主谓一致 语法讲解

主谓一致 语法形式上要一致，即主语单复数形式与谓语要一致。 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的主语。 代词的指代一致原则，代词的指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。 主谓一致——语法形式一致 谓语动词一定用要用单数的主语情况 1)​ 单数主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。 例如： Tom is a good student. 汤姆是个好学生。 2)​ 主语是不可数名词，用动词单数。但当不可数名词前有示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 例如： There is much water in the bottle. 瓶子里有好多水。 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 去年生产了一万吨煤。3) 单个动词不定式、动名词短语作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。 例如： Helping others is her great happiness. 帮助其他人是她的最大幸福。 4)名词性从句及“疑问副词/代词 + 不定式” 作主语，谓语动词用单数。 例如： When and where we will hold the meeting is unknown. 我们何时何地举行会议还不知道。 How to work out the problem is very easy. 解决这个问题非常简单。 　　 Whether they'll go depends on the weather. 他们是否去要取决于天气的好赖。 5) much, little, a little, only a little, quite a little, much more, a great deal of, an amount of只能修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。 二、谓语动词一定用要用复数的主语情况 1) 复数主语，谓语动词用复数。 例如： They often play football on the playground. 他们经常在操场上踢足球。 2) 由两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors, pants, jeans, gloves 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 例如： My glasses are on the desk. 我的眼睛在书桌上。　 【注意】如果这类名词前用了a pair of等表示数量的名词，则谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于表示数量的名词的单复数形式。 例如： Here are some new pairs of shoes. 这里有几双新鞋。 My new pair of socks is on the bed. 我的一双新袜子在床上。 3)​ 用and或both…and连接的名词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。 例如： What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所寻求的都在这个论文中体现了出来。　 【注意】并列主语如果只有一个冠词，那么指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。 常用的固定组合有： bread and butter 奶油面包, fork and knife 一副刀叉, soap and water 肥皂水, a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子, horse and carriage 马车, time and tide 岁月, law and order 法制, the needle and thread 针线, trial and error 反复尝试, the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落。 例如： The poet and writer has come. 那个诗人兼作家来了。(同一个人) The poet and the writer have come. 诗人和作家来了。(两个人) Bread and butter is his usual breakfast. 他经常以黄油面包当早餐。 (同一个事物) Both bread and butter were sold out in that shop. 商店里的面包和黄油都卖光了。(两个事物) 　【注意】用and连接的单数主语，前面有each, every, no, many a, more than a 等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。 例如： Every boy and girl is treated in the same way. 　每个男孩和女孩都是以同样的方式对待的。 　　 Many a boy and many a girl has seen it. 很多男孩和女孩都见过这个。　 　　 In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. 在我们的国家，每个男孩和女孩都有受教育的权利。 No boy and no girl likes it. 男孩和女孩都不喜欢它。 　【注意】复数主语与each连用时，应不受each的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如： The old workers and the young each have their own tools. 青老年工人都各自有自己的工具。 4)​ both, few, a few, many, several, others作主语，或它们所修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。 例如： There are only a few people who can live to 100. 只有少数人能活到100岁。 Both of them are in my class. 他们两个都在我的班里 三、根据主语中名词的单复数而定 1) 当主语有with, as well as, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 结构跟在主语后面时，不能看作是并列主语，可以看作是插入语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。 例如： The teacher together with some students is visiting the museum. 教师和一些学生在参观博物馆。 　 Tom as well as I wants to go boating. Tom和我想去划船。 The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to high school students. 　阅读教材加上参考书对高中生是非常有益的。 　　 The woman together with her daughter and son sits on the sofa watching TV. 　 那个女人和她的儿女坐在沙发上看电视。 All but one were here just now. 刚才除了一个人都在这里了。 2) “the majority of + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。 例如： The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大部分的损坏都容易修理。 　 The majority of the students like music. 大部分学生喜欢音乐。 3) plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, most of, none of, rest of, all of, part of, a quantity of 等，后面加上可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。 例如： Most of his money is spent on computer games. 他大部分的钱化在电脑游戏上了。 Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。 There is plenty of water in the bottle. 瓶里还有好多水。 　　 There are plenty of balls in the box. 箱子里有好多球。 There is a large quantity of milk. 有很多牛奶。 4) 如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数 + of + 名词，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。 例如： Over three-quarters of the land has been reclaimed. 四分之三多的土地已经收回了。 　　 Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. 到场的三分之二的人都反对这个计划。 20% of students are boys. 20％的学生是男孩。 20% of water is fresh water. 20％的水是新鲜的。 5)​ 定语从句。关系代词who, that, which的定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。 例如： "Keep cool" is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident. “镇静”是事故发生时应当牢记的第一条原则。 【注意】在“one of +复数名词+ who/that/which”引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决于one前是否有the (only)/the very。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有，就用复数形式。　 【比较】 Jack is one of the men who were chosen to represent the company. 　Jack是被选出来的公司代表之一。 (定语从句，先行词是the men，用复数) Jack is the only one of the men who was chosen to represent the company. 　Jack是被选出来的公司代表之一。 (定语从句，先行词是the only，用单数) One of those students has passed the examination. 这些学生只有一个考试及格了。(不是定语从句，one of作主语，用单数)" 主谓一致——意义上一致一 谓语动词一定用要用单数的主语情况 1)​ 有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如news, means, works(工厂), Maths。 还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称，如economics, physics, mechanics, Mathematics, politics(“政治”的意思，如果作为“政见”的意思，则是复数含义)等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。 例如： Politics is a complicated business. 政治是一个复杂的事情。 Here is the news. 下面播送新闻。 2)​ 当one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of, a pile of, a panel of 结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。 例如： One of those students has passed the examination. 这些学生只有一个考试及格了。 A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。 A pile of books was set beside the wall. 墙边有一堆书。 3) 由“many a + 单数名词”，“more than one + 单数名词”作主语，意义虽为“许多”、“不止一个”，但谓语动词要用单数形式。 例如： More than one student has passed the examination. 不止一个学生通过了这次考试。 Many a child learns to swim before he can read. 许多孩子在认字前就学会了游泳。 Many a person has watched the movie. 许多人看过这部电影。 　【注意】“more than + 基数词＋复数名词”或“more ＋复数名词＋ than one做主语时，谓语用复数。 例如： More than twenty students are playing football on the playground. 超过20学生在操场上踢足球。 More members than one are against your plan. 不止一个成员反对你的计划。 4)“one and a half + 复数名词作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 例如： One and a half hours is enough. 一个半小时足够了。 5)数词作主语，谓语动词用单数。 例如： Nine is an odd number. 9是一个奇数。(主语是数字9) 　 【注意】如果是省略了后面的名词复数的情况，谓语动词用复数。 例如： Six were killed including a boy. 六个人被杀，其中包括一个男孩。 (主语的含义是6个人) 6)表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。 例如： Two weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 进行必要准备的时间是两个星期。 Five dollars is enough. 五美元够了。 Thirty miles is a long way to walk. 三十里地可是个不近的路程。 Three pints isn't enough to get him drunk. 三品脱还不至于把他灌醉。 7)表示国家、城市、人名、书名、报纸、杂志、格言及组织机构等的专有名词做主语时，作为整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 例如： The New York Times is reading all over the United States. 《纽约时报》的读者群遍及整个美国。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。 8)有些集体名词表示的是无生命的名词或是表示整体(如：jewellery, poetry, equipment, clothing, furniture, luggage, mankind, humanity, proletariat 等)，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 例如： Much of her jewellery was missing. 她的珠宝首饰很多都丢了。 The equipment of the lab is carried by two trucks. 实验室的设备由两辆卡车运送。 Our clothing protects us from cold. 衣服保护我们免受寒冻。 Then the furniture was moved in. 然后家具被搬进来。 二、谓语动词一定用要用复数的主语情况 1) 有些表示总体意义的集合名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词在任何情况下都用复数形式。 如people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽), clergy, clothes等。例如： Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？ The police are searching for a short dark man with a beard. 警察正在搜寻一位肤色黑、留胡子的矮个子男人。 2) a number of, quantities of, a variety of作主语，谓语动词要用复数形式。 【注意】“the number of + 名词复数”的意思是“...的数量是”，动词要用单数形式。 【注意】“a large quantity of”后面的谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致。 例如： A number of books have lent out. 许多的书都借出去了。 The number of the students is over 800. 学生的数量超过了800。 Quantities of food were on the table. 大量的食物放在桌子上。 Great quantities of fish are caught on the high sea. 在公海上捕获了大量的鱼。 There is a large quantity of milk. 有很多牛奶。 On exhibition there are a great variety of consumer goods. 展览会上由很多商品。 3) “the + 形容词”(如the poor, the rich, the young, the old, the dead, the sick, the brave 等)作主语时，通常指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。 例如： The poor are very happy, but the rich are sad. 穷人很快乐，富人悲凉。　 某种情况下如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。 例如： The departed was a good friend of her. 死者是她的一位好友。 The beautiful lives forever. 美是永存的。 三、根据主语中名词的含义而定 1) 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。 例如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee, team, group, government, union, firm, staff, public等词。 population 一词，当用作整体时，谓语动词用单数；当用其部分做主语时，谓语动词形式用复数。 例如： Her family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。 Her family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。 Her family is going to move. 她的家准备搬。 Her family are very well. 她的家人身体都很好。 The population of China is 13.6 billion and 70% of the population are peasants. 中国的人口有13.6亿，70％是农业人口。 2) 并列结构作主语时，当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一物，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语动词应该用单数形式；在and后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。 例如： Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。 The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早饭供应黄油面包。 The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黄油和面包。 四、其他特定情况 1) this kind of book=a book of this kind(这种书)，作主语，谓语用单数； this kind of men=men of this kind=these kind of men(这类人，口语中用)，但this kind of men的谓语用单数，men of this kind=these kind of men的谓语用复数。all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数。 例如： This kind of men is dangerous. 这种人很危险。 Men of this kind are dangerous. 这种人很危险。" 主谓一致——就近原则 1)​ 由连词or, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, nor, not...but等连接的并列主语，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 例如： Either you or Mary is to go. 不是你去，就是Mary去。 Either you or she is not telling the truth. 不是你就是她没讲真话。 Are neither you nor your father interested in swimming? 你和你的父亲都不喜欢游泳吗？ 　　 Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed. 　不仅开关，连那些老化了电路都已经更换了。 What I say or what I think is no business of yours. 我所说的或者我所想的与你们没关系。 【注意】反意疑问句中，由neither … nor, not only … but also, either … or, not … but, or等连结的并列主语，其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。 例如： Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? 你我都没错，对吧？ 　　 Both Tom and Ann came, didn't they? Tom和Ann都来了，是不是？　 【比较】“one or two + 复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数。 “a/an + 单数名词 + or two”作主语，谓语动词用单数。　 例如： One or two students have failed the exam. 一两个学生考试不及格。 A student or two has failed the exam. 一两个学生考试不及格。 2) 当there be, here, where 句型的主语是多个事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 例如： There is a desk and two chairs in the office. 办公室有一张桌子、两把椅子。 　 　 There are two chairs and a desk in the office. 办公室有两把椅子、一张桌子。 There is a pencil, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支铅笔、一把小刀和几本书。 　 There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。 Here is a ruler, a few pencils and some paper for you. 给你一把尺子、几只铅笔和几张纸。 代词的指代一致 1)​ 不定代词none, some, any, more, most, all等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。 例如： All is right. 一切顺利。 (all代表所有的事情，谓语动词用单数) All are present. 人都到齐了。 (all代表所有的人，谓语动词用复数) All of the work has been finished. 所有的工作都做完了。(all代表所有的事情，谓语动词用单数) All of the people have gone. 所有的人都走了。 (all代表所有的人，谓语动词用复数) 【注意】有些代词在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, 以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词(比如somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等)，或主语中含有each, every时(位于中心词前面), 谓语需用单数。 例如： Neither likes the parents of the other. 两人都不喜欢对方的父母。 Each of them has a radio. 他们每人都有收音机。 If anyone calls, tell him I'll be back later. 如果有人找我，就说我一会回来。 Everyone thinks he is the center of universe. 每个人都认为自己是宇宙的中心。 There is something wrong with his bike. 他的自行车坏了。 Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的所有东西都是物质。 Each man and each woman was praised by the teacher yesterday. 昨天每个人都受到老师表扬。 【注意】复数主语与each连用时，如果each放在主语后面，应不受each的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。 例如： We each have our own tools. 我们各自有自己的工具。 2)​ 疑问代词which, who或者“what引导的从句”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。若其所指代 的含义单数不明确，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 例如： Which is your room? 哪是你的房间？ Which are your rooms? 哪几间是你们的房间？ Who is your brother? 你的哥哥是哪个？ Who are League members? 谁是团员？ What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。 What he says doesn't agree with what he does. 他言行不一致。 What you say and think are no business of mine. 你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。(有时用单数也可以) What he bought were some books. 他所买的是几本书。(有时用单数也可以)" 3) 当句子的主语是one, 并要在句子中多次出现时，一般用第三人称单数代词来代替后面将出现的one或one's；当one在句子中泛指人时，在反意疑问句中也可用you来代替。 例如： One should never blame his friends even his friends committed some careless mistakes. 当朋友犯了疏忽的小错时不要指责朋友的过失。 One can't be too careful, can you (one)? 一个人无论怎么样小心都不为过，对不对？"