 7．at a disadvantage处于不利地位 His inability to speak English put him at a disadvantage．他不会说英语，这使他很吃亏。 They are working at a great disadvantage．他们正在非常不利的情况下工作。 8．to ask for要求，请求 Did you ask(your boss)for a pay increase?你请求(老板)加薪了吗? Driving after drinking alcohol is asking for trouble．酒后开车是自讨苦吃。 9．in hand 1)在手中(持有)；在手头(随时可用) I still have some money in hand．我手头还有些钱。2)在控制下 We have the situation well in hand．我们完全控制住了局面。3)正在办理、处理之中 The work is in hand and will soon be completed．这项工作正在进行之中，不久即可完成。 10．to make sure(of／that)1)弄清楚，核实，查明 I think the door’s locked．but I’d better go and make sure(of it／that it is)．我想门已经锁了，但我最好还是去查实一下。2)设法确保 We have made arrangements to make sure that the visit goes well 为确保参观顺利进行我们已经做了安排。 11．to turn down 1)to turn sb／sth down顶回，拒不理会，拒绝 He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health．他想参军，但因身体欠佳而被断然拒绝。 He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down．他请求简嫁给他，可她拒绝了。2)to turn sth down调节(炉具、收音机等)使热量、音量、温度等降低 Don’t forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so．别忘了过一小时左右把煤气关小点儿。 Turn the taperecorder down--I’m trying to get some sleep．把录音机关小点儿--我想睡一会儿。 12．as soon as一……就……，不迟于 He left as soon as he heard the news．他一听到这消息就走了。 I’ll tell him as soon as possible．我会尽快告诉他的。 重点难点句子详解 Unit 1-A 1．A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available．决策就是从可选的行动方案中做出选择。本句中“course of action”是固定搭配，意为“行动步骤；办事程序；做事方案”。that从句为定语从句，修饰courses，介词短语among…available作from的宾语，另如：They were mostly elected from among the workers．他们大多数是从工人中选出来的。He took his watch from under the pillow．他从枕头下把表拿了出来。We didn’t meet until after the show．我们直到演出后才见面。 2．…some suggest that the management process is decision making．……有人认为管理过程就是决策过程。当suggest意为“建议”时，后面从句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气，即 “(should)+动词原形”形式，而当suggest表达“认为；提出；暗示” 时，则不用虚拟语气。例如：It is suggested that the meeting(should)be held at some other time．人们建议会议改期进行。She smiled，but her eyes suggested that she was not happy at all．她笑了笑，但眼神却显示出她并不幸福。Are you suggesting that I am too old for the job?你是说我老得干不了这份工作? 3.…decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them．……决策既包括识别选项又包括缩小选项范围。在A as well as B结构中，语义侧重点通常在A项，一般可理解为“不仅B，而且A”或“既B又A”。例如：There are advantages as well as disadvantages of friction．摩擦力既有消极作用，也有积极作用。 课文译文 Unit 1-A 什么是决策? 决策就是从现成的行动方案中做出选择，它旨在确立并实现组织机构的目标及指标。之所以要决策，是因为有问题存在，目标或指标错误，或者有某种东西妨碍了它们的实现。 因此，决策过程对于管理至关重要。管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关。事实上，有人认为管理过程就是决策过程。管理者虽然不能预测未来，但很多决策要求他们考虑未来可能发生的情况。通常，他们必须对未来事态做出最佳猜测，使偶然情况尽可能少地发生。不过，由于未知情况总是存在，风险与决策则往往相伴。有时，决策的疏漏不会造成严重的后果，但有时后果则不堪设想。 选择就是从不同选项中进行取舍。没有选择，就没有决策。决策制订就是选择的过程，而且许多决策有着很广的选择范围。例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，就可能从多门课程中进行选择。对管理者来说，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等因素的制约。这些制约存在于一个组织的方方面面。 选项就是可供选择的种种行动方案。没有选项，就没有选择，当然也谈不上决策。如果看不到任何选项，通常表明对问题尚未进行全面的研究。例如，管理者看待问题，有时采取两者择一(非此即彼)的方式，把复杂的问题简单化。这种倾向使他们难以看到某些选项。 在管理层次上，制订决策包括识别选项及缩小选项范围两个方面，这个范围可以从极为狭窄到近乎无限不等。 决策者必须掌握某种方法判定其中的最佳选项，也就是说，哪个选项对实现组织目标最为有利。组织目标指该组织要努力完成或达到的目的或情形。由于个人(和组织)对实现目标的方式常常见解不一，最佳选择可能就取决于决策者了。有时，一个组织的下属机构做出的决策有利于自己的个体利益，但对上一级部门来说，却并非最佳选择，这种增加局部机构的利益，同时减少其他机构的利益，在不能两全情况下做出的取舍，即所谓的局部最优化。例如，市场经理为增加广告预算，可能讲得头头是道，然而，从全局方案来看，增加优化产品的研究经费也许对整个组织有更多好处。 这种权衡利弊进行取舍的做法之所以存在，是因为一个组织想要同时达到的目标很多。有些目标虽然相比之下更为重要，但其重要性及紧迫性往往因人因部门而各不相同。不同的管理者对同一问题有着不同的看法，当他们面对一件日常事例时，销售经理趋向于看销售问题，生产经理着眼于生产问题，如此等等。 一个组织多种目标的紧迫性与重要性部分地取决于决策者的价值观念。这种价值具有个人色彩，而且复杂多变，他们自己甚至也因此难以捉摸。在很多商业场合，对于风险与收益，不同的人有不同的接受，这使他们对决策正确与否也看法各异。 人们常常认为，决策是一个孤立的现象。但从系统的观点看，问题的产生有多种原因，决策既有预期的结果，也有意料之外的结果。一个组织是一个在发展中的实体，今天所作的决策可能在很远的将来才会有结果，因此，老练的管理者决策时总是放眼未来。 课后答案 Unit 1-A Exercises for the Text Ⅰ．阅读理解 1．d．all of the above． 2．C．decision making also means risk taking 3．C．Alternatives，choice，decision 4．a．is good for a large organization 5．d．personal beliefs Ⅱ．从课文中找出下列词语的同义词 1．alternative 2。fundamental 3．accompany 4．implement 5．precedent 6．attain 7．objectives 8．vary 9．multiple l0．isolate Ⅲ．词义搭配 1．C．make decisions 2．d．design programs 3．i．solve problems 4．j．survive accidents 5．g．seize opportunities 6．e．pursue studies 7．h．attain goals 8．a．earn money 9．f．consume time l0．b．pay debts Ⅳ．完形填空 One evening while my wife and I were entertaining our dinnerguests，our five-year--old daughter Debbie helped her mother serve dessert(甜食)．Debbie brought the first slice of pie from the kitchen andplaced the plate in front of me.I politely passed it to the woman next tome．Debbie put another slice of pie before me and again watched as Ipassed it to another guest．“You might as well keep it，”my daughtersaid．They’re all the same size． Ⅴ．汉译英 1．Decision makers should make a best guess at what the future will be． 2．Some people suggest that everything a manager does involves decisions． 3．If there is no right choice．there is no right decision to be made． 4．Solutions vary because different people define the same problem in different terms． 5．A decision maker is usually the key to business development of a company。 完整版 请加QQ：1273114568 Vocabulary Exercises Ⅰ．用所绐单词的适当形式填空 1．a．be organized b．organizational C．organization 2．a．simple b．simplified C．simply d．simplification 3．a．profit b．profitable c．profitability 4．a．intention b．intended c．unintended Ⅱ．用下列单词的适当形式填空 1．precedent 2．skilled 3．achievement 4．implement 5．optimal 6．goal 7．accomplish 8．accompanies 9．tendency l0．ongoing Ⅲ．汉译英 1．He was accompanied to the concert by his friends． 2．He has argued her out of her decision． 3．His success was due in part to luck． 4．In accordance with his suggestion．the procedure has been remarkably simplified． 5．The broadcast station predicted that it would be colder tomorrow． 6．Movement is defined as a change in position or place． 单元测试题 Unit 1 Ⅰ．Vocabulary and Structure 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。 1．Franklin’s ability to learn from observations and experience ____ greatly to his success in public life．A．owed B．contributed C．related D．attached 2．She did not go there with them，as she felt she was ____ ．A．by the way B．in no way C．in the way D．in a way 3．His words and expression suggested that he ____ satisfied with the answer．A．was B．should C．be D．is 4．The handwriting is difficult to ____ ．A．read B．be read C．reading D．being reading 5．The importance of multiple objectives is also based． ____ ，on the values of the decision maker．A．in ahead B．in hand C．in part D．on the part 6．They wrote a letter of thanks to ____ had helped them．A．who B．whom C．whomever D．whoever 7．Tom’s fluent English gives him an advantage ____ other boys for the job．A．above B．with C．than D over 8．He tried to join the army but was ____ because of his poor health．A．turned over B．turned on C．turned down D．turned back 9．We made plans for a visit but ____ difficulties with the car prevented it．A．subordinate B．subsequent C．afterward D．consequent 10．He has no word to say this matter．A．as for B．as to C．as since D．as far as Ⅱ．Word Spelling 将下列汉语单词译成英语。作为提示，每个单词的词类、首字母及用短线表示的其余字母数均已给出。 1．完成，实现 v. a ____ 2．后果，结果 n. c ____ 3．目标，目的 n．o ____ 4．定义，解释 n．d ____ 5．现象 n. P ____ 6．伴随，陪同 v. a ____ 7．识别 v． i ____ 8．趋势 n. t ____ 9．社区；共同体 n． c ____ 10．保守的；保存的 adj. e ____ 11．预言；预示 v. P ____ 12．计划；方案 n． s ____ 13．熟练的；有技能的 adj. s ____ 14．达到；完成 v. a ____ 15．当前的 adj. c ____ 16．面试；面谈 n． i ____ 17．展望，景象 n．P ____ 18．个性；人格 n．P ____ 19．澄清；阐明 n． e ____ 20．批评；评论 n． c ____ Ⅲ．Word Form 将括号中的各词变为适当形式填入空白。 1．If he should fail，we ____ (courage)him to try again． 2．She stood up ____ (see)better． 3．He spent a ____ (profit)afternoon in the library． 4．For the sake of ____ (simple)。the tax form is divided into three sections． 5．Her ____ (cold)of manner and apparent aloofness distressed him greatly． 6．When Bob’s father died。he、received many people’s help and ____ (sympathetic)． 7．These people remain ____ (isolate)from the outside society even nowadays． 8．As the wages were low，there were few ____ (apply)for this position． 9．We ____ (object)to accepting his advice． 10．They filed downstairs with the job ____ (accomplish)． Ⅳ．Cloze Test 卞面短文有10个空白。每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案。Your purpose，as a student，should be to master all your subjects．To do 1 is necessary to work steadily throughout the year，not just in the last few weeks before your examinations．Keep up--to--date with course work．week 2 week．so that you have time to think about each subject，to undertake background reading，and to learn as you go along. If your days and weeks are 3 organized，you should be up--to date with your studies at the end of each week and．therefore．at the end of each 4 ．You can then use each vacation，depending upon its 5 ， as an opportunity for a short break from your studies--for a few days in a short vacation or for two or three weeks in a long vacation．But remember that college vacations are not intended to be holidays． 6 should they be devoted entirely to paid employment．Most full--time students spend a little more than half of each year at college．In vacations，therefore，allocate many hours to active study to keep each subject 7 in your mind and to build upon the foundations laid at college．Do not waste time．Without planning at the start of each vacation，and 8 self-discipline every day，you may find that the time slips away and you achieve little or 9 ．You can easily lose an hour by getting up late，then lose another reading a newspaper or magazine after breakfast，and so on．Instead， 10 positive：regard each vacation as an opportunity for revision，consolidation，and background reading，as well as for recreation，so that you comer to feel that you know your subjects and are well prepared for the next term’s work． 1．A．this B．it C．this it D．it this 2．A．by B．after C．for D．and 3．A．full B．well C．high D．such 4．A．term B．day C．course D．subject 5．A．period B．1ength C．shape D．value 6．A．No B．Not C．None D．Nor 7．A．1ive B．1ived C．alive D．Nor 8．A．exceeding B．executing C．exercising D．exciting 9．A．anything B．everything C．something D．nothing 10．A．be B．being C．been D．to be Ⅴ．Reading Comprehension 阅读下面短文。从短文的问题后所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。If a business is to be started．funds must first be obtained from some source．The money may come from the would--be businessman’s personal savings or it may be borrowed from a bank．Whatever　the source，the money has to be obtained and，when it has obtained，it must be properly handled．When a business has been formed，a number of important decisions will have to be made，such as what premises are to be used and，for a manufacturing concern，what plant and machinery will be needed．Then a supplier has to be found，from whom the materials needed for manufacturing the product-the raw materials-will be obtained，and the terms of credit will have to be agreed．Then there are a number of other decisions to be made，such as how many people are to be employed and what equipment they will need，how many telephones are to be installed，etc. And all of these will require financing．Once these decisions have been made，it will be necessary to implement them and start the manufacturing process as soon as possible．Until the business has a product for which there is a demand，and has succeeded in selling that product，there will be a continuous drain from the pool of money．If the business finances are not properly managed，it may well disappear altogether．The successful integration of people and materials requires good management．and the more effectively this is done，the better for the business． 1．In the author’s opinion，what is the first thing you need if you want to start up a new business? A．A manager．B．Money．C．A supplier．D．A market． 2．A would-be businessman is one who ____ ．A．used to be a businessman B．is engaged in business C．intends to do business as his career D．has saved a large amount of money for business 3．Mentioned in the second paragraph are ____ examples of decisions to be made when a business has been formed．A．four B．five C．six D．seven 4．Why is it good to start production as soon as possible? A．In order to begin earning money．B．To meet the demand of the customers．C．To supply the market with the products．D．To have a continuous drain from the pool of money． 5．The best title for the passage would be ____ ．A．How to Make Money B．HOW to Make a Decision C．How to Start Up a Business D．A Guide to Good Management Ⅵ．Translation from Chinese into English 将下面的句子译成英语。 1．这种事情因人而异。 2．对管理者来说，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等因素的制约。 3．我们想知道是谁把人定义为理性动物的。 4．从系统的观点看，问题的产生有很多种原因，决策既有预期的结果，也有意料之外的结果。 5．他们充分利用了旅馆的设备。 Ⅶ．Translation from English into Chinese 将下面短文译成汉语。Decision making is choosing．But decision making requires you to think about what you are doing．Decision making involves choosing from a number of alternatives what will be best for you．Decision making is knowing when you need to make a choice．Some choices are made frequently，and how they turn out does not make much difference．Other choices can have very important results．How they turn out can make a difference now and sometimes can even change the future．For this kind