化学学院2005 - 2006专业英语试题

化学学院2005－2006学年化学专业英语期末考试试 化学学院2005－2006学年化学专业英语期末考试试题 姓名 系别 班级 学号 一 二 三 总分 1、​ 把下列单词或词组译成英文 （30分） 1、银 8、氯 15、钾 2、硅 9、钛 16、铂 3、硫 10、砷 17、氖 4、铁 11、镁 18、氢 5、钙 12、氩 19、硼 6、铜 13、镍 20、锂 7、铅 14、氮 21、氢氰酸 22、氢氧化锡 23、配位共价键 24、二氧化碳 25、碱金属 26、次氯酸盐 27、滴定 28、磷酸 29、树脂 30、硫酸氢钠 31、分子式 32、三氧化二铁 33、电解质 34、阴离子 35、给予体 36、键能 37、中子 38、催化剂 39、电离（名词） 40、水溶液 41、螯合物 42、稀土元素 43、无机化合物 44、共轭酸 45、正离子 46、质子 47、中和（名词） 48、惰性气体 49、离解（名词） 50、还原（动词） 51、置换（名词） 52、亲电试剂 53、氧化（名词） 54、水合氢离子 55、腐蚀（名词） 56、共用电子对 57、逆反应 58、溶解度 59、同位素 60、晶体 2、​ 把下列句子译成英文 （20分） 1、硫酸中的两个氢原子可以被钠和钾分别取代得到混盐NaKSO4。 2、在通常条件下，VA和VIA族较重的元素不生成简单的双原子分子。 3、酸中的氢和碱中的氢氧根结合形成了水分子。 4、碱金属是非常活泼的金属，在自然界它们从未以元素状态被发现过。 5、氮和氢的混合物在反应中形成了氨。 3、​ 把下列短文译成汉语（50分） The conjugate base of a strong acid will be a weak base, and the conjugate base of a weak acid will be a strong base. Moreover, the stronger the acid, the weaker will be its conjugate base and vice versa. As examples of this principle consider the following: 1.​ The chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, nitrate ion, and perchlorate ion are all conjugated bases of very strong acid and, thus, all are very weak bases. In aqueous solution these anions have virtually no affinity for protons and exist as simple solvated ion. 2.​ The hydroxide ion is the conjugate base of water; water is a very weak acid. The hydroxide ion is therefore a strong base. It is, as we have said, the strongest base that can exist in aqueous solutions. 3.​ The acetate ion is the conjugate base of the weak acid, acetic acid. As a result, the acetate ion is a moderately strong base. Central to the ideas of the structure of coordination compounds is that transfer of electrons takes place between the ligands and a molecule or metal ion. In its simplest form a coordinate bond is formed by transfer of a pair of electrons from the ligand to the molecule or metal ion. Molecules or ions which act as ligands should therefore have lone pairs of electrons for donation, e.g. NH3, Cl- , C2O42- . The simplest type of coordination compound will thus be formed by a σ-bond between a ligand and a molecule or metal ion. Zinc is fairly high in the activity series. It reacts readily with acids to produce hydrogen and displaces less active metals from their salts. The action of acids on impure zinc is much more rapid than on pure zinc, since bubbles of hydrogen gas collect on the surface of pure zinc and slow down the action. If another metal is present as an impurity, the hydrogen is liberated from the surface of the contaminating metal rather than from the zinc. Let us begin by examining what happens to the total energy of two hydrogen atoms with electrons of opposite spins (自旋) when they are brought closer and closer together. When the atoms of hydrogen are relatively far apart their total energy is simply that of two isolated hydrogen atoms. As the hydrogen atoms move closer together, each nucleus increasingly attracts the other’s electron. This attraction more than compensates for the repulsive force between the two nuclei ( or the two electrons), and the result of this attraction is to lower the energy of the total system. When the two nuclei are 0.74Å apart, the most stable (lowest energy) state is obtained. This distance corresponds to the bond length for the hydrogen molecule. If the nuclei are moved closer together the repulsion of the two positive charged nuclei predominates, and the energy of the system rises.