高考非谓语动词课件

null 非谓语动词考点归纳 非谓语动词考点归纳 null动 词谓语动词非谓语动词连系动词 am is are was were look sound seem get turn 实意动词/行为动词(vt./vi) run sing learn say write助动词 do does did have has will 情态动词 can may must need dare不定式 ( to do )动名词 ( V-ing ) 分词 ( V-ing / V-ed )null非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.null一、不定式（一）. 不定式的语法形式（一）. 不定式的语法形式动词不定式无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.nullnull具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分: 主语, 宾语, 宾语补足语, 表语, 定语, 状语.（二）．不定式的句法功能1. 作主语1. 作主语侧重于动作的具体性和将来性 To talk with you is a great pleasure. To find the building took him a lot of time． 但为使句子平衡,常用it 代它作主语, 把它移到句子后部去. It is a great pleasure to talk with you. It took him a lot of time to find the building.2. 作宾语2. 作宾语A. 跟不定式作宾语的常见动词: （１）hope, want , expect, wish, desire等表希望，想要的动词 （２）like, love, dislike ,hate等表好恶的动词 （３） plan, intend, mean, prepare等表 计划，打算的动词 （４）decide, determine 等表决定的动词 null（５）其他动词 afford, fail, manage, try、arrange、 dare, help , promise、refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、forget ,bother I want to do it myself. Our teacher promised to see the film with us. nullB. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词: tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain… He taught us how to use the tool. No one could tell me where to get the book. I hope you’ll advise me what to do.nullC. 常跟形式宾语的动词 有些及物动词需要后接”宾语+宾补”意思才完整.作宾语的动词不定式还带有自己的补足语,常用it 替代,而将其移到补足语后. Consider, feel, make ,find, believe, know, regard… We think it important to obey the law. I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.3. 作表语3. 作表语A.表示按计划和安排发生的事情 He is to marry Rose. B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性 Her wishes was to become an artist. C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须) The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. She is to blame. 4.不定式作定语4.不定式作定语A.表即将发生的情况 Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.(主谓关系) She has a good chance to go to college. (同位关系) He has got lots of questions to ask. (动宾关系) null注意:1.如不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系,而这个不定式又是不及物动词, 它后面应有必要的介词. There is nothing to worry about. 2.不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的动作所发生的地点或所使用的工具时, 它后面要带上必要的介词. I need a pen to write with. He is looking for a room to live innullB. 常跟不定式作定语的名词 need, time, way, chance, opportunity, courage, reason, decision,, wish… Is that the best way to solve the problem? They had no chance to go to school in those years. Our decision to wait was wise.5.不定式作宾语补足语5.不定式作宾语补足语跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词 A. let, have, make, get等表使役的动词 They made us go with them. ( 比较: They made a lot of paper flowers to decorate the room.) 注意: Let/ have/make sb. do ; get sb. to do They got us to go with them. nullB. ask, tell, request, order等表要求,命令的动词 The chairman requested the members to be silent. My teacher asked me to go there on time. nullC. allow, permit, forbid等表许可或禁止的动词 The guard forbade me to enter. D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的动词(hope无此用法) Many parents expect their children to study abroad.nullE. see、watch、notice、look at 、find、 observe、 hear、listen to、feel等表感官的动词（六看二听一感觉） I noticed tears come into his eyes. We often hear her sing the song at home. 注: 这些词后的不定式均不带to nullF. think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, understand, take 后常跟不定式作宾补(常用 to be 结构) I consider him (to be) one of the best singers in the country. He proved himself (to be) a good teacher. She is believed to have gone to the USA.nullG. 其他动词 advise,help, persuade, encourage,warn, cause, force, remind … Please remind me to take the raincoat. He advised me to read English as often as possible.6. 不定式作状语6. 不定式作状语1)不定式作目的状语 Tim sat near the fire to get warm. The athletes practised hard to win the match.为强调作作目的状语的不定式, 常用in order (not) to，so as (not) to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中null2).不定式作结果状语 作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中如:too …to, enough to，only to，never to，so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词+ as to do引导。 Ｉlifted a stone , only to fall down my feet. I tried the door, only to find it locked inside. (强调意外结果) He is brave enough to go out alone at night It is too heavy to carry.null3). 不定式作原因状语 常放在表示心理感觉的形容词后,说明产生这种情绪的原因 I am happy to see you. She was sad to hear the bad news. I’m anxious /eager to know the result. 常用的形容词有 able, content ,willing, free, happy, glad, lucky, sorry , angry, sad, rude, foolish, clever … （三）. 不定式的省略现象 （三）. 不定式的省略现象1)不定式在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at , listen to, overhear, observe 和使役动词 have, make, let 后作宾语补足语时, 不定式省略to 。     例 I watched him disappear in the distance. 但这种句子如果变为被动结构，有to They were made to work day and night. Someone was heard to come up the stairs.null2)介词but ,except, besides 后接不定式作宾语时，介词前有行为动词do ,不定式要省去to。 例 We did nothing but/except wait then.    反之, 则不能省略 I’ve no choice but to stay here.     null3)不定式在系动词 后作表语时, 当主语部分有行为动词do, 作表语的不定式to可省略。 例: What I want to do now is find some books to read. null4)有两个以上的不定式并列在一起时,第二个不定式的 to 可以省略 I promise to finish my homework and hand it on time. 5)当作宾语的不定式重复时, 只保留to ---Do you want to have a rest? ---Yes, I want to, but I can’t. null但当to后面的动词是be或have时,要保留不定式后的be或have ---Are you a sailor ? --- No, but I used to be (a sailor ). --- Does she have much money? --- No, but she used to have. null6)在固定词组和句型中省略to A. had better do/ had better not do You’d better not see him. B. would rather do sth. than do sth. They would rather try and fail than give up the plannullC. cannot but do sth. cannot choose but do sth. cannot help but do sth. “不得不….” As the last bus had gone, I could not but walk there. He cannot help but admit that he was wrong.nullD. why not do sth? 表建议 why do sth? 表责备 Why not do it right now ? E. prefer to do sth, rather than do sth. We preferred to put the meeting off rather than hold it without adequate preparation.（四）.不定式的时态（四）.不定式的时态不定式的时态形式一般包括四种:一般式,完成式, 进行式和完成进行式 1)不定式的一般式( to do ) 一般式 表示的动作(状态)和谓语动作同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或在其后发生 They decided to hold another meeting to discuss the problem. Do you have anything to do this afternoon? null2)不定式的进行式( to be doing ) 表示不定式的动作和主句的动作同时发生 He is said to be playing a part in the film. They seem to be getting along quite well. null3)不定式的完成式(to have done) A.表示不定式中谓语动词动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前。 The novel was said to have been published. I regret to have been with you for so many years. He seemed to have finished his work. 不定式的完成式常用在be said、 be believed、 be reported, be considered, be thought、 be known、 be supposed、或seem、appear、hope, pretend等动词之后 null此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed,后也接完成式时，但要注意与一般时的区别。 I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute. 对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等） I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）nullB)表原本打算做, 但未能实现的事 I meant to have invited you to my house yesterday. They planned to have been married in May but had to put it off till June. I would like to have gone to the party, but I was too busy. 常用于这一句型的动词还有 hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/ planned…+to have done sth.nullC)用于某些情态动词的后面表示对过去事情的推断或虚拟假设.如： You must have met him yesterday. She can’t have gone to Beijing, has she? They should/ought to have come here yesterday.null4)不定式的完成进行式(to have been doing) 如果所说的动作发生于谓语动作之前,且一直在继续,则要用完成进行式 They seemed to have been talking about the problem all the afternoon.（五）. 不定式的语态（五）. 不定式的语态当一个不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式动作的承受者, 这个不定式一般要用被动形式 You are to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. He asked to be sent to work there.null不定式的被动形式在句中可作主语, 宾语, 表语, 补足语,定语,状语 . 1) 用作句子的真正主语。如： It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here . It is necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings. null2) 用作某些动词的宾语。如： He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. He hated to be flattered. 3) 用作表语。如： What I want is to be left alone. The question is what is to be done next. null4)用作宾语补足语。如： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. They didn’t expect the book to be so well received . 5)用作主语补足语。如： The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room . The date is expected to be announced before long. 。 null6)用作名词的后置定语。如： Are you going to the banquet to be given at the embassy? It will be the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers.null7) 用作状语。如： The actor is going onto the stage to be awarded. She was not old enough to be given such heavy work. It was a good thing for him to have been criticized. （表示已经发生的被动动作） 有关不定式被动结构的特殊情况有关不定式被动结构的特殊情况不定式有时用主动语态表示被动含义 1)在there be 句型中 There is no time to lose. There is something to pay attention to . 2) 当不定式修饰want, have 等动词的宾语,而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时用主动语态表示被动含义 We have no homework to do. Mary has three children to look after. null3)当不定式修饰buy, get, give 等动词的宾语,而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时用主动语态表示被动含义 Please buy me some newspapers to read. I’ll give you some novels to read on the journey. null4) 当不定式和其逻辑主语是被动关系,但不定式前有形容词时,不定式用主动语态表示被动含义(常见的: easy, hard, difficult, fit, heavy, comfortable,…) This job is hard to do. He is not easy to convince. 他不容易被说服 （六）. 不定式的其他常见句型（六）. 不定式的其他常见句型1) It is +adj+for/of sb. to do sth. It is important for us to express our opinious. It is clever of him to work out the problem. 2) It is a pleasure/pity/an honor…to do sth It is an honor to have a talk with you. 3) It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. It takes me an hour to finish the book.null4) too+adj./adv. for sb. to do sth. The book is too hard for the boy to read. 注:有时too在too…to 结构中表very I’m too glad to see you. 5) be about to do 表要发生的事，它比be going to 的时间更短更快． He was about to start. （七）.不定式的独立成分（七）.不定式的独立成分To tell the truth, to be frank (with you)(坦白对你说/老实说) , to make matter worse(更糟的是) , to be sure（不可否认）, to be exact（确切地说）， to be honest（说实话）, to put it another way（换言之）, to be brief（间言之）…. To be frank, you are lying. To make matter worse, it began to turn dark. To tell the truth, I don’t think the film is good.不定式在九个感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, find, notice, listen to, look at, observe, 三个使役动词let, have, make等后作宾补时,to要省略 null 不定式运用口诀 本领最多不定式，主表宾补定和状。 样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。 大家千万要当心，有时它把句型改， 作主宾时用“it”, 自己在后把身藏。 九个感官三使役， 宾补要把to甩开； 疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当； 逻辑主语不定式，不定式前for sb. ; to前not是否定， 各种用法区别开。二、动名词二、动名词(一).动名词的语法形式(一).动名词的语法形式动名词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化. null(二)、动名词的句法功能(二)、动名词的句法功能具有名词的特征,可充当成分: 主语 宾语 表语 定语 1. 动名词作主语1. 动名词作主语Seeing is believing. Playing chess is fun. It's no use waiting here. 动名词作主语,也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型: null1） 动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如： It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.　　 It is no use talking too much. 　　null2） 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如： 　　It is nice playing chess after supper. 　 It is useless sending him there.　null3） 动名词在“There is(was) no + doing”结构中作主语。例如： 　　There is no denying（不可否认 ）that she is very efficient.　　　2. 动名词作表语 2. 动名词作表语 动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。 The nurse's job is looking after the patients.= Looking after the patients is the nurse's job Four skills of English learning are listening, speaking, reading and writing. = listening, speaking, reading and writing are four skills of English learning .null注: 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别.在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词; 在表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式. Their job is building houses. Our task now is to increase food production.3. 动名词作定语 3. 动名词作定语 动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系. 表示名词用途 a racing car= a car that is used to race a swimming pool= a pool that is used to swim in a swimming boy= a boy who is swimming 单个现在分词作定语,放在被修饰的词语前; 现在分词短语作定语,放在被修饰的词语后; Do you know the person speaking to our boss ? The boy sitting under the tree is reading.4. 动名词作宾语 4. 动名词作宾语 1）动名词作动词宾语 ①下列动词后只能接动名词： 建议完成练习suggest, advise, finish, practise, 喜欢考虑感激enjoy, consider, appreciate, 想象原谅错过imagine, pardon, excuse, forgive, miss, 允许介意逃避allow, permit, mind, escape, avoid, delay, keep, risk, recommend, admit。 I can’t imagine marrying a girl of that sort. I recommend buying the dictionary. Will you admit having broken the window? null②有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有： 　　leave off（停止）, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, stick to, be worth, can’t stand(不能忍受 ) , can’t help . nullHe put off making a decision till he had more information. Do you feel like taking a walk? 　　null2）动名词作介词宾语 注意: 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词,不可用不定式 . Are you good at playing football? 其他介词不易错,重点是介词to .因为不定式符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语. look forward to ,devote…to, get used to, pay attention to, stick to, on one’s way to…这些短语中的to都是介词.nullI am used to watching TV in the evening. We’re so mush looking forward to seeing you again. 动名词与不定式作宾语的区别动名词与不定式作宾语的区别1)remember to do/doing记得去做/记得做过 Do remember to tell your mother. I remember telling my mother. 2)regret to do抱歉/表遗憾地(说） + doing)表后悔 I regret to say/tell I must leave tomorrow. I regret not having told her earlier. null3) mean to do/doing计划,打算做/意味着 Where do you mean to go in your vacation? Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 4) try to do/doing 尽力做/试着做 The boy tries to learn English well. The man lost the key, so he tried opening the door with a new key. 5) go on to do/doing 继续做一件与前面内容不同的事/ 继续做一件与前面内容一致的事nullShe waved to me and went on painting. The old man read a poem, then went on to tell a story. 6) forget to do/doing 忘了要做某事/忘了做过某事 She forgot to bring the purse with her. She forgot bringing the purse with her.null7) stop to do/doing 停下来做另一件事/停止做某事 After riding a bike for an hour, I stopped to walk. They talked loudly. I told them to stop talking. 8) like/love/hate to do/doing 做具体的事情/表习惯 I like reading but I hate to read on Sunday. The boy hates getting up late, but he likes to get up late when he is free. （三）. 动名词的复合结构（三）. 动名词的复合结构动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语 Do you mind my reading your paper? Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Rose’s going won’t be of much help. null如果动名词的复合结构不是句子主语，这个结构常用名词普通格或人称代词宾格 I don’t mind Jack (him) going. She hates young people (them) smoking.null动名词有两种时态 A. 动名词的一般式 (doing ) 通常表示一般性的动作或与谓语同时发生 I am used to watching TV in the evening. They are interested in climbing mountains.（四）. 动名词的时态nullB.动名词的完成式 (having done) 动名词的动作在谓语动作之前发生常用动名词的完成式 She regret not having studied the computer hard. He didn’t mention having met me.（五）. 动名词的语态（五）. 动名词的语态当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是动名词动作的承受者, 这个动名词一般要用被动形式 1. 用作句子的主语。如： His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.主人对他的冷漠使他更加不舒服。 So being killed by sharks was a common occurrence.因此被鲨鱼吃掉是经常发生的事。 null2. 用作动词宾语或介词宾语。如： He didn’t mind being left at home. She couldn’t bear being made fun of like that. We congratulated him on his being admitted to the Party. They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers. null注:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生有时需要用动名词的完成被动式(having been done) I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method. 但多数情况下避免使用动名词的完成被动式,以免句子显得累赘 （六）.动名词句型（六）.动名词句型1. It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure+ doing (1) It is no use talking too much. (2) It is no good crying. 2. It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile It is worthwhile discussing the question again. 3. There is(was) no + doing There is no knowing(不可能知道〔说清〕) what has happended. 4. There is no need/use/good/harm/hurry+ doing There is no harm pointing out his mistakes. null5. sb. spend some time (in) doing sth. I spent three weeks reading the book. 6. be worth doing sth. The book is well worth reading again. null7. want/need/require +doing(表被动含义) (1) The sick woman needs looking after. 8. on doing (hearing/seeing/returning /arriving/opening…) On hearing the news he jumped with joy. 9. have a good time /difficulty/trouble/fun/a pleasure/a hard time (in) doing sth null I have some difficulty in finding out when the train leaves. 10. be busy doing sth. Now the students are busy preparing their lessons. 11. allow, permit, advise, forbid +doing We don’t allow smoking here. He advised setting off at once.null而 allow, permit, advise, forbid sb.to do We don’t allow you to smoke here. He advised us to set off at once. null1. The man insisted________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding 2. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _______ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having高考点击null3. I really can't understand ______ her like that. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating 4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _______ the good opportunity. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lostnull5. _____ as a model worker was a great encouragement to us. A. Being elected B. His being elected C. He being elected D. He was elected 6. You can never imagine what great difficulty I had ______ your house. A. found B. finding C. to find D. having found null7. I regret ______ that I really regret _______ the work. A. to say; not to take part in B. to say; not having taken part in C. saying; not take part in D. saying; not to have taken part in 8. The little girl enjoys nothing but _______ on the Internet. A. to chat B,. chat C. chatting D. be chatting null9. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _______some schools for poor children. A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. being set up 10. Jane’s summer vacation in England led to _____ an Englishman. A. her marry B. her to marry C. her marriage with D. her marrying 三、分词三、分词现在分词与过去分词充当成分: 宾语补足语,表语, 定语, 状语.null（一）现在分词(1).现在分词的语法形式(1).现在分词的语法形式现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同. null(2)、现在分词的句法功能(2)、现在分词的句法功能具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分: 表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语 1. 现在分词作表语1. 现在分词作表语现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能.常译为”使(令) … 怎样.” 如: The news is very disappointing. His story is very moving. (Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting….)2. 现在分词作定语2. 现在分词作定语现在分词作定语, 表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成 主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句.它从以下两方面来说明中心词 A.表示动作正在进行 Don’t wake up the sleeping boy. = Don’t wake up the boy who is sleeping I don’ t know the man writing something over there. =I don’ t know the man who is writing something over there. null B.说明中心词所具有的动作功能.译成”使(令)…..如何”. When did you hear the disappointing news? = When did you hear the news that can disappoint people. 3.现在分词作宾补3.现在分词作宾补用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者或承受者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系； A.作感官动词的宾补, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel… 表示正在进行的意义 Look at the snow falling. We found them reading in the classroom. When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman. nullB. 作使役动词的宾补, 如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch…表示”使…进行/处于(某种状态)” ,强调动作或状态的持续性. Can you keep the clock going? The joke set them all laughing. The boss has them working all day long. null注意:现在分词不作make, let 的宾补 Who made him doing the work? (wrong) Who mad