S-L-M
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Shin-Lamedh-Mem (Arabic: ل سم S-L-M; Hebrew: םלש Š-L-M; Maltese: S-L-M; Aramaic: ܐܡܠܫ ) is
the triconsonantal root of many Semitic words, and many of those words are used as names. The root
itself translates as "whole, safe, intact".
Salam "Peace"
Arabic salām (مَﻼَﺳ ), Maltese Sliem, Hebrew Shalom (םוֹל ָשׁ), Ge'ez salām (ሰላም), Syriac šlama (
ܐܡܠܫ) are cognate Semitic terms for "peace", deriving from a Proto-Semitic *šalām-.
The word salām is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Arabic and Islamic speech and
writing. Al-Salam is one of the 99 names of God in Islam, and also a male given name in
conjunction with ʿabd. Abd Al-Salam translates to "Slave of Al-Salaam" (i.e. Slave of Allah the All-
Peacable.)
In Hebrew, the equivalent of the word is Shalom. It is also the root word of the names Solomon
(Süleyman), Selim, Selma, Salma, Salmah, Selimah, Salimah, Salome etc.
The Koine Greek New Testament text uses eirēnē (ε ρήνηἰ ) for 'peace',[1] which perhaps
[citation needed] represents Jesus saying šlama; this Greek form became the northern feminine name
Irene. In the Epistles, it often occurs alongside the usual Greek greeting chairein (χαίρειν) in the
phrase 'grace and peace'. However, comparison of the Greek Septuagint and Hebrew Masoretic Old
Testament texts shows some instances where shalom was translated instead as soteria (σωτηρια,
meaning "salvation").
Arabic, Maltese, Hebrew and Aramaic have cognate expressions meaning "peace be upon you" used
as a greeting:
Arabic as-salāmu ʿalaykum (ﻢﻜﯿﻠﻋ مﻼﺴﻟا), this expression is used to greet others and is an Arabic
equivalent of "hello". The appropriate response to such a greeting is "and upon you be
peace" (wa `alaykum as-salām).
Hebrew םכילע םולש shalom aleichem.
Maltese sliem għalikhom.
Neo-Aramaic ܟܘܠܥ ܐܡܠܫ šlama 'loukh, classically ܟܝܠܥ ܐܡܠܫ, šlāmâ ‘laik.
Examples
In Arabic:
مﻼﺳ salām "Peace"
Contents
1 Salam "Peace"
2 Examples
3 Islam "Piety, Faith"
4 History in 2nd millennium BC
5 Given names
6 Notes
مﻼﺴﻟاﻢﻜﯿﻠﻋ as-salāmu ʿalaykum "Peace be upon you"
مﻼﺳإ ʾIslām "submission, entrusting one's wholeness to
another"
ﻢﻠﺴﻣ muslim "One who submits"
ﻢﯿﻠﺴﺗ taslīm — "receiving SLM" — to receive a
salutation or becoming submitted
ﻢﻠﺴﺘﺴﻣ mustaslim — "wanting to receive SLM" — no
longer seeking opposition/conflict, the one who is
submitted
ﻢﻟﺎﺳ sālim — "subject of SLM" — its SLM, "the vase is
SLM", "the vase is whole/unbroken"
ﻢَّﻠَﺴُﻣ musāllam — "undisputed"
Christianity: in the rosary: مﻼﺴﻟاﻢﯾﺮﻣ ﺎﯾ ﻚﯿﻠﻋ as-salām
ʿalayki yā Maryam "Hail Mary".
In Hebrew:
Shalom
Mushlam (םלשומ) — Perfect
Shalem (םלש) — whole, complete
Lehashlim (םילשהל) — to complete, fill in
Leshallem (םלשל) — to pay
Tashlum (םולשת) — payment
Shillumim (םימוליש) — reparations
Lehishtallem (םלתשהל) — to be worth it, to "pay"
Absalom (םולשבא) — a personal name, literally means
"Father [of] Peace".
In Aramaic:
Shlama — Peace
Shalmuta
In Amharic:
Selam "peace"; also a common greeting
Selamta "welcome"
In Maltese:
Sliem — Peace
Sellem to greet, to salute'
In Akkadian[2]:
Salimatu "alliance"
Salimu "peace, concord"
Shalamu "to be(come) whole, safe; to recover; to succeed, prosper".
Shulmu "health, well-being"; also a common greeting
In Turkish:
Selam
"Shalom" (in blue) and
"Salām" (in green) mean "peace" in
Hebrew and Arabic respectively and
often represent a peace symbol and is
also the cover of an Israeli rap group
single called "Shalom, Salam, Peace".
"Salaam"
Islam "Piety, Faith"
The word مﻼﺳإ ʾIslām is a verbal noun derived from s-l-m, meaning "submission" (i.e. entrusting
one's wholeness to another), which may be interpreted as humility. "One who submits" is signified
by the participle ﻢﻠﺴﻣ, Muslim (fem. ﺔﻤﻠﺴﻣ, muslimah).[3]
The word is given a number of meanings in the Qur'an. In some verses (ʾāyāt), the quality of Islam
as an internal conviction is stressed: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to
Islam."[4] Other verses connect islām and dīn (usually translated as "religion"): "Today, I have
perfected your religion (dīn) for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved
Islam for your religion."[5] Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than
just a verbal affirmation of faith.[6]
History in 2nd millennium BC
In the 2nd millennium BCE, besides the Akkadian language
usage of s-l-m, and Babylonian usage, there was a specific
form of "shulmani" in the Amarna letters. A small number of
the 382-letter corpus of the letters discussed the exchange of
"peace gifts", namely greeting-gifts (Shulmani) between the
Pharaoh and the other ruler involving the letter. The
examples are Zita (Hittite prince), and Tushratta of Mitanni.
Also, Kadashman-Enlil of Babylon, (Karduniaš of the
letters).
Šalām, (shalamu) is also used in letter introductions, stating
the authors health: an example letter EA19, from Tushratta to
Pharaoh states:
"...the king of Mittani, your brother. For me all goes
well. For you may all go well."--(lines 2-4)(an 85-line
letter)[7]
Given names
See also: Arabic name
Salam (Arabic: مﻼﺳ Salām)
Salman (Arabic: نﺎﻤﻠﺳ Salmān)
Selim (Arabic: ﻢﯿﻠﺳ , originally: Salīm)
Shlomi (Hebrew: ימולש or ימלש)
Solomon, Shlomo (Hebrew: המלש )
Shlomit (Hebrew: תימולש ), Salome
Suleiman (Arabic: نﺎﻤﯿﻠﺳ Sulaymān)
Notes
1. ^ Lk 24:36; Jn 20:19,26; vide NA27 per sy.
2. ^ Huehnergard, J. (2005). A Grammar of Akkadian. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
3. ^ Entry for šlm, p. 2067, Appendix B: Semitic Roots, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English
Language, 4th ed., Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, ISBN 0-618-08230-1.
An example of the Amarna letters in
cuneiform
4. ^ Qur'an 6:125 (http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/006.qmt.html#006.125), Qur'an 61:7
(http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/061.qmt.html#061.007), Qur'an 39:22
(http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/039.qmt.html#039.022)
5. ^ Qur'an 5:3 (http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/005.qmt.html#005.003), Qur'an 3:19
(http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/003.qmt.html#003.019), Qur'an 3:83
(http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/003.qmt.html#003.083)
6. ^ See:
Qur'an 9:74 (http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/009.qmt.html#009.074), Qur'an 49:14
(http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/049.qmt.html#049.014)
L. Gardet; J. Jomier. "Islam". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
7. ^ William L. Moran. "The Amarana letters". p. 43..
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Categories: Triconsonantal roots
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