电动汽车充电标准

1©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. The standardization of electric mobility towards CO2 Reduction 3 September, 2010 Hiroyuki Aoki Tokyo Electric Power Company CHAdeMO Association ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 2 Contents 1. TEPCO’s CO2 emission and voluntary target for reduction 2. CHAdeMO Association – for EV dissemination 3. CHAdeMO’s advantage 4. Our Experience 5. Summary 3©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. TEPCO’s CO2 emission and voluntary target for reduction ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 4 TEPCO’s vision for emission reduction „ TEPCO is the largest utility in Japan „ “Contribution to low-carbon economy” is the most important business challenge „ TEPCO is the largest utility in Japan „ “Contribution to low-carbon economy” is the most important business challenge TEPCO’s emission in Japan (FY2007) Source : TEPCO sustainability report 2009 10% 22% 68% TEPCO Other power companies Other industories ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 5 Source : IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2009Edition, Energy Balances of NON-OECD Countries 2009Edition Comparison of CO2 emission intensity in FY 2007 0.95 0.82 0.56 0.51 0.5 0.43 0.425 0.42 0.21 0.08 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 IND IA CH INA US GE RM AN Y EN GL AN D JA PA N TE PC O ITA LY CA NA DA FR AN CE k g - C O 2 / k W h 0.33 kg-CO2/kWh by FY20200.33 kg-CO2/kWh by FY2020 TEPCO’s voluntary target for CO2 intensity 0.33 ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 6 TEPCO’s activities towards low carbon economy „ Demand side activities „ EV development and dissemination „ Demand side activities „ EV development and dissemination The achievement of our target 0.33kg-CO2/kWh by 2020 The achievement of our target 0.33kg-CO2/kWh by 2020 CO2 emission reduction in transport sector CO2 emission reduction in transport sector Low carbon economyLow carbon economy „ Supply side activities „ High efficiency, low carbon power generation „ Supply side activities „ High efficiency, low carbon power generation ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 7 EV’s potential for CO2 reduction (1) „ EV has large potential for CO2 reduction„ EV has large potential for CO2 reduction 330 1208 0 500 1000 1500 EV (light) Gasoline Vehicle (light) kg-CO2 CO2 reduction effect by EV (when a light vehicle travels 10,000km) 75% reduction -Light vehicle gasoline mileage 19.2km/l (Japan Mini vehicle Association) -EV mileage 10km/kWh (target value of joint EV development by TEPCO and automobile manufacturers) CO2 emission intensity -Gasoline 2.32 kg-CO2/l (Ministry of the Environment, "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculation and Reporting Manual") -Electricity 0.33kg-CO2/kWh (FY2020 prospect value established by electric power companies) ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 8 235 184 100 150 200 250 300 2008 Actual Result Estimation 100% EV M i l l i o n t o n EV’s potential for CO2 reduction (2) Estimation of CO2 emission reduction in transport sector (If 100% of passenger vehicles were EV) ▼ 21.4% -All estimation is based on 2008 number -Total number of passenger vehicles is 57.5 million units in 2008 Source : Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association -Annual CO2 reduction by one EV is 0.876t - CO2 Source : Same estimation condition as previous slide -Annual CO2 emission in transport sector is 235 million ton in FY2008 Source : Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Estimated reduction in transport sector is 21%Estimated reduction in transport sector is 21% 9©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. CHAdeMO Association - for EV dissemination ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 10 CHAdeMO Association „ Standardization of charging infrastructure is essential for EV dissemination „ CHAdeMO Association was established in March 2010 to promote standardization of quick charging infrastructure „ Standardization of charging infrastructure is essential for EV dissemination „ CHAdeMO Association was established in March 2010 to promote standardization of quick charging infrastructure DC Quick Charger ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 11 CHAdeMO members in Europe „ Auto maker „ PSA/CITROEN(FRA) „ THINK(NOR) „ Charger maker „ ABB(CHE) „ BOSCH(DEU) „ SGTE(FRA) „ EPYON(NLD) „ efacec(POL) „ Power company „ ALPIQ(CHE) „ ENEL(ITA) „ ENDESA(ESP) „ ESB(IRL) „ Auto maker „ PSA/CITROEN(FRA) „ THINK(NOR) „ Charger maker „ ABB(CHE) „ BOSCH(DEU) „ SGTE(FRA) „ EPYON(NLD) „ efacec(POL) „ Power company „ ALPIQ(CHE) „ ENEL(ITA) „ ENDESA(ESP) „ ESB(IRL) ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 12 CHAdeMO members in North America „ Charger maker „ Aker Wade „ Aero Vironment „ ETEC „ Power company „ NRG „ PGE „ PG&E „ Hydro Quebec „ Portland General Electric ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 13 Normal AC and quick DC combinationNormal AC and quick DC combination Charging Speed Quick Slow Public Private/Office × People cannot wait for hours. Charging speed is most important. Location Cost is most important since number of equipments is large. 14©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. CHAdeMO’s advantage ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 15 „Safety „No impact on battery lifetime „No impact on power grid „Total cost is reasonable (Vehicle & Infrastructure) „EV and quick charger are already available in the market „Safety „No impact on battery lifetime „No impact on power grid „Total cost is reasonable (Vehicle & Infrastructure) „EV and quick charger are already available in the market CHAdeMO’s advantage ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 16 Safety Charger EV Charging Safety condition OK OK START / CONTINUE OK NG NOT STARTING / STOP NG OK NOT STARTING / STOP „ CHAdeMO protocol controls charging process „ Single failure never violate safety „ CHAdeMO protocol controls charging process „ Single failure never violate safety ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 17 signal CHAdeMO Protocol Current Connector „ CHAdeMO protocol controls charging process „ EV decides optimal charging current base on its battery condition „ Battery never damaged by charging „ CHAdeMO protocol controls charging process „ EV decides optimal charging current base on its battery condition „ Battery never damaged by charging Master Slave No impact on battery life time ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 18 6.6kV 200 V22kV No impact on power grid Capacity is small (2.5-4kW) No impact on grid 30-50kW Quick charger (DC) Normal charger (AC) Public area Private area Many EVs under distribution system No impact on grid Capacity is large (50kW) Under high voltage system ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 19 6.6kV 200 V22kV Capacity is small (2.5-4kW) No impact on grid 30-50kW Quick charger (DC) Normal charger (AC) Public area Private area Many EVs under distribution system No impact on grid Capacity is large (50kW) Under high voltage system Total cost is reasonable (1) No additional repair required on power gridNo additional repair required on power grid ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 20 DC quick charger „Large capacity (50kW) „Expensive ($25,000) DC quick charger „Large capacity (50kW) „Expensive ($25,000) Total cost is reasonable (2) AC normal charger „Small capacity (2.5-4kW) „Cheap ($50) AC normal charger „Small capacity (2.5-4kW) „Cheap ($50) Total cost can be minimizedTotal cost can be minimized Reduce capacity Share ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 21 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 3φ400V Quick charging (50kW) Battery Swap C o s t ( M $ ) Vehicle cost Infra cont Total cost is reasonable (3) Type of charging Number of units 3φ 400V 5,000 units Quick charging 5,000 units Battery swap 5,000 units Cost comparison of quick charging equipment (Vehicle + Infra) -Based on one million units of EV -Condition of charger is as follows More reasonable than other systemsMore reasonable than other systems ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 22 Plug in Stella (SUBARU) iMiEV (MItsubishi) LEAF (Nissan) Driving range 90km 160km 160km Charging time Normal charging 5 hours (100%) 7 hours (100%) 8 hours (100%) Quick charging 15 min (80%) 30 min (80%) 30 min (80%) Charging current 15A 15A 15A Battery Type Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Total energy 9kWh 16kWh 24kWh Motor Max. Output 47kW 47kW 80kW Max speed 110km/h 130km/h 140km/h Price - ¥2,840k (In Japanese market with government subsidy) ¥2,990k (In Japanese market with government subsidy) Source : From each manufacturer Available EV in the market ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 23 For public use 25ｋｍ 50ｋｍ For private use Existing quick chargers Locations are on Google Map Search key is “CHAdeMo” Greater Tokyo Area 254 chargers in Japan 153 chargers in TEPCO’s area Figures for 20 August 2010 24©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. Our Experience Findings from experimental EV implementation to TEPCO branch office from 2007 to 2008 ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 25 15km From our experience (1) 8km „Monthly drive mileage was 203km before the quick charger installation (October 2007) „Monthly drive mileage was 203km before the quick charger installation (October 2007) TEPCO Branch office Service area ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 26 „Monthly drive mileage was 1,472km after the quick charger installation (July 2008) „Monthly drive mileage was 1,472km after the quick charger installation (July 2008) Quick charger relieves drivers range anxietyQuick charger relieves drivers range anxiety From our experience (2) TEPCO Branch office ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 27 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 電池残量（％） 頻 度 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 電池残量（％） 頻 度 SOC (%) F r e q u e n c y Battery SOC were higher than 50% Battery SOC were less than 50% October 2007 July 2008 SOC (%) F r e q u e n c y After another Quick Charger installed „ Drivers feel easy because they can recharge whenever they need „ Drivers use quick charger only a few times per month „ Drivers feel easy because they can recharge whenever they need „ Drivers use quick charger only a few times per month „ SOC (State Of Charge) distribution when EV came back to the office„ SOC (State Of Charge) distribution when EV came back to the office From our experience (3) ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 28 Summary „ TEPCO can contribute to realize low-carbon economy with action not only in supply side but also demand side „ EV’s large potential to reduce CO2 emission „ CHAdeMO Association was established to promote standardization of quick charging infrastructure „ CHAdeMO’s DC quick charger has wide range of advantages „ Even small number of quick chargers relieves driver’s range anxiety „ TEPCO can contribute to realize low-carbon economy with action not only in supply side but also demand side „ EV’s large potential to reduce CO2 emission „ CHAdeMO Association was established to promote standardization of quick charging infrastructure „ CHAdeMO’s DC quick charger has wide range of advantages „ Even small number of quick chargers relieves driver’s range anxiety ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 29 Ref. EV’s potential for CO2 reduction „ Total number of passenger vehicles is 57.5 million units in 2008 „ Annual CO2 reduction by one EV is 0.876t - CO2 „ Annual CO2 emission in transport sector is 235 million ton in FY2008 „ If all passenger vehicles were EV, emission reduction is 0.876t * 57.5 million = 50.4 million ton „ Emission reduction is 50.4/235= 21.4% „ Total number of passenger vehicles is 57.5 million units in 2008 „ Annual CO2 reduction by one EV is 0.876t - CO2 „ Annual CO2 emission in transport sector is 235 million ton in FY2008 „ If all passenger vehicles were EV, emission reduction is 0.876t * 57.5 million = 50.4 million ton „ Emission reduction is 50.4/235= 21.4% ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 30 Target charging time 5 minutes for 40km driving range 10 minutes for 60km driving range Depend on battery performance Specifications -Type: Switching type constant current power supply - Input: 3-phase 200V (200~430V) - Output power: 50kW (10~100kW) - Maximum DC output Voltage: 500V - Output current: 125A (20~200A) Price $20,000~$25,000 Ref. Specification of DC Quick Charger ©2010 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 31 Ref. CHAdeMO proposing DC Connector - Maximum current: 200A - Getting feedback from field use, the design is improving. - Detail dimension of interface geometry is open to public, then any maker can fabricate compatible connector. コンボコネクタ（欧） The standardization of electric mobility�towards CO2 Reduction スライド番号 2 TEPCO’s CO2 emission �and �voluntary target for reduction スライド番号 4 スライド番号 5 スライド番号 6 スライド番号 7 スライド番号 8 CHAdeMO Association�- for EV dissemination スライド番号 10 スライド番号 11 スライド番号 12 Normal AC and quick DC combination CHAdeMO’s advantage スライド番号 15 スライド番号 16 スライド番号 17 スライド番号 18 スライド番号 19 スライド番号 20 Total cost is reasonable (3) スライド番号 22 Existing quick chargers Our Experience��Findings from experimental EV implementation� to TEPCO branch office from 2007 to 2008 スライド番号 25 スライド番号 26 スライド番号 27 スライド番号 28 スライド番号 29 スライド番号 30 スライド番号 31