Unit 4理工职场英语答案

Unit4Safety,Maintenance,andQualityControlLessonsTeamProjectReviewAdditionalResourcesEXIT*Unit4Safety,Maintenance,andQualityControlLesson1.WhatcausedtheexplosionLesson2.ThepreventionofaccidentsLesson3.WearingspecialclothesLesson4.TheamplitudeofmotionLesson5.QualityandafinisheditemLesson6.A“totalqualitycontrol”approachEXITUnit4Safety,Maintenance,andQualityControlAdditionalActivitiesReadingResourcesWritingResourcesUnitTestGrammarResourcesAdditionalResourcesEXITLOGOLookatthephotographbelowand,inpairs,answerthequestions. Lesson1Whatcausedtheexplosiona1.Whataccidentdoesthephotographshow?2.Whenandwheredidthisincidenttakeplace?3.Whatcausedtheaccident?4.Howmanyliveswerelostintheaccident?LOGOSkimthroughthetextquicklytocheckyouranswers.bNASAspaceshuttleconsistsofthreemajorcomponents:awingedorbiterthatcarriesbothcrewandcargo,anexternaltankcontainingliquidhydrogen(fuel)andliquidoxygen(oxidizer)fortheorbiter’sthreemainrocketengines,andapairoflargesolid-propellantrocketboosters(SRBs).OnJanuary28,1986,theChallengershuttleanditscrewofseven(includingteacherChristaMcAuliffe,whohadbeenselectedtobethefirstprivatecitizeninspace)weredestroyedshortlyafterlaunchfromCapeCanaveral,Florida.TheprimarycauseofthelossoftheChallengerwasthefailureofanO-ringsealofajointononeofthesolidrocketboosters.TheSRBsareconstructedinfourcylindricalsections.Thesehavetobesealedtogethercompletelytopreventtheescapeoftheextremelyhotby-productsoftheburningfuelduringalaunch.TheO-ringsarerubberringsthatplayavitalpartinsealingthejoints.ALOGOOnthedayofthelaunch,theweatherwasunusuallycoldandthiscausedtherubberofoneoftheO-ringsonthejointbetweenthebottomtwosegmentsoftherightSRBtobecomebrittle.This,combinedwiththefaultydesignofthejoint,allowedhotgasesfromtheburningsolidrocketfueltoescape.ThegasesandflamesburnedthroughthemetalthatheldtheSRBinposition.WhentheSRBbrokeoff,itrupturedthesideoftheexternalfueltank.Thisallowedtheliquidhydrogenandoxygentomixprematurelyandthisiswhatcausedtheexplosion.LOGOReadthefirstparagraphofthetextand,inthediagram,labelthethreemaincomponentsofthespaceshuttle.cHistorycapsuleAnothertragicaccidentoccurredonFebruary1,2003,whentheColumbiaspaceshuttlebrokeupovernorth-centralTexasatanaltitudeofabout40miles(60kilometers)asitwasreturningfromanorbitalmission.Allsevencrewmembersdiedintheaccident.a.___________________________________b.___________________________________c.______________________________________________________________________LOGOReadthroughthetextagainandcompletethesentenceswithbecauseorso.d1.TheO-ringwasbrittle__________theweatherwascold.2.TheO-ringwasbrittle,____thisallowedhotgasestoescapefromtheSRB.3.Themetalholdingtherocketwasdamaged,____therocketbrokeloose.4.Thehydrogenandoxygenmixedandexploded__________therocketrupturedthefueltank.becausesosobecauseKeyLOGOInyournotebook,writefourconditionalsentencesaboutthecausesoftheaccident.eDrawaseriesofdiagramstoexplainexactlywhatcausedtheChallengeraccident.feg.Iftheweatherhadnotbeencold,theO-ringwouldnothavebecomebrittle.Inpairsorsmallgroups,discussyourreactionstowhatyoureadinthetext.gLOGOListentoaninterviewwithaNASAspokespersonandanswerthequestions.h WhenwasthePresidentialCommissionontheSpaceShuttleChallengerAccidentcreated?____________________________________________________2.Whowasnamedchairmanofthecommission?_____________________________________________________3.WhosetuptheChallengerDataandDesignAnalysisTaskForce?_____________________________________________________4.Howlongdidthecommission’sinvestigationtake?_____________________________________________________5.Howmanypeoplewereinvolvedintheinvestigation?_____________________________________________________6.Whenwasthecommission’sreportpublished?_____________________________________________________EarlyFebruary1986.WilliamP.Rogers.NASA.Fourmonths.Morethan6,000.EarlyJune1986.KeyScriptLOGOListentothenextpartoftheinterviewandcompletethenotes.i1.SRBs:_______________________________2.Anewjointdesign:_________________________________________3.Mainspaceshuttleengines:___________________________________________________________________________________________4.OfficeofSafety,Reliability,Maintainability,andQualityAssurance:_________________________completelyredesignedsubjectedtostringentexaminationandreviewputthroughmostthoroughground-testingprogramintheirhistory,equivalenttomorethan36realmissionsestablishedin1986KeyScriptLOGOResearchandprepareareportaboutanotheraccident.Describewhatcausedtheaccident(mechanicalfailure,electricalfailure,materialsfailure,humanerror,etc.),howtheaccidentcouldhavebeenavoided,andwhathappenedasaconsequenceoftheaccident.jLOGOInterviewer:WhathappenedintheimmediateaftermathoftheChallengeraccident?Spokesperson:InearlyFebruary1986,PresidentRonaldReaganannouncedthecreationofaPresidentialCommissionontheSpaceShuttleChallengerAccident.Interviewer:KnowntomostpeopleastheRogersCommission,right?Spokesperson:That’sright.ThechairmanofthecommissionwasWilliamP.Rogers.Atthesametime,NASAestablishedtheChallengerDataandDesignAnalysisTaskForcetosupporttheworkoftheCommission.Interviewer:Howlongdidtheinvestigationtake?Spokesperson:Ittookfourmonthstocompleteandrequiredtheinvolvementofmorethan6,000people.ThereportwaspublishedanddeliveredtothepresidentearlyJune1986.LOGOInterviewer:Sowhatchangesweremadeasaresultofthecommission’sreport?Spokesman:Well,modificationsweremadebothtoshuttlehardwareandtoNASA’ssafetyandqualityassuranceprocedures.Whilethespaceshuttlefleetwasgrounded,hundredsofmodificationswereincorporatedintotheshuttlesystem.TheSRBswerecompletelyredesignedandanewjointdesignwassubjectedtostringentexaminationandreview.NASAputthemainspaceshuttleenginesthroughthemostthoroughground-testingprogramintheirhistory.Thiswastheequivalentinoperationaltimetomorethan36realmissions.Allengineimprovementswerecertifiedtodemonstrateimprovedreliabilityandoperatingsafetymargins.Interviewer:Isee.Spokesman:And,asImentioned,apartfrommakingchangestohardware,NASAcompletelyreorganizeditssafetyprograms.TheOfficeofSafety,Reliability,Maintainability,andQualityAssurancewasestablishedin1986.ThishasdirectauthorityforsafetyandqualitycontrolforallNASAoperations.LOGO Lesson2ThepreventionofaccidentsLookatthefourtypesofengineersand,inpairs,discussthequestions.a1.Whatdifferencesaretherebetweenthesetypesofengineers?2.Whatdothesefieldsofengineeringhaveincommon?safetyengineeroperatingengineermaintenanceengineercontrolengineerLOGOListentocheckandcompareyouranswers.bScriptLOGOReadtheinterviewandwritethequestionsthatyouthinktheinterviewerasked.cKeyQ:1.___________________________________________?A:Manylargeindustrialandconstructionfirmsemploysafetyengineers.Alsonowadays,insurancecompaniesworkinginthefieldofemployeecompensationmaintainsafetyengineeringdepartments.Q:2.___________________________________________?A:Inmostcases,safetyengineeringisaspecialtyadoptedbyengineerswhoreceivedtheirinitialtraininginsomeotherbranchofengineering.WheredosafetyengineersusuallyworkHowdopeoplebecomesafetyengineersLOGOKeyQ:3.___________________________________________?A:Well,theprincipalobjectiveofengineersworkinginthisfieldispreventingaccidents.Safetyengineersworkonwaysofsafeguardingalltypesofworkerbutparticularlytheoneswhoworkinoccupationsthatcanbehazardous.Q:4.___________________________________________?A:No,notallofthem.Yousee,somesafetyengineersalsohelpinthedesignofmachinery,factories,ships,androads.Theysuggestmodificationsandimprovementstotrytoreducethelikelihoodofanaccident.WhatdosafetyengineersdoDoallsafetyengineersworkinthefieldLOGOMatcheachwordfromtheinterviewwiththecorrectdefinition.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.dKeydafbcLOGOReadthroughthetextand,foreachphrasalverbinparentheses,suggestamoreformalreplacementfromthebox,inthecorrectform.Therearefourextraverbs.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.eAswehaveseen,safetyengineerscanofferhelpatthedesignstageby(1)proposing(putforward)improvementsthatcan(2)_________(cutdown)theriskofaccidents.Forexample,whensomenewmachineryisbeingdesigned,asafetyengineertriestofindwaysto(3)_________(getridof)anydangerousprojectingpartsthatmighthurtsomeone.Thesafetyengineertriesto(4)_________(coverup)themovingpartsofamachinetominimizethechanceofaccidentalcontactwiththeoperator.concealeliminateensureinitiatemaintainmodifypreventproposereduceseekreduceeliminateconcealKeyLOGOThesafetyengineerwillalso(5)_______(makesure)thatanyemergencycutoffswitchesarewithinreachoftheoperator.Asforthedesignofsaferroads,whenanewroadsystemisbeingdesigned,safetyengineers(6)______(lookfor)waysofavoidinghazardslikesharpturnsorblindintersections—thingsthathavebeenknowntocausetrafficaccidents.ensureseekKeyLOGOresponsible,thorough,methodical,...Writealistofadjectivesthatdescribethepersonalandprofessionalqualitiesthatyouthinkarerequiredinthefieldofsafetyengineering.fLOGOInpairs,compareanddiscussyourideas.Thendiscusswithotherpairsthepersonalandprofessionalqualitiesthatarerequiredinyourparticularfieldofstudyorwork.gInmyfield,youneedalotofpatienceandyouhavetobeabletoconcentrate.LOGOInsmallgroups,conductaphysicalinspectionofyourschoolorplaceofworkandfilloutachartliketheonebelow.hiWriteanaccountofanaccidentthatyouorsomeoneyouknowhadatschoolorwork.Describewhathappened,whatcausedtheaccident,andhow,ifatall,itcouldhavebeenavoided. location potentialdanger recommendationforimprovement LOGOEngineer1:Iworkasamaintenanceengineer.IamresponsibleforthecontinuedsafeanddependableoperationoftheequipmentintheplantwhereIworkandforcarryingouttimelyandefficientrepairs.Engineer2:Iworkinthefieldofsafetyengineering.Basically,ourmainobjectiveisthepreventionofaccidents.Wedevelopmethodsandprocedurestosafeguardworkers,especiallythosewhoworkinhazardousoccupations.Engineer3:Asanoperatingengineer,Ioverseeandcontrolanumberofdifferentareasatthisfactory:machinery,power,transportation,communications.Ihavetosetupproceduresandsupervisepersonneltoensurethattheoperationrunsinareliableandeconomicway.Engineer4:I’maqualitycontrolengineer.Itismyjobtocarryouton-siteinspectionstocheckthatallpartsandsystemsmeetvarioustechnicalandotherrequirements.Ofcourse,thesemayalsocoversafetyissues.LOGO Lesson3WearingspecialclothesLookatthephotographsbelowand,inpairs,discussthequestions.a1.Whatdoyouobserveinthephotograph?2.Whatsortofworkdoyouthinkisbeingcarriedouthere?3.Whydoyouthinkthepeoplearewearingspecialclothing?LOGOListentothespeakersandcompletethenoteswiththecorrectinformation.ThenlistenagainandcirclethestatementsTrueorFalse.bKeyName:StephanieOccupation:_________________________Currentjob/project:____________________Name:GregOccupation:__________________________Currentjob/project:__________________________________________________________________________Name:CarolOccupation:____________________________________Currentjob/project:___________________________________civilengineeralargetunnelprojectradiologistresearchintotheuseofX-raysandgammaraysinthediagnosisandtreatmentofdiseaseelectronicengineermanufacturesLEDsScriptLOGOKeyName:TomasOccupation:__________________________________Currentjob/project:__________________________________________________________________________productionengineerinstallationofheavymachineryatanewcarmanufacturingplantKeyLOGO Somethingthatisprohibited________________________________________2.Somethingthatisobligatory________________________________________3.Somethingthatisnotobligatory_________________________________________4.Somethingthatispermitted_________________________________________Giveexamplesofthefollowingconcepts.cKeybeingexposedtoradiationforlongperiodswearingahardhatatalltimesnothavingtowearatiewearingnormalclotheswhennotinthecleanroomLOGO1.allowedto_________a.thisisprohibited2.Must__________b.thisisobligatory3.mustn’t_________c.thisisnotobligatory4.don’thaveto_________d.thisispermittedMatchtheexpressionswiththeconcepts.dKeydbacLOGO1.Ourbossisverystrictaboutpunctuality.We____________arriveontime.2.Thedresscodehereisquiteinformal.Forexample,men____________wearatie.3.You_________eatordrinknearthecomputers.Thisisforbidden.4.Thisisasmoke-freearea.Ifyouwanttosmoke,you_____________gooutside.5.You_____________eatinthecanteen,butyoucanifyoulike.6.Onepieceofadvice—you________parkintheboss’sparkingspace!Completethesentenceswithanappropriateexpression.Usemust,mustn’t,haveto,ordon’t/doesn’thaveto.emust/havetodon’thavetomustn’tmust/havetodon’thavetomustn’tKey*LOGOInsmallgroups,discusstherulesthatpeoplehavetofollowinyourschoolorplaceofwork.Usethesuggestionsintheboxplusyourownideas.fsafetyrulessafetyequipmentdresscodepunctualityeatinganddrinkingsmokingwaysofaddressingpeopleDoyouhavetowearformalclothestowork?LOGOInyournotebook,writethreesentencesaboutrulesatyourschoolorplaceofwork.Writetwostatementsthataretrueandonethatisfalse.gIhavetoarriveatworkateighto’clock.Mendon’thavetowearsuits.TaketurnsreadingaloudyourstatementsfromExercisegandhaveyourclassmatesguesswhichstatementisthefalseone.hLOGOStephanie:Hi.I’mStephanie.I’macivilengineer.I’mcurrentlyworkingonalargetunnelprojectinthenorthofthecountry.Wedon’thavetowearanyspecialclothesbutstrongbootsarerecommended.I’moftenworkingclosetocranesandotherbigmachinessoIhavetowearahardhatatalltimes.Whenweworkatnight,Ihavetowearaspecialvestwithreflectivematerialsothatpeoplecanseeme.Greg:MynameisGreg.I’maradiologist.AtthemomentIamdoingsomeresearchintotheuseofX-raysandgammaraysinthediagnosisandtreatmentofdisease.InmyworkIhandleradioactivematerial.Toavoidexposuretoharmfulradiation,wehavetowearprotectiveclothingand,sometimesweworkbehindaprotectivescreen.Wemustnotbeexposedtoradiationforlongperiodsandsotherearestricttimecontrols.LOGOCarol:MynameisCarol.I’manelectronicengineer.Inmypresentjob,ImanufactureLEDs.Thecomponentsareverysmallanddelicate.Theycanbedamagedbyjustonespeckofdust.Everythinginmyworkplacemustbeextremelyclean.SoIhavetoworkinacleanroom,whichisaspacewheretheparticlesintheairandthehumidityarestrictlycontrolled.Wemustn’tletanydustormoisturecomeintocontactwiththecomponents.SoIhavetowearaspecialsuitwithamaskovermymouthandvinylgloves.Whenwe’renotinthecleanroom,wecanwearournormalclothes.Tomas:Myname’sTomas.I’maproductionengineer.AtthemomentI’mcoordinatingtheinstallationofheavymachineryatanewcarmanufacturingplant.Factoriesareverynoisyplacessoonethingthatisessentialinthisplaceisearplugs,whichyoumustusetopreventseriousdamagetoyourhearing.Oh,andyourhardhat.Youhavetowearahardhatatalltimes.ThereisnorealdresscodewhereIwork.Imean,youdon’thavetowearatie.Ofcourse,youcanifyouwanttobutInormallydon’tbother.LOGO Lesson4TheamplitudeofmotionaLookatthephotographsbelowand,inpairs,discussthequestions.1.Whatishappeninginthephotographs?2.Whathappenedtothisbridge?3.Whatdoyouthinkwasthecauseoftheproblem?LOGO1.Yearofconstruction:______________________2.Location:________________________________3.Numberofmonthsinoperation:______________4.Lengthofspan:___________________________Listentocheckyouranswers.Completethenotes.bKeyScriptTacomaNarrowsBridge1940PugetSound,Washingtonstatefour2,800feetLOGOcUsingmodels,drawings,oranyothervisualaid,demonstratethefollowingthreedifferenttypesofmovementthattheTacomaNarrowsBridgeexhibitedbeforeitcollapsed.1.Thebridgebucklesalongitswholelength.2.Thebridgetwistswithonesidegoingdownastheothersideliftsup.3.Themidpointofthebridgestaysstillwhilethetwohalvesofthebridgetwistinoppositedirections.LOGOdCompletethetextusingthewordsbelow.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.Limitstatedesignisadesign(1)___________usedbystructuralandcivilengineers.Structuresandbuildingsareusuallydesignedto(2)______withcodesthatarebasedonlimitstatetheory.Alimitstateisasetofperformance(3)_______covering,forexample,strength,tendencyto(4)______,stability,tendencytobuckleortwist,etc.Thesearethecriteriathatmustbemetwhenastructureissubjectedtovarioustypesof(5)_____.Astructureorabuildinghastosatisfytwomaincriteria:theultimatelimitstate(ULS)andtheserviceabilitylimitstate(SLS).TosatisfyULScriteria,allthetypesof(6)_______(bending,shearing,compression,etc.)thataparticularelement(acolumnorabeam,forexample)couldbesubjectedtomustbebelowanestablished(7)_____.criteriavibrateloadstressescomplylimitmethodologycomplycriteriavibrateloadstresseslimitKeymethodologyLOGOeUsingadictionary,writeadefinitionforeachofthefollowingverbsinthecontextofstructuralmovementanddamage.1.bend:____________________________________________2.buckle:______________________________________________________________________________________3.twist:_____________________________________________4.shear:________________________________________________________________________________________toforceintoacurved,angled,orslopingpositiontobecomebent,wavy,orwarpedthroughpressure,heat,etc.tochangeshapeorformbyturning,rotating,etc.tobreakbywayofasidewaysortwistingsidewaysforceKeyLOGOfReadtheinterviewandthendiscussthequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups.Q:Youmentionedtwomaincriteria:theultimatelimitstateandtheserviceabilitylimitstate.Tellusmoreabouttheserviceabilitylimitstate.A:Well,thepurposeofSLSrequirementsistomakesurethatpeopleinsideastructurearenotupsetoralarmedbylargedeflectionsorvibrationsinthefloorwhentheywalk.SLScriteriaalsorequirethebeamdeflectionsinarooftobelowenoughtoensurethattheplasterorthepaintontheceilingdoesnotcrackorfalloff.SLSrequirementslimittheexcessiveswayingfromsidetosideofabuildingorofabridgeinhighwinds—somethingthatmightmakepeoplefeelsick.LOGO1.Haveyoueverbeeninsideabuildingthatmadeyoufeelphysicallyunsafeinsomeway?2.Whatcharacteristicsofabuildingorastructuremightmakeapersonfeelnervousoruneasy?3.WhatotheraspectsofabuildingorastructuredoyouthinkshouldbecoveredbySLScriteria?Q:So,areSLSrequirementslessstringentthanULScriteria?A:Yes,theyare.AstructurethatmayfailtosatisfycertainSLScriteriaisnotnecessarilyunsafeorlikelytofalldown!LOGOgIngroups,lookforinformationaboutthestandards,codes,andspecificationsthatgovernstructuralengineeringandcivilengineeringprojectsinyourcountry.Presentyourfindingsinanoralreport.hYouhavebeenaskedtocarryoutaninspectionofabridge,atower,orsomeotherpublicbuildingtocheckthatitisstructurallysound.Insmallgroups,discusswhataspectsofthestructureyouwillexamine,whatmeasurementsyouwilltake,whattestsyouwillapply,etc.LOGOiFindoutabouttheregulationsgoverningtheconstructionofthebuilding(s)thatyoustudyorworkinandpresentyourfindingsinareport.ThedesignofthisbuildinghastocomplywithstandardsestablishedbytheDepartmentof...LOGONarrator:TheTacomaNarrowsBridgewasbuiltinJuly1940acrosstheNarrowsofPugetSoundinthestateofWashington.Its2,800-footspanmadeittheworld’sthirdlongestbridgeatthattime.Butthebridgewouldonlybeinoperationforfourmonths.Soonafteritsopening,itwasdiscoveredthatthebridgeswayedandbuckleddangerouslyinwindyconditions.Thebridgebuckledalongitslength,i.e.,onehalfofthecentralspanwouldriseastheotherhalfwentdown.Thenengineersnoticedadifferenttypeoftwistingthattheyhadneverseenbefore.Theleftsideofthebridgewouldgodownastherightsidewouldliftup,whilethecenterlineoftheroadwouldremainmotionless.Whatactuallybroughtthebridgecrashingdownwasanothertypeoftwistinginwhichthemidpointofthebridgestayedstillwhilethetwohalvesofthebridgetwistedinoppositedirections.LOGOThecollapseofthebridgewasnotduetojustresonanceproblemsorjustaerodynamicproblemsbut,rather,acombinationofthetwoeffects.Torsionaldisturbancecausedtheeffectsofthewindtoincrease,which,inturn,causedmoretwistingandsoon.Theamplitudeofthemotiongraduallyincreaseduntilitwastoostrongforthesupportingcablesandtheysnapped.ThefailureoftheTacomaNarrowsBridgeactedasaspurtoresearchinaerodynamicdesignandsincethattime,allnewbridgeshavebeenmodeledinwindtunnelspriortoconstruction.LOGO1.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheconceptof“quality”?2.Whatisitthatmarkssomeproductsashigh-qualityandothersaslow-quality?3.Whatproductshaveyouboughtthatexhibitedpoorquality?Whatexactlywaswrongwiththem? Lesson5QualityandafinisheditemaInpairsorsmallgroups,discussthequestions.LOGOTheintroductionofmassproductionandpieceworkintheearlytwentiethcenturybroughtbenefits,but,ironically,alsocreatedproblemswithquality.Withpiecework,workerscouldearnmoremoneybyproducingmoreproducts.Thisledtosomepoorworkmanshipbeingpassedontotheassemblylines.Toaddressthisproblem,full-timeinspectorsstartedtobeintroducedintolarge-scalefactoriesduringthe1920sand1930s.SPCprovidesinspectorswithasamplingsystem.Asopposedtoa100%inspection,whichiscostlyandtime-consuming,traditionalSPCusuallyinvolvesrandomsamplingandtestingofafractionoftotaloutput.Anyvariancesfromestablishedlevelsoftolerancearecontinuouslytrackedand,thus,manufacturingprocessesarecorrectedtopreventdefectivepartsfrombeingproduced.Readthetextandnumbertheparagraphsinthecorrectorder.bKey24LOGOInmanufacturing,theroleofqualitycontrolandqualityengineeringistodevelopsystemstoensurethatproductsaredesignedandproducedtomeetorexceedcustomers’requirementsandexpectations.Thesesystemsareoftensetupinconjunctionwithotherbusinessandengineeringdisciplinesusingacross-functionalapproach.Companies,mainlyintheUSA,adoptedasystematicapproachtoqualitycontrolduringthe1930s.Gradually,theysawtheneedtointroduceamorerigoroustypeofqualitycontrol.Thiscametobeknownasstatisticalprocesscontrol(SPC).Thissystemwasbornoftherealizationthatqualitycannotbeinspectedintoafinisheditem.So,insteadofjustinspectingfinisheditems,theinspectionphasewasextendedbackwards.Key13LOGO1.Whichotherbusinessandengineeringdisciplinesdoyouthinkwouldbeinvolvedinaqualitycontrolsystem?____________________________________________________________2.Whatbenefitsdoyouthinktheintroductionofmassproductionbroughttocompanies?____________________________________________________________3.Whywouldtheintroductionofpieceworkincreasethechancesofpoorworkmanshipbeingpassedontoanassemblyline?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.Inwhatwaywastheinspectionphase“extendedbackwards”?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.Whydocompaniesnotinspect100%oftheiroutput?____________________________________________________________KeyReadthetextagainandanswerthequestions.cResearch,design,marketing,customerservices,etc.Economiesofscale,greaterefficiency,reducedunitcosts.Workersearnmorebyproducingmoreproductsandsotheyconcentrateonquantityratherthanquality.Insteadofjustinspectingfinisheditems,otherpreviousstepsintheprocessarealsoinspected.A100%inspectionwouldbetoocostlyandtime-consuming.LOGO1.Whatsortofqualitycontrolsystemsorprogramsareinoperationinyourschoolorplaceofwork?2.Whatsystems,methods,philosophies,etc.,ofqualitycontrolhaveyouheardof?Howdotheywork?Discussthequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups.dListentotheinterviewaboutPDCAand,inthediagram,addyournotestothemainstepsofthecycle.eScriptLOGOThePDCAapproach,alsoknownastheShewhartCycle,isoneofthemost(1)_______usedqualitycontrolparadigms.NamedforWalterA.Shewhart,itwasmadepopularbyDr.W.EdwardsDeming.Tobeeffective,PDCAcyclesshouldbeimplemented(2)__________andeachrepetitionshouldbeginassoonaspossiblewitheachcycletakingyoucloserandclosertowardyourobjective.Theapproachisbasedontheideathatpeople’sknowledgeandskillsare,(3)_________,limited,butalsocapableofimprovementovertime.So,eventhoughkeyinformationmaybelacking,itisbettertomakesomesortofstartandtobe(4)_____________rightratherthan(5)__________wrong.Overtime,andwithimprovingknowledgeandskills,aseriesofPDCAcyclescanhelppeopletodefineandachievetheirobjectives.fReadandcompletethetextwiththeadverbsinthebox.approximatelyinevitablypreciselyrepeatedlywidelywidelyrepeatedlyinevitablyapproximatelypreciselyKeyLOGODiscussthequestionsinpairs.g1.HowvalidandusefuldoyoujudgethePDCAapproachtobe?2.InwhatareasofyourstudiesorworkcouldthePDCAapproachbeimplemented?3.Whatchangesorrefinementswouldyoumaketothisapproachtoqualitycontrol?LOGOLookforinformationaboutotherqualitycontrolsystemsandmethodsandprepareawrittenreport.hLOGOInterviewer:CouldyouexplainthePDCAcycleforus?Expert:Sure.It’sreallyquitesimple.ThecyclebeginswiththeletterP.PisforPlan.Inthisstage,youestablishyourobjectivesandtheprocessesthatarenecessarytoproducetheresultsyou’relookingfor,accordingtoyourspecifications.Interviewer:Okay.PisforPlan.Whatnext?Expert:Whatnext?DforDo!Thisiswhenyouimplementtheprocess,setitintomotion.Interviewer:NextisC.IimaginethatthisstandsforCheck,amIright?Expert:Exactly.Thisisthetimeformonitoringandevaluatingyourresultsagainstyourinitialobjectivesandspecificationsandalsothetimetoreporttheseresults.Interviewer:Okay.Gotit.Finally,IguessAisforAct,right?Expert:That’sright.Nowyouactuponyourresults.Thisinvolvesreviewingallofthefourstepsandmakinganynecessarymodificationsandimprovementstotheprocessbeforeitsnextimplementationwhich,ideally,shouldtakeplaceassoonaspossible.LOGO Lesson6A“totalqualitycontrol”approachaLookatthecartoonsand,inpairs,discussthequestions.1.Whatishappeningineachpicture?2.Whatdoyouthinkisthecauseoftheproblem?3.Haveyoueverhadasimilarexperiencewithanelectricalappliance?LOGOStatisticalqualitycontroltechniquesusuallyproducepositiveresultsthatare(1)___.However,sometimes,despitetheimplementationofaqualitycontrolprogram,(2)___.Themostcommonreasonforthisisthattheoriginalproductspecificationsdonotsufficientlytakeintoaccountthemostimportantfactor,i.e.,(3)___.Remember,iftheoriginalspecificationsdonotreflectthecorrectqualityrequirements,it’snogoodtryingtoinspectormanufacturequality(4)___.Thethreemostcommoncharacteristicsthattendtobeneglectedare(5)____.Readandcompletethetextwiththephrasesinthebox.bKey whatthecustomerrequiresb.intoafinishedproductc.saleskeeponfallingd.showninincreasedsalesandprofitse.reliability,maintainability,andsafetydcabeLOGOListentocheckyouranswers.cd1.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm“totalqualitycontrol”?2.Howdoyouthinkitdiffersfromstatisticalqualitycontrol?Discussthesequestionsinpairsorsmallgroups.ScriptLOGOTheoriginalproductspecificationsfortheEZ-Kleenvacuumcleanerdonotreflectthecorrectqualityrequirements.Keyfactorslikereliability,maintainability,andsafetyhavebeenneglectedandsosaleshavefallen.Toavoid(1)losingmoresales,Isuggest(2)_____________a“totalqualitycontrol”approachbymakingchangesinthefollowingareas: Ratherthankeepon(3)______itsoutdateddefinitionsofcustomerrequirements,Marketingshouldobtainbetter,moreup-to-dateinformation. Productspecificationsshouldberedefinedtoconformtotheserequirements.Readthisreportbyaqualityengineer.Completeeachspacewithaverbfromthebox.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.ebeingexpandingimplementinglisteninglosingreplacingsettingusingKeyEZ-KleenvacuumcleanerimplementingusingLOGO Conformancetospecificationsshouldbeensuredateverystageofmanufacturing. Managementshouldverifythatalloperatorsareequaltotheworkaskedofthem.Thecompanyshouldconsider(4)_________workerswithapoortrackrecord. QualityControlshouldcarryoutinspectionsandteststoensurethatallcomponentsandmaterialsconformtothespecifications.Theyshouldcheckallmeasuringequipment. Thecompanyshouldthinkabout(5)_________CustomerServiceandbearinmindthatitisworth(6)_________carefullytocustomerfeedback.Thiscompanyisusedto(7)________specificationsaboutmaterialsanddimensions.However,intotalqualitycontrol,theparametersalsocoveroperating,safety,environmental,reliability,andmaintainabilityrequirements.Inthefuture,Ienvisage(8)_______abletoimplementtotalqualitycontrolthroughoutthiscompany.replacingexpandinglisteningsettingbeingKeyLOGOInpairs,discussandevaluatetheproposalsmadeinthereportandaddanyfurtherrecommendationsthatyouwouldmake.fThecompanyshouldconsiderchangingits...LOGOInyournotebook,writesentencesusingthefollowingverbsplusotherverbsinthegerund(—ing)form:delay,goon,postpone,risk,resume.gIfwedon’timplementaqualitycontrolprogram,werisklosing...LOGONarrator:Statisticalqualitycontroltechniquesusuallyproducepositiveresultsthatareshowninincreasedsalesandprofits.However,sometimes,despitetheimplementationofaqualitycontrolprogram,saleskeeponfalling.Themostcommonreasonforthisisthattheoriginalproductspecificationsdonotsufficientlytakeintoaccountthemostimportantfactor,whichiswhatthecustomerrequires.Remember,iftheoriginalspecificationsdonotreflectthecorrectqualityrequirements,it’snogoodtryingtoinspectormanufacturequalityintoafinishedproduct.Thethreemostcommoncharacteristicsthattendtobeneglectedarereliability,maintainability,andsafety.LOGOUnit4TeamProjectDeviseaqualitycontrolprogramYouworkforaQualityControlconsultancyfirm.Youhavebeenaskedtodeviseandimplementanentirequalitycontrolprogramforamanufacturingcompany.Task:LOGOWithyourteam:1.Decidewhatsortofproductsthecompanymanufactures.2.Determineaproductionsequenceforthemanufactureofyourproductorproducts.3.Deviseasystemofstatisticalprocesscontroltoinspectacertainpercentageofthecompany’soutput.4.DiscussthemeritsofintroducingPDCAcyclesorsomeotherqualitycontrolparadigm.5.Outlineatotalqualityapproachthatcouldbeappliedtothecompany’sactivities.6.Giveapresentationofyourfinishedqualitycontrolplancompletewithanyrelevantdiagrams,graphs,charts,tables,etc.LOGO1.Youdidn’tattendthemeeting.Youdidn’thavethechancetovote.If_____________________________,you__________________________________.2.Shegotaltitudesickness.Shedidn’tmakeittothesummitofQomolangmat.If___________________________________,she___________________________________________________.3.Theheat-shieldingtilesweredamagedattake-off.Columbiaburneduponre-entry.If_____________________________________________________,_______________________________________________.Unit4ReviewCombinethetwosentencestomakealongerconditionalsentenceinthepast.AKeyyouhadattendedthemeetingwouldhavehadthechancetovoteshehadn’tgottenaltitudesicknesswouldhavemadeittothesummitofQomolangmatheheat-shieldingtileshadnotbeendamagedattake-offColumbiawouldnothaveburneduponre-entryLOGOCompletethesentenceswiththeappropriatepreposition.BKey1.Shedropped_______ofcollegetojointhePeaceCorps.2.Heshowed____latefortheexamandwasturned_____.3.Weneedtocome___________someideasprettyquickly.4.Itwasmydifficulty______physicsthatputme________studyingmedicine.outupawayupwithwithoffLOGOCompletethesentenceswithanappropriateverb.C1.Tosavetimeandtrouble,Itryto______travelingduringtherushhour.2.Awell-knownmotivatingtechniqueistogetpeopleto____________themselveswinning.3.Ifweputitunderanymorestresswe______damagingthewholestructure.4.Theydecidedto_________makingtheappointmentsincenoneofthecandidateswere____________suitable.avoidenvisageriskpostponeconsideredKeyLOGOCompletethesentenceswiththewordfromtheboxthatdescribesthetypeofengineer.Thereisoneextraword.d1.Iworkasa_____engineer.Ourmainobjectiveistopreventaccidents.2.Myresponsibilitiesasa_____________engineerincludetimelyandefficientrepairs.3.Asa_______________engineerIhavetocheckthatallsystemsmeetvarioustechnicalrequirements.4._________engineershavetoensurethateverythingrunsinareliableandeconomicway.5.Jim’sa___________engineer.Todayhe’scoordinatingtheinstallationofheavymachineryatanewtruckmanufacturingplant.productionelectronicmaintenanceoperatingqualitycontrolsafetysafetymaintenancequalitycontrolOperatingproductionKeyLOGOExample:Wouldshe___________(apply)forthejobifshe__________(know)aboutit?1.Ifhe________(work)alittleharder,he_________(get)abettergrade.2.I___________________(nothear)abouttheprojectifyou_________(nottell)me.3.Ithinkthey______________(accept)youifyou_________(apply)forthescholarship.4.Ifwe____________(start)theexperimentsearlier,we________________________(finish)bynow.5.He__________________(notbe)happyifhe___________(stay)inthatjob.6.Iftheweather_________(be)better,we_______________(go)forawalk. Unit4TestCompleteeachunrealconditionalsentencewiththecorrectformofthegivenverb.1Keyworkedwouldgetwouldn’thaveheardhadn’ttoldwouldacceptappliedhadstartedwouldhavefinishedwouldn’thavebeenhadstayedhadbeenwouldhavegonehaveappliedhadknownLOGOMatcheachphrasalverbwithitsmoreformalequivalent.2Example:keepup__________a.eliminateKey1.coverup__________b.seek2.getridof__________c.propose3.turndown__________d.indicate4.pointout__________e.maintain5.present__________f.produce6.cutdown__________g.conceal7.lookfor__________h.reduce8.comeupwith__________I.refusegaidchbfeLOGOIneachsentenceunderlinethecorrectoption.3Example:It’snotworkingwell.Perhapsweshould(suggest/consider/finish)redesigningit.1.Hissecretisthathenevergivesup.He(thinksabout/goeson/keepson)trying.2.Thedelaywasshortsotheywereableto(resume/consider/envisage)workingquitesoon.3.Aswegrow,Ican(finish/envisage/dislike)movingtoabiggerplantinafewyears’time.4.Ifwedon’tmodernize,we(delay/avoid/risk)losingsales.5.Don’tworry.She’llbeokay.She’s(usedto/worth/nogood)workingunderpressure.KeyLOGOCompleteeachsentencewithanappropriateexpression.Usemust,haveto,mustn’t,nothaveto,orcan.4Example:Thedresscodeinthiscompanyisformal.Men________wearjacketsandties.1.You_____________eatinthecanteenifyoudon’twantto.2.Visitorstotheconstructionsite_____________wearhardhatsatalltimes.3.Wehandledangerouschemicalsandsowe______________wearprotectiveclothing.4.You________operatethismachineryifyou’renotwearinggogglesandgloves.5.Thingsarequiteinformalhere.We_____________callmanagersbytheirfirstnames.Keydon’thavetomust/havetomust/havetomustn’tdon’thavetohavetoLOGOCompleteeachsentencewithawordthatisrelatedtooneofthewordsinthebox.Therearetwoextrawords.5KeyExample:Thehydrogenandoxygenmixedprematurelyandthiscausedthe__________.1.Another_______shuttleaccidentoccurredonFebruary1,2003.2.Asasafetyengineer,myprincipalobjectiveisthe_________ofaccidents.3.Sheworkswithradioactivematerialssoshehastoworkbehinda__________screen.4.Alimitstateisasetof___________criteria.5.Factorslike__________,maintainability,andsafetywereneglectedinthedesignstage.protectstructuretragedyreliableexploderequirepreventperformtragicpreventionprotectivestructuralreliabilityexplosionLOGOListentoyourteacher.Readthesentences.CircleTrueorFalse.6KeyLOGONotesfororalassessment.SPEAKINGStudentBYouaretheManagingDirectorofacompany.Atthemoment,youarelookingforwaysofsavingmoneyandyouwishtoavoidanyunnecessaryexpenditureatleastforthetimebeing.TalktoStudentA,asafetyengineer,andtrytonegotiateandagreetoaseriesofsafetyandhealthmeasuresthatwillcostthecompanyaslittleaspossible.Youareasafetyengineer.Youhaveconductedaphysicalinspectionofthefactorywhereyouworkandyouhavediscoveredanumberofsafetyandhealthissuesthatneedattention.Youareawarethatitwillcostthecompanyquitealotofmoneytofixalloftheproblemsthatyouhaveidentified.TalktoStudentB,theManagingDirector,andtrytoconvincehim/heroftheimportanceofputtingyourrecommendationsintoeffectimmediately.StudentALOGO____________________ACTIVITY4.1 AdditionalActivitiesReadthetextaboutthelossofthespaceshuttleColumbiainFebruary2003.Numberthesentencesinthecorrectorder.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.Keya24153Thispieceoffoamflewbackandhittheleadingedgeoftheorbiter’sleftwing.Duringreentry,damagetotheTPSallowedhotgasestodestroythewing’sstructure.Duringlaunch,apieceofinsulationfoambrokeawayfromthefrontofthefueltank.Thedamagetotheshuttle’swingcausedthewholespacecrafttobreakapart.Whenithitthewing,thefoamdamagedtheshuttle’sthermalprotectionsystem(TPS).LOGOWriteunrealconditionalsentencesinthepasttoexplainwhathappenedtotheshuttle.bExample:Ifthatpieceofinsulationfoamhadnotbrokenawayfromthefueltank,...LOGOACTIVITY4.2Matchthetwohalvesofeachsentence.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.Keyagfabcd1.A2001studydiscoveredthatforevery$1spentonworkplacesafety,…__2.Howdoestakingcareofsafety…__3.Employeesmissworklessoftenandso…__4.Companiesspendlessoninsuranceandso…__5.Employeesfeelbetterabouttheirworkandso…__6.Feweremployeesquitandso…__7.Thatiswhysomepeoplesaythatwhensafetyisensured,…__ea.theycaninvestmoremoneyinotherthings.b.theyarelesslikelytoquittheirjobs.c.employersspendlessonhiringandtrainingnewworkers.d.everyonewins.e.companiessaved$3.f.productivityincreases.g.helpacompanytosavemoney?LOGOInpairs,role-playaconversationinwhichanexpertexplainshowagoodhealthandsafetyprogramisgoodforbusiness.bLOGO Employeesmustn’tsmokeinsidethebuilding.2._______________________________________________3._______________________________________________4._______________________________________________ACTIVITY4.3Lookattheinformationinthechartandwritesentencesusingmust,don’thaveto,mustn’t,can,etc.,abouttherulesforemployees.aKeyEmployeesmustwearhardhatsinsidethefactory.Employeescanbringfoodtoeatinthediningroom.Employeesdonothavetowearties. prohibited obligatory permitted notobligatory smokinginsidethebuilding wearinghardhatsinsidefactory bringingfoodtoeatinthediningroom wearingtiesLOGOInyournotebook,writeonemorerulecorrespondingtoeachcolumnofthechart.bLOGOBuildingcodesgenerallyincludethefollowing:1.Structuralsafety:abuildingmustbestrongenoughtoresistinternalandexternalforceswithoutcollapsing2._______________:thisincludesrequirementstopreventfirespreadingtoorfromneighboringbuildings,thesafeexitingofabuilding,provisionsforfiresuppression/firefighting3.____________________:includingadequatewashroomsandplumbing,adequateaircirculationACTIVITY4.4Readandcompletethetextaboutbuildingcodeswithphrasesfromthebox.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.KeyaAccessibilityFiresafetyHealthrequirementsNoisemitigationStructuralsafetyFiresafetyHealthrequirementsLOGOSomebuildingcodesalsoincluderequirementsfor:4._______________:thisistoprotectbuildingoccupantsfromnoisepollution5._______________:theserequirementsensurethatabuildingisaccessibleforpeopleinwheelchairsorpeoplewithotherdisabilitiesKeyNoisemitigationAccessibilityInpairs,role-playaconversationinwhichasafetyengineertellshis/hersupervisoraboutbuildingcodeviolationsthathe/shehasfoundinalargemanufacturingplant.bLOGOACTIVITY4.5Readthetextandthencompleteeachnotewiththecorrectnameornames.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.aneofthepioneersinqualitycontrolwasBellLaboratories,whichsetupaqualitydepartmentemphasizingquality,reliability,testing,andinspection.WhileatBellLaboratoriesWalterShewhartintroducedcontrolcharting.Later,H.F.DodgeandH.G.Romigperfectedmethodsforacceptancesampling.TheseearlymethodswererecognizedandadoptedbytheU.S.ArmyduringWorldWarII.Guidelinesfortheuseofcontrolcharts,samplinginspectionstandards,andsamplingtechniquesweretakenupinthemanufactureofmaterialsforthewar.Atthistime,trainingcoursesinstatisticalqualitycontrolalsobegantoemerge.Alotofwhathadbeenlearnedduringwartimemanufacturingwaspublishedandtaughtinthefifteen-yearperiodfollowingthewar.J.M.JuranandF.M.GrynapublishedtheQualityControlHandbook(1957)andbothJuranandW.E.DemingwereinvitedtoJapantogiveseminarsonOLOGO1.BellLaboratoriessetupaqualitydepartment.2._________________________publishedtheQualityControlHandbook.3.____________________________perfectedmethodsforacceptancesampling.4._____________________________gaveseminarsinJapan.5.______________recognizedandadoptedearlyqualitycontrolmethods.6._________developedmethodsforexperimentaldesign.7.________________workedforBellLaboratories.statisticalmethodsandqualitymanagement.JapaneseengineersandscientistsalsobegandevelopingtheirownqualityimprovementmethodssuchasTaguchi’smethodsforexperimentaldesign,andIshikawa’sintroductionofthecause-and-effectdiagram.J.M.JuranandF.M.GrynaH.F.DodgeandH.G.RomigJ.M.JuranandW.E.DemingtheU.S.ArmyTaguchiWalterShewhartKeyLOGOInyournotebook,makeatimelinesummarizingthedevelopmentofqualitycontrolmethods.bLOGOCompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectformofaverbinthebox.Therearetwoextraverbs.1.Ithinkweshould________doinganythingthatmightincreasetheoverallcost.2.Ifwetaketoolongontheseearlystages,we______missingourdeadline.3.Wearegoingtohaveto___________makingadecisionuntilwehaveseenmoredata.4.Ithinkthisotheroptionalsohasmeritsand_________thinkingabout.5.Acceptit.Itsimplywon’tworksoyoushouldjust________trying.riskgoongiveupdislikeavoidpostponebeworthACTIVITY6.6KeyavoidriskpostponeisworthgiveupLOGOReadingResource4AScanthetextquicklytofindthefollowingitems.a Anexampleofsomethingthatsafetyengineersdesign:_________________________________________________2.Anexampleoftrainingthatsafetyengineersgivetoothers:_________________________________________________specialsafetyclothingorsafetydevicesformachinerytheuseofsafetyequipmentandclothingKeyLOGOCompleteeachspaceinthetextwithaverbthatisrelatedtooneofthewordsinthebox.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.bIndustrialsafetyandhealthengineersensurethatworkplacesaresafe.They(1)________buildingsandmachinesforhazardsandsafetyviolations.Theyalsomonitorthegeneralworkenvironment.They(2)______airandwaterquality,noiselevels,andtemperature.Whenaccidents(3)______,safetyengineers(4)__________themandwritereportsoftheirfindings.Thesereportsusually(5)_______aplanforpreventingor(6)__________unsafeconditions.Safetyengineersmakesurethatthesenewprogramsgetsetupandtheymay(7)______workerstousesafetyequipmentandclothing.Theyalso(8)___________waystofixproblemsandmay(9)________thesafetydevicesthemselves.Forsomecompanies,safetyengineers(10)_______specialsafetyclothingorsafetydevicesformachinery.assessmentcorrectiondesignerinclusiveinspectioninstallationinvestigationoccurrencerecommendationtraineeassessoccurinvestigateincludecorrectingtrainrecommendinstalldesignKeyinspectLOGOReadthecompletedtextandanswerthequestions.cInyournotebook,writea“typicaldayinthelife”accountoftheworkofasafetyengineer.d1.Inwhatwayscouldacompanybeguiltyofsafetyviolations?______________________________________________________________________________________2.Whatphenomenamakeupthegeneralworkenvironment?____________________________________________3.Whatistheadvantageinhavingthesafetyengineerhimself/herselfinstallanewsafetydevice?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________dangerousmachinery,dangerouschemicals,inadequateprotection,unhealthyenvironmentairandwaterquality,noiselevels,temperatureTheyhaveexpertknowledgeinthefunctioningofsafetydevicesandtheyunderstandwhyitisnecessarytoinstallthem.KeyLOGOReadingResource4BReadthetextand,ineachgroupofwordsinparentheses,underlinetheonewordthatdoesnotfit.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.aInallproductionprocesses,companiesneedtomonitorthe(1)(degree/extent/way/level)towhichtheirproducts(2)(meet/measure/equal/match)specifications.Ingeneralterms,therearetwo“enemies”ofproductquality:deviationsfromtargetspecificationsina(3)(specific/certain/positive/particular)directionandexcessivevariabilityaroundtargetspecifications.Duringthe(4)(initial/first/early/primary)developmentalstagesoftheproductionprocess,designedexperimentsareoftenusedtooptimizethesetwoquality(5)(highlights/features/attribute/characteristics).Themethodsprovidedinqualitycontrolarecalled“online”or“in-process”qualitycontrolproceduresastheyareongoingproductionprocessesthatarebeingmonitored.KeyLOGOReadthenextpartofthetextandnumberthesentencesinthecorrectorder.b4523KeyLOGOReadthesentencesandcircleTrueorFalseaccordingtotheinformationinbothtexts.cLookforinformationaboutW.A.Shewhartoraboutanotherpioneerinthefieldofqualitycontrolandprepareawrittenreport.dKeyLOGOSituationYouworkasasafetyandhealthengineerforthecitycouncil.Youcarryoutsafetyandhealthinspectionsofpublicbuildingsandmakerecommendationsforimprovements.Youhavebeenaskedtoprepareareportforthecouncilaboutsafetyandhealthconcernsinapublicbuildingthatyouhaverecentlyinspectedinthecity.WritingResource4AWritingareportcontainingrecommendationsPreparationChooseONEofthefollowingplacesforyourreport:thecityhospitalthestadiumofthecity’sbaseballteamthecity’sprincipaldowntownshoppingmallthecitycouncil’sownadministrationbuildingLOGOWritingChoosetheplacethatyouwanttowriteyourreporton.Brainstormalistofthethingsthatyoucoverinyourinspectionandwritenotes.Includeinformationonissueslikefiresafety,dangerousequipment,thegeneralworkenvironment(airquality,waterquality,noise,temperature,etc.),specialsafetydevicesorclothing,etc.Nowstarttocomposesentences.Includeinformationaboutproblemsituationsthatoccurredorcouldhaveoccurred.Describetheseusingunrealconditionalsentences,forexample,Ifxhadnothappened,ywouldnothavehappened.Tomakerecommendationsforchangesandimprovements,usemodals(must,should,mustn’t,etc.)forexpressingobligation,prohibition,permission,etc.LOGOWriteafirstdraftofyourreport.Checkitandmakecorrectionsbeforewritingafinalversion.Backupyourpointswithclearexamples.Useaformalstyle.Donotusecontractionsorverycolloquialexpressions.Userelativelysimplelanguagethatcanbeunderstoodbycouncilmembers.TipsLOGOWritingResource4BWritingmaterialforaninductionmanualSituationYouworkfortheHumanResourcesdepartmentatalargemanufacturingplant.Inyourjob,youdealwithemployeesofalltypesandatalllevels.Youhavebeenaskedtocontributematerialforaninductionmanualfornewemployees,explainingsomeoftherulesandregulationsofthecompanyandwhatisexpectedofitsemployees.LOGOWritingBrainstormideasforyourmanual.Includeinformationaboutthecompany’srequirementsandexpectationsregardingdresscodes,punctuality,eatinganddrinking,smoking,safetyissues,theuseofspecialsafetyequipmentandclothing,etc.,andmakenotes.Then,starttoarrangeyournotesinsomesortoflogicalsequence.Nowstarttocomposesentencesthatexplainrules,expectedcodesofpractice,etc.Usemodals(must,should,mustn’t,etc.)forexpressingobligation,prohibition,permission,etc.Insomeinstances,thepassivevoice,whichusuallysoundsmoreformal,maybemoreappropriate.Compare,forexample:Allconstructionpersonnelshouldwearreflectivevestswhenworkingatnight.andReflectivevestsshouldbewornbyallconstructionpersonnelwhenworkingatnight.LOGOWriteafirstdraftofyourmaterial.Checkitandmakecorrectionsbeforewritingafinalversion.Youcanincludetechnicallanguageinyourjobadbecauseitisaimedatpeoplewhoarespecialistsinthisfield.Useaformalstyle.Donotusecontractionsorverycolloquialexpressions.TipsLOGOUnrealconditionalsinthepast GrammarResourcesYes/noquestionsWh-questions ConditionIf+subject+had+pastparticiple Resultsubject+wouldhave+pastparticiple Iftheweatherhadbeenwarmerthatday. theO-ringwouldnothavebecomebrittle. IfFleminghadn’tnoticedthebacteria. Hewouldn’thavediscoveredpenicillin. If+subject+had+pastparticiple,would+subject+have+pastparticiple Ifyouhadappliedtograduateschool,wouldtheyhaveacceptedyou?Iftheyhadstartedtheprojectearlier,wouldtheyhavefinishedbynow? If+subject+had+pastparticiple,wh-word+would+subject+have+pastparticiple Iftheexperimenthadgonewrong,whowouldyouhavecalledforhelp?Iftheyhadn’tprovidedfundingfortheproject,whatwouldwehavedone?LOGO Unrealconditionalsinthepastareusedtodescribeeventsthatdidnothappenorsituationsthatdidnotexistinthepast.Theifclausedescribesahypothetical,i.e.,unrealcondition,whilethemainclausedescribesahypotheticalresult. Theifclausecancomefirstorsecondinthesentence:Ifyouhadknownaboutthegrant,wouldyouhaveappliedforit?Wouldyouhaveappliedforthegrantifyouhadknownaboutit? Whentheifclausecomesfirstinasentence,itisfollowedbyacomma.LOGOCompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthegivenverbs.PRACTICE1.We_______________(win)thatawardifwe_____________(work)abitharder.2.Ifwe____________(nottake)thesamesciencecourse,we_____________________(nevermeet).3.I____________________(prepare)somematerialifI____________(know)youwerecoming.4.He___________________(nothear)aboutthechangeofplanifshe_____________(nottell)him.wouldhavewonhadworkedhadnottakenwouldneverhavemetwouldhavepreparedhadknownwouldnothaveheardhadnottoldKeyLOGO5.IftheSRB_____________(notbreak)off,thefueltank________________________(notexplode).6.IfI____________(knew)hewasgoingtoobject,I_______________(be)moretactful.7.Ifhe__________(stay)onthatcourse,he_________________(be)veryunhappy.8.You___________________(receive)thereportifyou____________(arrive)earlier.hadnotbrokenwouldnothaveexplodedhadknownwouldhavebeenhadstayedwouldhavebeenwouldhavereceivedhadarrivedKeyLOGOPhrasalverbsLOGOUnderlinetheoneincorrectsentenceineachgroup.PRACTICE11.Theyturnedthegeneratoron.Theyturnediton.Theyturnedonit.2.Wearelookingtheanswerfor.Wearelookingforit.Wearelookingfortheanswer.3.Shegavethemoneyback.Shegavebackthemoney.Shegavebackit.4.Heturneddowntheoffer.Heturneddownit.Heturnedtheofferdown.5.Ipickedupthem.Ipickedupthereports.Ipickedthereportsup.6.Getonwithyourwork.Getwithyourworkon.Getonwithit.KeyLOGOCompletethesentenceswiththecorrectverbs.PRACTICE21.Manygirls_______outofmathandsciencecoursesduringmiddleschoolorhighschool.2.They_______forwaystoimprovethesafetyandefficiencyoftheequipment.3.Negativemessagesaboutsciencetendto______girlsoff.4.Wearetryingto____downtheriskofaccidentsintheworkplace.5.He________awayagoldenopportunitywhenheturneddownthatjob.KeylookedcutgavedroppedturnLOGOModalsforprohibition,obligation,andpermissionLOGOCompleteeachspacewithanappropriateexpression.PRACTICE1.We________wearspecialclothingtoprotectusfromharmfulradiation.2.You________letanydustcomeintocontactwiththecomponents.3.Ofcourse,you____wearatieifyouwanttobutit’snotcompulsory.4.Didyou_______wearaschooluniformwhenyouwereyounger?5.Safetyisveryimportantinthisfactory.You______wearahardhatatalltimes.6.We_____________usethemaskandthegloveswhenweareoutsidethecleanroom.Keyhavetomustn’tcanhavetomustdon’thavetoLOGOForeachexpression,writeasentencethatistrueaboutyourschoolorplaceofwork.ABOUTYOU1.can__________________________________________2.haveto_______________________________________________3.must______________________________________________4.mustn’t____________________________________________5.nothaveto____________________________________________LOGOVerbcombinationswithgerundformsLOGO1.Ifwedon’tupdateandimproveourproducts,we_____losingsales.2.Theysoonfixedtheproblemandwereableto_______workingquitequickly.3.PlanAisgood,Iadmit.ButPlanBisalso_________thinkingabout.4.Weimplementedaqualitycontrolprogram,butsales_______onfalling.5.Myboss,likemostbosses,____________beinginterrupted.6.Thiscomponentisnotworking.Maybeweshould___________redesigningit.7.Ithinkweshould_____takingafinaldecisionuntilwehaveseenmoredata.Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectformofoneoftheexpressionsfromthebox.PRACTICEKeyriskresumeworthkeptondislikesconsiderdelayLOGOCompleteandwritesentencesthataretrueforyou.Useexpressionsfromthebox.ABOUTYOU1.Inmyexperience,it’snotworth____________________________2.Inmysparetime,Ienjoy_________________________________3.Inthiscountry,peopleareusedto__________________________4._____________________________________________________5.______________________________________________________6.______________________________________________________LOGO**