德国留学APS审核英语专业复习资料-语言类中英文对照2015版本

语言类：英语笔译，英语口译，英语写作，高级英语，综合英语，英语视听说，基础英语，英语听力，英语口语，商务英语，商务英语阅读、商务沟通、商务英语写作，专业英语，英语国家概况 英语笔译： Introduction to Translation In this unit, students are expected to learn the definition of translation; the scope of translation; translation criteria; literal translation and free translation. Ⅰ. What Is Translation? Linguistic view on translation:Translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language). ”  (Catford, 1965:20) Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.                      (Nida & Taber 1969:12)所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最贴切而又自然的对等语再现原文的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。 (E. A 奈达, 1969) Communicative views on translation: This approach views translation as a communicative process which takes place within a social context. The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced by the original on the source language readers. (Newmark, 1982:22) 翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换的活动，其本质是传播。 （吕俊，1997） 【例】 She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth, and can do what she likes. She is really a lucky dog.她生长在富贵之家，凡事都可以随心所欲，真是个幸运儿。 Every dog has its day.  人人皆有得意日 a lucky dog 幸运儿Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌help a dog over a stilt助人度过难关 as faithful as a dog 形容人的忠诚 Ⅱ. Scope of Translation 1.按语言分类： 语内翻译（intralingual translation）语际翻译（interlingual translation） 2. 按活动形式分类： 笔译（translation） 口译（oral interpretation）： 交替传译（consecutive translation） 和同声传译（simultaneous translation） 3. 按翻译材料的文体分类： 应用文体翻译 科技文体翻译 论述文体翻译新闻文体翻译 艺术文体翻译 4. 按处理方式分类：全译 节译 编译 Ⅲ. Translation Criteria 严复(1853---1921): Triple Principle of Translation 信 (faithfulness):忠实准确 达 (expressiveness):通顺流畅 雅 (elegance):文字古雅 By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean being faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only  easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language. Criteria in the West Alexander Fraser Tytler, (1747-1814)the famous English scholar proposed the three principles of translation： （1）A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. （译文应完全复写出原作的思想） （2）The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. (译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同) （3）A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (译文应和原作同样流畅) Ⅳ.  Translation Strategies 1. Literal translation or free translation? In the practice of translation, we may find that now and then some words in their usual senses are very difficult to deal with because of the disparity between the English and the Chinese languages. In this case, we have to resort to some special means of translation. Literal translation and free translation are two alternative approaches to tackle this problem. 1）直译：在基本保持原文的语言形式（词语、句子结构、修辞手法等）的同时，完整而准确地把意思表达出来，且译文流利晓畅。直译是不同于硬译、死译的重要翻译之一。 2）意译：为了完整而准确地把意思表达出来，抛弃原文的语言形式，按译入语的习惯重新遣词造句。意译是不同于乱译的重要翻译方法之一。 无论直译、意译，都要符合“忠实、通顺”的（许渊冲 1984:5）。 当译文的形式和原文的形式一致的时候，就无所谓直译、意译。e.g. Disaster never come single. “祸不单行”，内容和形式都忠实于原文，既可以说是直译也可以说是意译。 当译文的形式和原文的形式不一致的时候，就有直译或意译的问题，而且直译可以有程度不同的直译，意译也可以有程度不同的意译。 e.g. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago. 进入21世纪，麦当劳的反对团体由集合到一面共同的旗帜之下—— 反对全球化。 Upon the entering of 21 century, the anti-Macdonald’s groups have again rallied under a common banner of anti-globalization. （采用直译、生动形象，且意思完全可以为英语读者接受） 2. Foreignizing Translation(异化翻译) and Domesticating Translation(归化翻译) While literal translation and free transaltion mainly deal with linguistic reproduction, foreignizing translation and domesticating translation are concerned more with cultural, linguistic and aesthetic considerations. Foreignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. 异化译法是偏离民族主义的，对译入语文化价值施加压力，使其关注外语文本的语言和文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，体验外国人的阅读感受（Venuti 1995:20）。 换言之，异化译法要求译者向原文作者靠拢，采取原文作者使用的表达方式传达原文的内容。 e.g. to kill two birds with one stone:一石二鸟 继续阅读