耳石症

（：耳石症　：　门诊中经常会遇到这样的眩晕病人，一般都是在早晨起床坐起以及晚上睡觉躺下的时候，或者在半夜向一侧翻身的时候，突然出现剧烈的天旋地转，这时患者往往还伴有恶心、呕吐等症状 （：耳石症　：　门诊中经常会遇到这样的眩晕病人，一般都是在早晨起床坐起以及晚上睡觉躺下的时候，或者在半夜向一侧翻身的时候，突然出现剧烈的天旋地转，这时患者往往还伴有恶心、呕吐等症状。严重的患者，哪怕只是做抬头、低头的动作也会诱发眩晕。很多这样的病例都会被诊断为颈椎病。其实如果出现这样的症状，十有八九是由于耳朵的问题所引起，这种耳朵的疾病称为良性阵发性位置性眩晕，也称为耳石症。 　　 这种病名听起来似乎非常陌生，其实它是发病率最高的眩晕性疾病，只是一直都不为大家所知。法国的资料显示大约34%的眩晕患者都是良性阵发性位置性眩晕，美国的调查显示，70岁以上的老年人，大约50%出现过至少一次的耳石症发作。在省医耳鼻喉科的眩晕门诊中，至少50％的患者都是患有这种疾病，足可见该病的发病率之高。良性位置性眩晕的诊断比较简单方便，主要是进行位置性眼震的激发试验。医生根据位置变化诱发的眩晕和患者的眼球的旋转性的转动，可以确定疾病以及确定耳石脱落坠入的半规管。治疗的主要方法就是手法复位。根据半规管的走形，临床上了一套头位旋转的方法，目的就是把耳石从半规管中旋转出来，重新掉到椭圆囊中，从而治愈这种疾病。患者即时复发，也可以多次复位。如果反复发作，或者手法复位无法成功，可以考虑手术治疗。 ）   耳石症复位法 2009年10月07日 星期三 21:52 第1步 让患者纵行坐在床上，检查者在其背后扶头，头转向患耳45°。 第2步 快速躺下，垫肩，伸颈，头放置在床上面，患耳向下。对于后半规管来说，这个位置也正是后半规管BPPV诱发的位置，即Dix-Hallpick实验的体位，因此，这个位置时引发的眩晕和眼震更为显著。耳石从近壶腹的位置沉降到后半规管中部，内淋巴离壶腹流动，产生同侧的眼震，伴随眩晕症状。至少保持这种位置达30秒以上，或者直至眼震症状或眼震消失，这也意味着耳石已经从原来的近壶腹部沉到了后半规管的中部，而沉降的过程也是引发眼震以及眩晕的基础，反过来说 ，随着眼震和眩晕的消失，我们也可以推知耳石已经被移动到了新的位置，没有了前庭激惹的症状，也就意味着耳石已经稳定在新的部位，而且，不再活动。因此，保持这个位置上需要给予足够的时间，以便耳石充分沉降在半规管的中部，为下一步向总脚的移动奠定基础。 第3步 将头逐渐转正，继续向对侧转45°，使耳石移近总脚，保持头位30秒以上。由于后半规管与上半规管共同享有一个单脚，因此，耳石被移动到总脚的时候，完全有可能误进上半规管形成上半规管的结石症。在这个位置时，切记不要把患者的头部后垂过低，否则，容易造成耳石脱落到上半规管内。 第4步 头与躯干同时向健侧转90°，使耳石回归到椭圆囊，维持此位置30秒以上。解剖学上，水平半规管的单脚位于总脚的前下方，因此，这个时候的耳石容易进入水平半规管造成该管的耳石症。尤其需要注意的是头位的旋转不要大于45度，而且，不要抬头过高，否则，可能造成水平半规管的位置过低，耳石利用自身的质量下沉到水平半规管内。 第5步 头转向正前方，让患者慢慢坐起，呈头直位。其实，此时耳石已经进入椭圆囊近囊斑的位置，耳石所处的空间突然增大，而且，面对着三个半规管的五个脚，所以误进入半规管形成前庭结石的可能性也最大，尤其是后半规管的前庭结石症，因为该管的壶腹最靠下面。至此，Epley耳石复位已经全部完成。 在执行Epley变位操作过程中，需要注意每个步骤的头部所处的位置，特别是旋转的角度，这决定着是否将患者的责任半规管（即后半规管）放置在最利于耳石沉降的位置，为下一步骤的操作奠定基础。同时，准确的头位不仅保证了耳石沿着我们预想的方向沉降，也使得误入其它半规管继发形成另外类型的BPPV的可能性减小到更低的限度 Brandt-Daroff 练习 (Brandt-Daroff Excercises) "Brandt-Daroff 练习"是一种治疗BPPV的方法，通常在诊所治疗失败后使用。这种方法成功率有95%，但是比诊所治疗要难于进行。病人进行这个练习每天三次，维持两周。每一次练习，病人进行下面所示的动作5次。 每1次重复 = 完成到一边的动作（需时2分钟） 建议的练习时间： [时间] [练习]   [需时] 早上  5次重复  10分钟 中午  5次重复  10分钟 晚上  5次重复  10分钟 从笔直向上坐着开始(位置1). 然后倒下到侧躺位置(位置2), 倒下的时候保持头部向上45度. 一种比较容易的方法是想象有一个人站在你面前6尺(1.8米)而你在倒下的过程中始终看着他的头部。保持侧躺姿势至少30秒钟（如果有眩晕感觉则一直保持姿势到眩晕感觉消退)，然后回到坐着的位置（位置3). 保持姿势30秒钟，然后按照同样的去做相反的位置（位置4). 病人应该坚持做这个练习两个星期，每天三次。或者，每天两次，合共三个星期。加起来一共52套。大多数人在30套动作(或者10天）后能够获得比较完全的症状舒缓。大约30%的病人，BPPV会在一年内重新再犯。如果BPPV再次发作，你也许应该加多10分钟的练习到日常的时间表中。    家里Epley动作 (Home Epley Maneuver)（对应下面英文的图示） 这种称为"Epley" 及/或者 "Semont"动作可以在家里进行.我们通常建议我们的病人做这个练习当他们被清楚无疑地被诊断(为BPPV). 这个练习似乎比在诊所内进行的治疗更为有效,也许是因为这个练习要求病人每天晚上都进行,并且维持一周. 下面的图画是示意了如何进行这个练习(针对左侧). 病人应该保持图中各躺着的位置30秒钟, 对坐立的位置(如图顶部位置)则要保持1分钟. 这样,整个系列动作需时2.5分钟. 通常病人入睡前进行3次系列动作. 相对于在早上或者日间, 最好是在晚上进行这个练习. 因为如果病人在练习后感觉头晕, 那么他/她可以随即通过睡眠恢复过来. 将示意图按照镜面反过来即是针对右耳的练习. 对于这些在家里自己进行的练习，有几个问题。如果还不能诊断是BPPV(就做这些练习), 病人可能尝试去用治疗位置性问题的练习去治疗别的疾病(例如脑肿瘤或者中风) - 这种情况是不可能有效的，并且会拖延必要的治疗. 第二个问题是这个"home-Epley"练习需要病人知道哪一侧内耳有问题. 有时候，这不一定很容易判断. 并且做这项练习的过程中, 有时候可能会发生诸如病症转移到另一半规管这样的意外. 这种情况在诊所里会比家里能够更好地处理. 最后, 在做这个Epley练习的时候，由于内耳血管受到压缩, 有时候可能会激发神经方面的症状. 我们的是，选择在诊所进行第一次的Epley练习会比较安全。万一发生什么意外，医生可以及时采取合适的。   BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO Timothy C. Hain, MD Last substantial content edit: 2/2003. Please read our disclaimer. This page is no longer being updated. Click HERE to go to the more recent version. Causes Diagnosis Treatment Education Index Search this site In Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) dizziness is thought to be due to debris which has collected within a part of the inner ear.  This debris can be thought of  as "ear rocks"（耳石）, although the formal name is "otoconia". Ear rocks are small crystals of calcium carbonate derived from a structure in the ear called the "utricle"（椭圆囊） (figure1 ). While the saccule （耳迷路的球囊）also contains otoconia, they are not able to migrate（迁移） into the canal system. 原因：The utricle may have been damaged by head injury（头部受伤，撞击）, infection（感染）, or other disorder of the inner ear,（内耳的一些失调） or may have degenerated（退化，衰败） because of advanced age. Normally otoconia appear to have a slow turnover. They are probably dissolved（溶解，分解） naturally as well as actively reabsorbed by the "dark cells" of the labyrinth (Lim, 1973, 1984), which are found adjacent to the utricle and the crista, although this idea is not accepted by all (see Zucca, 1998, and Buckingham, 1999). BPPV is a common cause of dizziness. About 20% of all dizziness is due to BPPV. The older you are, the more likely it is that your dizziness is due to BPPV, as about 50% of all dizziness in older people is due to BPPV. In a recent study, 9% of a group of urban(住在城市的) dwelling（居住，住宅） elders were found to have undiagnosed BPPV (Oghalai, J. S., et al., 2000). The symptoms of BPPV include dizziness or vertigo,（ 头晕眼花，眩晕）lightheadedness, imbalance（不平衡）, and nausea（作呕）. Activities which bring on symptoms（症状） will vary among persons, but symptoms are almost always precipitated（突然陷入……状态） by a change of position of the head with respect to gravity. Getting out of bed（起床） or rolling over（翻转） in bed are common "problem" motions （移动）. Because people with BPPV often feel dizzy and unsteady when they tip their heads back to look up, sometimes BPPV is called "top shelf vertigo." Women with BPPV may find that the use of shampoo（洗头） bowls in beauty parlors （美容室）brings on symptoms. An intermittent（断断续续的，间歇） pattern is common. BPPV may be present for a few weeks, then stop, then come back again. WHAT CAUSES BPPV? （原因） The most common cause of BPPV in people under age 50 is head injury . There is also an association with migraine (Ishiyama et al, 2000). In older people, the most common cause is degeneration of the vestibular system of the inner ear. BPPV becomes much more common with advancing age (Froeling et al, 1991). In half of all cases, BPPV is called "idiopathic," which means it occurs for no known reason. Viruses affecting the ear such as those causing vestibular neuritis , minor strokes such as those involving anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) syndrome", and Meniere's disease are significant but unusual causes. Occasionally BPPV follows surgery, where the cause is felt to be a combination of a prolonged period of supine positioning, or ear trauma when the surgery is to the inner ear (Atacan et al 2001). Other causes of positional symptoms are discussed here. What doesn't cause BPPV ? Gacek has suggested that BPPV is due to recurrent neuritis of the inferior vestibular nerve (Gacek and Gacek, 2002). We think that this is highly unlikely as BPPV is very well explained by mechanical consequences of loose debris within the inner ear, and not at all consistent with the usual picture of vestibular neuritis. BPPV is also not caused by psychological distress, and it is not a side effect of medication. HOW IS THE diagnosis（诊断） OF BPPV MADE? Your physician can make the diagnosis based on your history, findings on physical examination, and the results of vestibular and auditory tests. Often, the diagnosis can be made with history and physical examination. Most other conditions that have positional dizziness get worse on standing rather than lying down (e.g. orthostatic hypotension). Electronystagmography (ENG) testing may be needed to look for the characteristic nystagmus (jumping of the eyes). It has been claimed that BPPV accompanied by unilateral lateral canal paralysis is suggestive of a vascular etiology (Kim et al, 1999). For diagnosis of BPPV with laboratory tests, it is important to have the ENG test done by a laboratory that can measure vertical eye movements. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan will be performed if a stroke or brain tumor is suspected. A rotatory chair test may be used for difficult diagnostic problems. It is possible but rather uncommon to have BPPV in both ears (bilateral BPPV). There are some rare conditions that have symptoms that resemble BPPV. Patients with certain types of central vertigo such as the spinocerebellar ataxias may have "bed spins" and prefer to sleep propped up in bed (Jen et al, 1998). These conditions can generally be detected on a careful neurological examination and also are generally accompanied by a family history of other persons with similar symptoms. HOW MIGHT BPPV AFFECT MY LIFE? Certain modifications in your daily activities may be necessary to cope with your dizziness. Use two or more pillows at night. Avoid sleeping on the "bad" side. In the morning, get up slowly and sit on the edge of the bed for a minute. Avoid bending down to pick up things, and extending the head, such as to get something out of a cabinet. Be careful when at the dentist's office, the beauty parlor when lying back having ones hair washed, when participating in sports activities and when you are lying flat on your back. HOW IS BPPV treated（医治）? ​ Office Treatment ​ Home Treatment ​ Surgical Treatment BPPV has often been described as "self-limiting" because symptoms often subside or disappear within six months of onset. Symptoms tend to wax（变大） and wane（减少，衰微）. Motion sickness medications are sometimes helpful in controlling the nausea associated with BPPV but are otherwise rarely beneficial. However, various kinds of physical maneuvers and exercises have proved effective. Three varieties of conservative treatment, which involve exercises, and a treatment that involves surgery are described in the next sections. OFFICE TREATMENT OF BPPV: The Epley and Semont Maneuvers（官方医治） There are two treatments of BPPV that are usually performed in the doctor's office. Both treatments are very effective, with roughly an 80% cure rate, according to a study by Herdman and others (1993). If your doctor is unfamiliar with these treatments, you can find a list of knowledgeable doctors from the Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA) . The maneuvers, named after their inventors, are both intended to move debris or "ear rocks" out of the sensitive part of the ear (posterior canal) to a less sensitive location. Each maneuver takes about 15 minutes to complete. The Semont maneuver (also called the "liberatory" maneuver) involves a procedure whereby the patient is rapidly moved from lying on one side to lying on the other. It is a brisk maneuver that is not currently favored in the United States. The Epley maneuver is also called the particle repositioning, canalith repositioning procedure, and modified liberatory maneuver. It is illustrated in figure 2. Click here for an animation. It involves sequential movement of the head into four positions, staying in each position for roughly 30 seconds. The recurrence rate for BPPV after these maneuvers is about 30 percent at one year, and in some instances a second treatment may be necessary. While some authors advocate use of vibration in the Epley maneuver, we have not found this useful in a study of our patients (Hain et al, 2000). Some authors also suggest leaving out some of the positions in the Epley maneuver, especially position 'D'. We suggest that you avoid therapy using this methodology（方法.） After either of these maneuvers, you should be prepared to follow the instructions below, which are aimed at reducing the chance that debris might fall back into the sensitive back part of the ear. INSTRUCTIONS FOR PATIENTS AFTER OFFICE TREATMENTS (Epley or Semont maneuvers) 1. Wait for 10 minutes after the maneuver is performed before going home. This is to avoid "quick spins," or brief bursts of vertigo as debris repositions itself immediately after the maneuver. Don't drive yourself home. 2. Sleep semi-recumbent for the next two nights. This means sleep with your head halfway between being flat and upright (a 45 degree angle). This is most easily done by using a recliner chair or by using pillows arranged on a couch (see figure 3). During the day, try to keep your head vertical. You must not go to the hairdresser or dentist. No exercise which requires head movement. When men shave under their chins, they should bend their bodies forward in order to keep their head vertical. If eyedrops are required, try to put them in without tilting the head back. Shampoo only under the shower. 3. For at least one week, avoid provoking head positions that might bring BPPV on again. ​ Use two pillows when you sleep. ​ Avoid sleeping on the "bad" side. ​ Don't turn your head far up or far down. Be careful to avoid head-extended position, in which you are lying on your back, especially with your head turned towards the affected side. This means be cautious at the beauty parlor, dentist's office, and while undergoing minor surgery. Try  to stay as upright as possible. Exercises for low-back pain should be stopped for a week. No "sit-ups" should be done for at least one week and no "crawl" swimming. (Breast stroke is OK.) Also avoid far head-forward positions such as might occur in certain exercises (i.e. touching the toes). Do not start doing the Brandt-Daroff exercises immediately or 2 days after the Epley or Semont maneuver, unless specifically instructed otherwise by your health care provider. 4. At one week after treatment, put yourself in the position that usually makes you dizzy. Position yourself cautiously and under conditions in which you can't fall or hurt yourself. Let your doctor know how you did. Comment: Massoud and Ireland (1996) stated that post-treatment instructions were not necessary. While we respect these authors, at this writing (2002), we still feel it best to follow the procedure recommended by Epley. WHAT IF THE MANEUVERS DON'T WORK? These maneuvers are effective in about 80% of patients with BPPV (Herdman et al, 1993). If you are among the other 20 percent,  your doctor may wish you to proceed with the Brandt-Daroff exercises, as described below. If a maneuver works but symptoms recur or the response is only partial (about 40% of the time according to Smouha, 1997), another trial of the maneuver might be advised. The "habituation" exercises are also sometimes useful in the situation where all other maneuvers (Epley, Semont, Brandt-Daroff) have been tried -- in essence these consist of a more intense and prolonged series of positional exercises. When all maneuvers have been tried, the diagnosis is clear, and symptoms are still intolerable, surgical management (posterior canal plugging) may be offered. BPPV often recurs. About 1/3 of patients have a recurrence in the first year after treatment, and by five years, about half of all patients have a recurrence (Hain et al, 2000; Nunez et al; 2000). If BPPV recurs, in our practice we usually retreat with one of the maneuvers above, and then follow this with a once/day set of the Brandt-Daroff exercises. In some persons, the positional vertigo can be eliminated but imbalance persists. In these persons it may be reasonable to undertake a course of generic vestibular rehabilitation, as they may still need to compensate for a changed utricular mass or a component of persistent vertigo caused by cupulolithiasis. Fujino et al (1994) reported conventional rehab has some efficacy, even without specific maneuvers. HOME TREATMENT OF BPPV:（家里治疗法） BRANDT-DAROFF EXERCISES Click here for an animation The Brandt-Daroff Exercises are a method of treating BPPV, usually used when the office treatment fails. They succeed in 95% of cases but are more arduous than the office treatments. These exercises are performed in three sets per day for two weeks. In each set, one performs the maneuver as shown five times. 1 repetition = maneuver done to each side in turn (takes 2 minutes) Suggested Schedule for Brandt-Daroff exercises Time Exercise Duration Morning 5 repetitions 10 minutes Noon 5 repetitions 10 minutes Evening 5 repetitions 10 minutes Start sitting upright (position 1). Then move into the side-lying position (position 2), with the head angled upward about halfway. An easy way to remember this is to imagine someone standing about 6 feet in front of you, and just keep looking at their head at all times. Stay in the side-lying position for 30 seconds, or until the dizziness subsides if this is longer, then go back to the sitting position (position 3). Stay there for 30 seconds, and then go to the opposite side (position 4) and follow the same routine.. These exercises should be performed for two weeks, three times per day, or for three weeks, twice per day. This adds up to 52 sets in total. In most persons, complete relief from symptoms is obtained after 30 sets, or about 10 days. In approximately 30 percent of patients, BPPV will recur within one year. If BPPV recurs, you may wish to add one 10-minute exercise to your daily routine (Amin et al, 1999). The Brandt-Daroff exercises as well as the Semont and Epley maneuvers are compared in an article by Brandt (1994), listed in the reference section. Home Epley (for the left ear（左耳). （对照上面中文解说）   HOME EPLEY MANEUVER The Epley and/or Semont maneuvers as described above can be done at home (Radke et al, 1999; Furman and Hain, 2004). We often recommend the home-Epley to our patients who have a clear diagnosis. This procedure seems to be even more effective than the in-office procedure, perhaps because it is repeated every night for a week. The method (for the left side) is performed as shown on the figure to the right. One stays in each of the supine (lying down) positions for 30 seconds, and in the sitting upright position (top) for 1 minute. Thus, once cycle takes 2 1/2 minutes. Typically 3 cycles are performed just prior to going to sleep. It is best to do them at night rather than in the morning or midday, as if one becomes dizzy following the exercises, then it can resolve while one is sleeping. The mirror image of this procedure is used for the right ear. There are several problems with the "do it yourself" method. If the diagnosis of BPPV has not been confirmed, one may be attempting to treat another condition (such as a brain tumor or stroke) with positional exercises -- this is unlikely to be successful and may delay proper treatment. A second problem is that the home-Epley requires knowledge of the "bad" side. Sometimes this can be tricky to establish. Complications such as conversion to another canal (see below) can occur during the Epley maneuver, which are better handled in a doctor's office than at home. Finally, occasionally during the Epley maneuver neurological symptoms are provoked due to compression of the vertebral arteries. In our opinion, it is safer to have the first Epley performed in a doctors office where appropriate action can be taken in this eventuality. We offer a home treatment DVD that illustrates the home Epley exercises.   SURGICAL TREATMENT OF BPPV (POSTERIOR CANAL PLUGGING) If the exercises described above are ineffective in controlling symptoms, symptoms have persisted for a year or longer,  and the diagnosis is very clear, a surgical procedure called "posterior canal plugging" may be recommended. Canal plugging blocks most of the posterior canal's function without affecting the functions of the other canals or parts of the ear. This procedure poses a small risk to hearing, but is effective in about 90% of individuals who have had no response to any other treatment. Only about 1 percent of our BPPV patients eventually have this procedure done.  Surgery should not be considered until all three maneuvers/exercises (Epley, Semont, and Brandt-Daroff) have been attempted and failed. See the article by Parnes (1990, 1996) in the references for more information. There are several alternative surgeries. Dr Gacek (Syracuse, New York) has written extensively about singular nerve section. Dr. Anthony (Houston, Texas), advocates laser assisted posterior canal plugging. It seems to us that these procedures, which require unusual amounts of surgical skill, have little advantage over a canal plugging procedure. Of course, it is always advisable when planning surgery to select a surgeon who has had as wide an experience as possible.Complications are rare (Rizvi and Gauthier, 2002) There are several surgical procedures that we feel are inadvisable for the individual with intractable BPPV. Vestibular nerve section, while effective, eliminates more of the normal vestibular system than is necessary. Labyrinthectomy and sacculotomy are also both general