英语语法快速学习

语法结构 语法结构 虚拟语气 时态语态 非谓语 比较结构 主谓语 强调语 固定搭配 虚拟语气 条件从句 省略助动词 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 二．虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法 动词形式 时间从句 主句 与现在事实相反 动词过去式(be的过去式用were) Would (could/should/ might) +动词原形 与过去事实相反 had+动词过去分词 Would (could/should/ might) +have过去分词 1. I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him A. had known B. have known C. knew D. know 2. Bob____ with us; he would have had a good time. A. would come B came C. would have come D. had come 3. If I hadn’t attended an important meeting yesterday, I ——to see you. A will have come B would have come C have come D had come 省略if的虚拟形式 在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were，had，should等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。 (1)__________ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized 三．虚拟语气的其它用法 1 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。 在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary, essential, urgent, desirable) that…”这类句型中， It is suggested( proposed, decided, required, demanded, requested, determined) that 所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义。如：Is important that every person (should) be able to speak English.(重要的是每个人能说英语) Eg：It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。 It is requested that we should start at six o’clock. It has been arranged that we should do in the Class Six. (1). The board deemed it urgent that these files ______ right away. A. had to be printed B. should have been printed C. must be printed D. should be printed (2). It was essential that we ______ lease(租约) before the end of the month. A. sig n B. singed C. had signed D. were signing (3). It is appropriate that some time ______thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission. A. devotes to B. devoted to C. is devoted to D. be devoted to 2. 在suggest（建议）, demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望) , recommend(建议）等动词后的宾语从句中， 谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”，表示建议，要求，命令等。如： The doctor recommended that Mary (start) the health program as soon as possible.(2008-06) He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day. 他坚持他每天都要早操。 3 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。 当主语为advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词时后接表语从句，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如： My advice is that you should practice speaking English as often as possible. 我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 在It is (adj.) time (that) …; would rather that 句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气，意思是“该干某事了，时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望”。从句谓语变化不随主句谓语的变化 Eg：It is time that we did something to stop pollution.该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。 It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten.该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。 I’d rather you told me the truth. 我真希望你告诉我真相。 I’d rather I didn’t see you again.我宁愿不再见着你。 1.​ It's high time they ______ this road. A. mend B. mended C. must have mended D. will mend 2.​  It's about time people______ notice of what women did during the war. A. take B. took C. have taken D. will take 3.​  Everybody has arrived. It's time we ______ the class. A. shall start B. would start C. had started D. started 4.​ I would rather you ___ (go) with me later.07-06 Wish的用法 wish后面的从句（宾语从句），表示与事实相反的情况（现在、过去或将来），那么从句谓语形式一般为：过去式，过去完成时或would/could+动词原形 •​ I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。 •​ He wished he hadn’t said that.他希望他没讲哪样的话。 •​ I wish it would rain tomorrow if only 与 only if if 表示“只有” 着重强调only; if only表示“如果” 强调“if”的意思。 I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有闹钟响了，我才会醒来。 If only he comes early! 但愿他早点来。 时态语态 形式 时态(主动） 语态（被动） 一般 现在 am is are 、do does Am/is、are done 过去 Was were、 did Was/were +done 将来 现在 Will∕shall + do Will/shall be done 过去 Would +do Would be done 完成 现在 Have/has +done Have/has been done 过去 Had+ done Had been done 进行 现在 Am/is/are+ doing Is/are being done 过去 Was/were doing Was/were being done 将来完成 Will have done Will have been done (1).The factory recycles the waste paper. → Waste paper is recycled by the factory. (2).Tom wrote this novel. →This novel was written by Tom. (3).The price of the house has been brought down. (4).I will have been here for five years until next year. (5).The new books will have been lent for four times until next week. 非谓语 非谓语动词的种类 不定式（to do）、 动名词（ doing）、 现在分词（doing）、 过去分词（V-ed） 非谓语动词的功能 1.不定式相当于名词、形容词或副词的功能。 2.动名词相当于名词或形容词的功能。 3.现在分词相当于形容词或副词的功能。 4.过去分词相当于形容词或副词的功能。 非谓语动词在句中所作的成分 成分动词形式 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ 动名词 √ √ √ √ 现在分词 √ √ √ √ 过去分词 √ √ √ √ 常见的只接动动名做宾语的动词 1.主语 There’s no use/good/difficulty (in) doing sth. It’s no use/good/help/fun +doing sth … have difficulty /trouble in doing sth. It’s no use (bargain) any more. 常见的只接动名词作宾语的动词 2. 1 宾语 sb. +V + doing •​ 心想实践两欣赏：Mind, imagine, practise, enjoy, appreciate •​ 逃避冒险两推迟：Escape, avoid, risk, postpone, delay •​ 错过建议两饶恕：Miss, suggest, pardon, forgive •​ 承认停止有否认：Admit, quit, involve, deny •​ 忍受理解两完成：Stand, understand, complete, finish 常见的只接动名词作宾语的动词 2.2 sb.+动词短语+doing •​ 无法承受禁不住：Can’t stand, can’t help •​ 停止盼望忙放弃:Leave off ,look forward to, be busy, give up •​ 推迟反对两习惯:Put off, object to, be used to, be accustomed t •​ 值得承认欲献身:Be worth, admit to, feel like, devote to I advise waiting a few more days. 我建议再等几天。 They avoided mentioning that name.他们避免提到那个名字。 He denied having been there.他否认到过那里。 He disliked being laughed at. 他不喜欢别人笑他 I can’t understand neglecting children like that. 对孩子那样毫不经心，我不能理解 It is +adj+of/for+n/pron to do （for:当adj修饰事时 of:当adj修饰人时） e.g.1)It is difficult for some of you to give up surfing the Internet. 2)It is cruel of him to kill the cat. 表示人物主观性形容词或赞美性或批评性的形容词 用 OF •​ kind, unkind, careful, careless, good, nice, •​ polite, impolite, rude, right, wrong, thoughtful 细心的, thoughtless, •​ great, grateful, honest, dishonest, clever, wise, •​ brave, modest, lazy 评论性的形容词 用介词 for Possible , important , necessary, essential, difficult, hard, easy, useful 接动词不定式的动词 一个安排 arrange 二个决定 decide, determine 三个同意 agree, promise, undertake 四个要求 ask, beg, claim, demand 接动词不定式的动词 五个希望： desire expect hope long wish 六个打算：aim, attempt, care (dare, prepare)，intend (tend, pretend) manage, plan 七个学者：scholar—seek—choose--hope—offer--learn--afford--refuse 省略to的动词不定式 1. 使役动词 一感觉 feel 二听 hear, listen to 三使役 make, have, leT 四观察 see, watch, notice, observe (在此四组形式的动词中，在被动式中不能省略to) 省略TO的不定式 He was seen to do the homework 省略to的动词不定式 2.短语 Can not help but, do nothing (anything) but, do nothing except, had better, would rather, rather than, can not but, do nothing but Note: 如果but和 except之前的谓语动词不是do 或help，而是其他实意动词， to就不能省略。 Eg：I felt so embarrassed that I couldn’t do anything but there when I first met my present boss. A to sit B sitting C sat D sit doing/ to do做宾语 •​ 1)remember/forget/regret + to do sth. 未有体验 + doing 已有体验 •​ 2)stop to do 停下来去做（目的状语） stop doing 停下所做的事 •​ 3)go on to do:继续做另一件事 go on doing:继续做同一件事 •​ 4)try to do :=try one’s best尽力做某事 try doing:尝试做谋事 •​ 5)mean to do :想要/打算做谋事 mean doing:意思是，意味着 Doing &done 分词做状语，若句子的主语与分词所表动作有主动关系，则用现在分词；若句子的主语与分词所表动作之间有被动关系，则用过去分词。 现在分词表主动，现在分词表进行； 过去分词表被动，过去分词表完成 作表语或定语， 现在分词修饰物，过去分词修饰人； 过去分词单词作定语，修饰名词放在名词之前， 过去分词短语作定语，修饰名词放在名词之后。 分词作定语 •​ 分词前置　(前置定语） 　We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 　He is a retired worker.　他是位退休的工人 •​ 分词后置 --后置定语--(i.分词词组；ii. 个别分词如given, left； iii. 修饰不定代词 something等) There was a girl sitting there.　有个女孩坐在那里 　 This is the question given.　　 这是所给的问 　 There is nothing interesting.　 没有有趣的东西 过去分词作定语 与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 1.​  The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.　 A. have written　 B. to be written　 C. being written　 D. written →The first textbook which is written for teaching English 2.​ What‘s the language ____ in Germany?　 A. speaking　 B. spoken　 C. be spoken　 D. to speak →What's the language (which is) spoken in German? 分词作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。 generally speaking　一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从…判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration　全面看来 Eg：Judging from his face, he must be ill.　从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 　　Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作) 分词作状语 分词作状语时，起逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。 分词与句中主语形成主动关系，用现在分词； 分词与句中主语形成被动关系，用过去分词 分词作状语（分词与主句主语的关系） (1)”Can’t you read?” Mary said angrily, pointing (point) to the notice. (2) Given (give) more attention, the trees could have grown better. (3）Some of the experiments _____ in our textbook are difficult to perform. A．to describe B. be described C. describing D. described (4) Customer consider location as the first factor when…a decision about buying a house.07-12 A make B made C to make D making (5)The general manager sat there,___-to the report from the department. A to listen B listen C being listened D listening (6)They talked to him for hours,____( Try) to persuade him to change his mind. 非谓语动词用做定语 (1).Please give him something . A.eaten B. eating C. to eat D. to be eaten (2).I need a pen . A. written B. to write C. to write with D. writing with (3).The room the sea is my grandpa’s.（房子面向和海是主动关系） A. faced B. facing C. to face D. faces (4). The woman the clothes over there is my aunt.（动作发出者是the woman） A. washed B. being washed C. To wash D. washing(现在分词表主动) （5）.The bridge, in 1950,broke down in the flood. A. built B. had built C. building D. to be built （6）.Things are mighter(强大的)than things . A. seen; hearing B. seeing; heard C. to see; to hear D. seen; heard Translate the following sentences: 1.将要到站的火车是从伦敦来的。The train to arrive is from London. 2.今天晚上我还有一些家务要做。I have some housework to do tonight. 3.没有什么值得担心的。There is nothing to worry about. 4.通向我家乡的那条路非常的窄。The road leading to my hometown is very narrow. 5.在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我的同桌。The boy playing football on the playground is my deskmates. 6.昨晚被警察抓住的那个小偷被投进了监狱。The thief caught by the police last night was put into prison. 倒装句专题 英语句子按主谓排列顺序来分有正常语序和倒装语序。 正常语序的结构是“主语+谓语”， 倒装语序为谓语（或谓语的一部分）+主语。 倒装语序分为完全倒装和部分倒装两种。 •​ 完全倒装是将整个谓语移至主语前面。例如：Then comes the bus。 •​ 部分倒装是只将助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前。例如：Is she an English teacher? 一、完全倒装： 1、副词here、 there、 in、out、up 、down、 away、 back、 now、then、ahead等位于句首，当谓语动词是be、 come 、 go、 follow、 run等表示位置移动的动词，而且主语又是名词时，需要把谓语动词放主语之前，即完全倒装。 例句： Here is your letter. Ahead sat an old woman. •​ 注意: A） 此类倒装不用进行时态。 B）上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词， 如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 2. 充当地点状语的介词短语放句首，全倒。 In a lecture hall of a university sits a professor 典型例题 1.--Let's hurry. Listen! There _gose the bell_.（主语是名词bell，全倒） --Oh，yes. Has the teacher come yet? --Look! Here he comes.（here放在句首，谓语动词也是come，但主语不是名词，是人称代词） A． the bell goes， is he coming B. goes the bell， he comes C． the bell is going， he is coming D. goes the bell， comes he 二、部分倒装： 指将谓语的一部分（如助动词、系动词或情态动词）倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词等，则需添加助动词 do、does 或 did ，并将其置于主语之前。 ▲（一）具有否定意义的副词放句首：　 not， never， seldom， hardly， rarely， little， scarely， few… 例句： 1）Never have I seen such a performance. 2）Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 否定副词+ 助动词+主语+实意动词+其他 典型例题: 1. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life___ so happy!(2000，spring) A. did I feel   B. I feel    C. I had felt   D. had I felt 2. The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once __with each other.(2003) A. they had quarreled B. they have quarreled C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled ▲（二）含有否定意义的连词放句首: not only…but also..， neither.. nor..， no sooner…than..，scarely.. than..， hardly.. when..， not until... 注意： 1） not until 引出主从复合句， 主句倒装，从句不倒装。（后面不能有not） 2） not only， no sooner，hardly，scarely要倒， but (also)，than， when后面句子不倒。前倒后不倒（“no sooner…than…,一…就…”前面动作先于后面动作，注意时态） 3）neither...nor.. 两部分都倒装。 典型例题 （1）Not until all the fish died in the river __ how serious pollution was. A. did the villagers realize  B. the villagers realized C. the villagers did realize D. didn’t the villagers realize （2）Not only _ _ interested in football but _ beginning to show an interest in it. A. the teacher himself is， all his students are B. the teacher himself is， are all his students C. is the teacher himself， are all his students D. is the teacher himself， all his students are （3） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know （4） No sooner ___ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun （5） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted. A. didn't I reali B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize （三） 含有否定意义的介词放句首： by no means\in no time\ in no case\on no account\under no circumstances... 典型例题　 Why can‘t I smoke here? \At no time ___ in the meeting-room. A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permitted （四）so， neither， nor 作部分倒装 表示 “ 也 ” 、 “ 也不 ” 的句子要部分倒装。　　　　 例句:1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 2) If you won't go， neither will I. 典型例题 ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? ---I don't know， _____. A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also 注意：当 so 引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为 “ 的确如此 ” 。 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. ---It's raining hard. ---So it is. 典型例题 （1）. ---You forget your purse when you went out.    ---Good heavens（表肯定），_______.(2002) A . so did I  B . so I did    C . I did so     D. I so did （2）. ---David has made great progress recently.   ---_______， and________.(1997) A. So he has， so you have  B. So he has（他的确如此）， so have you(你也是) C. So has he， so have you  D. So has he， so you have ▲（五）only 引导状语放句首要倒装的情况 -- Only in this way，can you learn English well. -- Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 　 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 。 -- Only when he is seriously ill， does he ever stay in bed. 典型例题 （1）.--- ____can you expect to get a pay rise.(2001) A. With hard work B. Although work hard C. Only with hard work  D. Now that he works hard （2）.--- Only in this way_ _to make improvement in the operating system.(2003) A. you can hope B. you did more C. can you hope D. did you ho（六）as， though 引导的倒装句 as / though 引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词 、 副词 、分词 、 实义动词提前）。 例句： ---Try hard as he will， he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意 : 1、句首名词不能带任何冠词。 2、句首是实义动词 ， 其他助动词放在 主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 3、让步状语从句中，有 though、 although时，后面的主句不能有 but ，但是 though 和 yet 可连用。 典型例题 ： （1）​ .--- ______，he knows a lot of things. A. The child as he is   B. Child as he is C. A child as he is  D. Child he as is ▲(2). --- _____，I have never seen anyone who's as capable (有能力）as John.(2001) A. As long as I have traveled  B. Now that I have traveled C. Much as I have traveled    D. As I have travled so much （八）其他部分倒装 ▲ (1) so ..that..， such ..that..的句子结构中，若so，such 和与其所修饰的词置于句首，实行部分倒装。 e.g --- So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 典型例题 So difficult____it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.(2001) A. I have felt  B. have I felt C. I did feel  D. did I feel 主谓一致 (1). Not only I but also Jane and Mary _____ tired of having one examination after another. A. is B. are C. am D. be (2). A library with five thousand books ___to the nation as a gift. A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered (3). When and where to build the new factory ___ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided (4). The number of people invited ___fifty, but a number of them ___ absent for different reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were (5). E-mail, as well as telephones, ___ an important part in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play (6). ____ of the land in that district ____ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are ▲就近一致原则 由or , either …or, neither…nor, not only…but also 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常和靠近的作主语的名词有单复数上保持一致。 Not only he but also I am invited. Neither my gloves nor my hat goes with the dress. 但注意： “with / along with / together with / including / but / except / like / among / as well as / no more than / besides / rather than +名词”置于主语后，谓语动词一般仍和前面的名词在单复数上保持一致。 The teacher with a number of students is in the classroom 并列主语中谓语应与哪个保持一致 ？ 1. You or he _______ to blame．你或他有一人要受责备。 2. _______ you or he to blame? 受责备的是你还是他？ A．is，Is B．are，Are C．is，Are D． are，Is 在通常情况下，两个并列主语由or，either…or，neither…nor，not…but，not only…but（also）等连接时，其谓语通常与第二个主语（即临近的一个主语）保持一致，但是，在疑问句中则通常与第一个主语（即临近的一个主语）保持一致。 (1)．One or two days ____ enough to see the city． A．is B．are C．am D．be (2)．Neither my wife nor I myself ____ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind． A．is B．are C．am D．be (3)．Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another． A．is B．are C．am D．be (4)．Not the teacher，but the students ____ looking forward to seeing the film． A．is B．are C．am D．be 下列结构的谓语应与哪个主语保持一致？ A library with five thousand books ____ to the nation as a gift． A．is offered B．has offered C．are offered D．have offered 用连词and连接的两个并列主语，其谓语要用复数，但是若主语跟有with, like, but, except, besides, including, together with, along with, as well as, more than, no less than, rather than等连接的另一个名词，其谓语通常要与前面一个主语保持一致。 1．Nobody but Betty and Mary ____ late for class yesterday． A．was B．were C．has been D．have been 2．A woman with some children ____ soon． A．is coming B．are coming C．has come D．have come 3．No one except my parents ____ anything about this。 A．know B．knows C．is known D．are known 4．The teacher as well as the students ____ the book already． A．has read B．have read C．are reading D．is reading 5．All but one ____ in the accident． A．was killed B．were killed C．will be killed D．are killed 关系代词用法归纳 先行词指代对象 在句中 作成份 人 事物 人加事物 是否可省略 做主语 Who That Which that that 不可 作宾语 Who(m) that Which that that 可以 作定语 whose Whose Of which 不可 (1).Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） (2).He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） (3).They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 (4).Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　 请递给我那本绿皮的。 独立主格结构 （一）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （二） 独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3)​ 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开 名词（代词）+过去分词 The test finished, we began our holiday. =  when the test was finished, we began our holiday. 　考试结束了，我们开始放假。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. =If more time was given,…….. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。 名词（代词）+现在分词 (1).weather permitting, we are going to visit you  tomorrow.== If the weather permits,…… 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 (2).The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 (3).We went swimming in the river. A The day being very hot B It was a very hot day, C The day was very hot D Being a very hot day 反意疑问句 陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分　 ought to（肯定的 shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语 have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主语(didn't +主语) used to didn‘t +主语 或 usedn't +主语 had better + v. hadn't you would rather + v. you'd like to + v wouldn't+主语 省去主语的祈使句　　　　 Let's 开头的祈使句　 Let us 开头的祈使句　　　 will you？ Shall we? Will you? Don’t forget to post the letter, will you ？ Let’s phone her now, shall we? 我们现在就给她打电话，好吗? Let’s go to the cinema tonight, shall we? Let us know your address, will you? 请把你的地址告诉我们，好吗?