英语科技论文常用句型结构

英语科技论文常用句型结构 2.6.1 达不同功能的常用句型 1)定义 定义是对一事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵与外延的确切简要的说明,常见的表达方式和句型有: The term macromolecule(means … 、sinnifies ... is considered to be … 、is taken to be … 、refers to …) (In this article、In this paper、In this essay、In this context、In computer science、For this purpose) network (will be taken to mean … 、will be used in the 、will be considered to be …、will refer to … 、will be used in…) 为了说明上述表达方式的用法,现举例如下: Paradigm refers to models of inquiry that guides scientific work. 在对某些事物进行定义时,还可使用以下固定形式。 (the words to be defined) is a kind of (class) which (distinguishing features) 从以上例子中可以看出,一般定义的组成部分是:概念+属性+种差,例如: A solar cell(概念)is a device(属性)which converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy(种差)。 2)分类 在科技论文中,作者有时需要对描述、说明的对象按其性质、大小、作用等分成若干种类,然后依次阐述。常见的表达分类的句型有: (break down 、divide 、subdivide 、be classified)+ … (总体) +into/as …(部分) 具体用法举例如下: · Classification breaks down the general topic into its related parts in a logical way. ·This classification system divided carbides into two distinct categories. · Substances can/may be classified as gases, liquids and solids. The models (fall into、can be divided into、may be classified into、are of) two(major 、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad) There are two(major、general(groups、classes of … 、categories)、broad) Two(major、general (groups、classes、categories)、broad) There are two (major 、general (groups、classes、categories)、broad) of… 3)比例关系 常见表达比例关系的句型有: · Most objects are big in proportion to the size of an atom but small in proportion to the size of the sun. ·The ration between students of science to students of engineering is 3:2. ·There is a relationship between the cross-sectional area of a rope and its strength. Its strength is directly proportional to its cross-sectional area. · Pressure is inversely proportional to volume. · Air and fuel are mixed in a proportion of 15 to 1. · Three colours: red, green and blue will, if they are mixed together in the right proportion, give us white light. ·Ion the final printed version, graphs and diagrams are usually reduced in scale by a factor of two or three. · The model is made to scale. ·As the demand for power increases, the supply is proportionally increased. · A good coolant is formed by mixing water and soluble oil in a ratio of 10:1 to 20:1. ·The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force acting on it. · Intensity of an electric field is relative to current. · The density of air varies directly as the pressure, with temperature being constant. · The electric current varies directly with the voltage. · The resultant modulated wave has the same frequency as the carrier, but the carrier wave amplitude varies in direct relation to the modulating wave. 4)用途和功能 常见表达用途和功能的句型有: · Definitions as given here apply only to the subject treated in this standard. · To some extent these methods are only applicable to long series of production. ·Although both the planer and the shaper are adapted to the machining of flat surfaces, they differ widely in construction and in method of operation. ·While these methods are correct, they are not adaptable to the viscous flow problem. · Orbital and planetary cutting machines are particularly useful for cutting off tubular work. ·The binary scale is perfectly used for the “off-on” pulses of electricity. · This two-body approximation holds for the motion of planets about the sun. ·These motors are fit for machines requiring constant-torque and adjustable speed. · Filmcrotrons can fit into smaller, flatter places. · This method is not fitted to the operation. · Rimmed steels are more suitable for drawing and forming. · V belts are well suited for short-centre drives. · Solenoid valves lend themselves readily to multiple porting. 5)行为与结果 常见表达行为与结果句型有: This(causes…、gives rise to…、leads to…、results in…、brings about…) The result obtained(agrees with…、is in agreement with…、is in line with…、is consistent with…、fits into…) · The burning match is inverted, and as a result the flame becomes bigger. ·Gases and solids sometimes dissolve in liquids to form solutions, thereby forming solutions. ·As a result of combustion of coal, carbon dioxide is given off. 6)目的 科技论文中,常常要提及研究工作或实验的目的,常用的句型有: The (chief aim、main purpose、primary、object of the experiment is…、major objective、principal goal) The experiment been conducted(in the hope(of… 、that…)、with a view to (do)… 、in order to (do) … 、to the end that … 、so that…) Performing the study we (hope、intend to (do)… 、expect) ·To obtain better reception, an aerial should be filtered. ·To find the required radio station, the tuner should be turned. ·This article aims at discussing new developments in component material and techniques. ·The designer aims to prevent turbulent steam flow through the turbine nozzle. ·It is the aim of particular branches of production engineering to create the desired state of machined components. · The experiment was designed to test the new drug. · The experiment is intend to show that different materials conduct heat at different speeds. 7)问题的相关性 常见表达问题的相关性句型有: This is a problem(concerned with… 、concerning… 、related to… 、relating to … 、bearing on … 、dealing with…) ·A secondary mechanism for thermal conduction in solids is associated with lattice vibrations. ·It is obv ious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its industry and agriculture. · The operator’s knowledge is mainly concerned with the hardware and not with the software. ·Inorganic chemistry is linked closely to geology, mineralogy, and metallurgy; organic chemistry to physiology, biochemistry, and biology in general. · Both that transfer and boundary layers are strongly dependent on the nozzle shape and size. · The density of a soil is directly related to its bearing capability. · Units of mass and weigh are relative to/ relevant to the choice of a standard weight. · Today one of the chief uses is in connection with “ethyl gasoline”. · Magnetic properties of metal have to do with reactions to magnetic or electric forces. 8)举例 常见表达举例的句型有: · This can be illustrated by… ·A specific case can be provided to show… ·An example of this involves… · This can be demonstrated the through… ·Another typical example is… ·One example will suffice… 9)状态的转换或变化 常见表达状态的转换或变化句型有: (change 、transfer 、convert 、transform 、translate )…(变化前)(to、into) (变化后) · The silicon controlled rectifier is able to change alternating current to direct current. · The analog-to-digital converter is a device which changes an analog quantity into a digital quantity, such as voltage to a decimal or binary quantity. · The sine-cosine potentiometer is especially used to transform polar coordinates into rectangular coordinates. · A cam is used for transforming rotation motion into reciprocating motion. 10)比较 常见表达比较的短语有:as a comparison, by comparison, by contrast, in contrast, by way of contrast等。如: ·Now compare the work done lifting the car with the work done puling it up the inclined plane. ·The arithmetic-logical unit is also responsible for choosing and comparing the appropriate information with a program. ·By comparison, very little is known about the internal structure of the earth. 比较这个功能范畴所含的内容,还可再细分为以下几种小的类型: I. 区分 · The object of this experiment is to separate a solid from the fluid. · We must distinguish sliding friction from rolling friction. ·We know one substance from another by their physical and chemical properties. One should not confuse balancing forces with forces of action and reaction. II.不同于 A be (different 、distinct from B 、distinguished) 表达A与B不同时还可用: ·Hydraulic presses differ from mechanical presses in their way of functioning. ·Nuclear power stations are distinguished from ordinary power stations only by the source of heat. · Iron unlike rubber, is a good conductor of electric current. III.相当于 · One turn of the hand-wheel is equivalent to 2 mm stroke. · For finishing electrodes, the foil thickness corresponds to the spark gap. IV.优越于 A (has 、possesses advantage over B 、offers) A优越于B还可用以下句型表达: · Synthetic rubber is in many ways superior to natural rubber. ·Thread machines are used in preference to lathes for certain threading operations. ·A. C is preferred to D. C for long-distance transmission of electricity. · Gear shaping has certain advantages over other methods. V.相似 ·Turret lathes have many features similar to those of modern engine lathes. · The testing of the HB carburetor is very similar to that of the HA carburetor. · Although the purpose of the microscope is quite different from that of the telescopes, the two instruments resemble one another in some ways. · This curve bears little resemblance to a sine curve. 11)故障 · If the separator is out of order, check and treat as required. ·There was something wrong with the instrument, they had to repeat their experiment once again. ·Because computers are man-made machines, they sometimes malfunction and have to be repaired. ·In most instances when the computer fails, it is due to human errorand is not the fault of the computer at all. · The aeroplane was forced to land thanks to engine failure. ·In case of an oil-pump failure, the moving parts will become overheated. ·Trouble develops in the engine when pressures are to high. · If there should be a power broken down, the emergency generator is switched on. 12)达到或程度 · As far as the quality is concerned, the product is (comes) up to the standard. · After repeated trials the new calculators eventually made the grade. · Certification marks are used on products to indicate that they meet (reach/attain) certain standards,or come from a certain geographic location. ·A high degree of accuracy can be achieved by cold-working the metal. · It is claimed that setting can be made to an accuracy of 0.02mm. · The aircraft is capable of reaching a speed of 800 miles per hour. 13)得到应用 · The principle finds an important application (use) in the hydraulic press. ·Continuous sand-mixers have also found their place in high production core-making. · Having been tested for several times, this new-type product will be put(go) into mass production. ·Before putting the power signal generator into operation, check whether the AC supply voltage corresponds with the value adjusted in the unit. · Once the machine are tested, they may be put into service (use). · Closed-circuit color TV did not come into use until very recently. 14)符合标准或要求 I.符合标准 · The machines of the near future must be light in weight and answer to (meet) the highest technical standards. ·About 98 percent of the chemical products turned out in that petrochemical plant are fit for the national standard. · Such valves and fittings shall be in accordance with BS759. · The instrument has been inspected and is in full conformity with the standard. ·As far as accuracy and sensitivity of operation are concerned, the automatic control is quite up to the standard. · The noise of the device conforms with (comply to)“the National Noise Standard of Working Places of the Worker”. II.符合要求 ·The application of the metric system in the design shall be in accordance with the requirements of DOD-STD-1476. · The tenderer shall submit a basic tender which complies fully with the requirements of the tender documents. · All structural steel, plate and sheet conform to the requirements of certain specifications. 15)方式与手段 · Temperature can be measured by means of (by using/with/through) a thermometer. ·With the help (aid) of the newly disclosed instrument the optimal surface condition can be detected. · Control of the power output is achieved by varying the fuel supply. ·Better combustion is obtained with a hemispherical combustion chamber. · Removal of excess heat is accomplished with a radiator. ·By this means, the light rays travel back and forth across the axis of the fiber in a sinusoidal manner. ·Electric generators convert the mechanical energy of rotation into electricity by way of magnetism. · A driver will easily raise an automobile weighing several tons with the assistance of a jack. · The electrons move in a more orderly (very similar) fashion in a particular direction. · Plants are also useful sources of energy thanks to their storing the sun’s radiation in chemical form. · These hollow bodies are connected to each other in a detachable (reverse/violent) manner. ·The actual optimal thrust direction varies with time in quite a complex (different/normal/following) way. 16)满足条件与要求 I.满足条件 · The technical design details of the industrial packing should meet all conditions (demand/need) of the level of protection specified. · In order for most lasers to operate, the three basic conditions must be satisfied. II.满足要求 · Nonconformance is the failure of a unit of product to conform to (cover/fulfil/meet/satisfy) specified requirements for any quality characteristic. 17)物体相对位置关系 · The feed motion in lathes is the movement of the cutting tools in reference to the work. · The satellite will keep a fixed position above the equator and will not move relative to the Earth’s surface. · A suitcase laying on a berth of a moving railway car is at rest with respect to the car, but moves in relation to the earth. · This will tell the pilot the exact position of the building in (with) respect to the airplane. 18)与……一致 A be (compatible 、in conformity 、consistent 、in good agreement with B 、in accord 、in line 、uniform) 表达A与B一致还可用以下句型: ·The conclusion accords with current archaeological and anthropological theory. ·The meal contents found from this agree quite well with those valuated by a microscopic method. ·Results show that calculations are in good agreement with experimental data. · The following examples illustrate the agreement of the rule with experiment. ·Here the direction of the motion of a body and the earths axis of rotation coincide, so there is no Coriolis force. · The direction of the momentum coincides with that of the motion velocity of the body. · Succeeding experimental or approved modifications shall conform to the sequence established above. · The noise coefficient corresponds roughly to calculations obtained on the basis of the manufacturer’s data sheet. ·The calculated components may not match exactly te original design of the oscillator. 19)作出结论 ·From the above experiment we can arrive at (come to) the conclusion that air has weight. · Careful studies of interaction between chemical elements have led to a number of conclusions about atom and its properties. ·Another conclusion also follows from the fact that super fluid motion does not transfer heat. ·We cannot draw (reach) any definite conclusion from the available data. ·It can be concluded that baud rate is very important to the telephone engineer. 2.6.3 论文主要结构中的常用句型 1)论文引言中常用的句型 引言中作者通常提出问题并说明论文的研究目的。 I. 提出问题 Although much research has been devoted to A, 、While much work has been done on A, 、Although many studies studies have been published concerning A, 、While many researchers have investigated A, 、Although much literature is available on A.(little research has been done on B. 、little attention has been paid to B. 、little information is available on B. 、little work has been published on B. 、few researchers have studied B. 、few studies have investigated B.) 在这一步骤中,作者通过指明过去相关研究中尚未处理或解决的问题或所派生出的新问题,常用句型的时态是一般现在时和现在完成时。 II.研究目的 作者在叙述自己的研究性质的目的时,可采用两种方式,即论文导向和研究导向。 (1)论文导向。当研究论文的主要目的是分析某个问题,提出某种论证或介绍新的方法或技术时,通常采用论文导向方式。论文导向方式中,作者把论文本身当作强调的内容。这时要使用paper, report, thesis或dissertation这样的特征名词,直接提及研究论文本身,而且此类句子通常采用一般现在时态。常用的句型有: The purpose of this paper is、The aim of this report is、The objective of the present paper is(to obtain quantitative about the particles size distribution.、to model the dynamic behavior in the super-or near-critical CO2 extraction.) (2)研究导向。若研究论文主要提出某些实验或调查结果,则作者通常可以把研究活动作为重点,即采用所谓的研究导向方式。在采用研究导向方式时,study, research, investigation或experiment等特征名词被用来强调研究活动本身。这类句子是表达已经过去的事情,所以使用一般过去时态。常用的句型有: The purpose of the experiment reported here was、The aim of this study was 、The objective of this research was (to determine the preferred viewing distance for work at a visual display unit.、to examine the apparent osmotic behavior of some contemporary commercial reverse osmosis membranes.) In the research described here, In this study, In the present investigation, In this research, In the experiments reported here, (we determined a new method for reducing variance in common case.、vertical nutrient mixing in late summer in a test area 20 kilometers off the coast was examined. 描述研究目的时,最简单的句型是用this paper, this study, this project, this research等词作主语,后面用实意动词作谓语,如investigate, discuss, examine, test等,宾语为研究内容。即This paper、This study、This project、The present study、This research、Our project、This survey、This thesis ( concerns、tests、investigates、reports、discusses、describes、explains、calculates、examines、analyses、proposes、demonstrates、evaluates、evaluates、measures)… 3)理论分析的常用句型 在正文部分的假设、理论分析、数理模型的建立以及计算过程中,常常要推导并描述公式,作者应了解和掌握描述公式的基本句型。科技论文理论分析部分中资料大部分表达数字与逻辑关系,这类表述是不受时间影响的普遍事实,所以表示理论分析的常用句型使用一般现 在时态。 Substituting M(in、into) N, we(obtain、have … 、get) (Substituting M、Substitution of M) in (into) N (gives 、yields 、produces 、results in) ·Let us now consider the case the dynamic link parameters are unknown. ·Suppose that Xt is a solution of the SDE (1). ·Let d and v be scalings for the length and the velocity. · If m=1.2, then we have the following equations: · Given that m =1.2, we obtain… ·The equation for A/Aˊcan be written(expressed)as… ·The relationship between m and n is as follows: ·A is inversely proportional to B, as shown below. ·If the same material is used, the above equation reduce to… ·We will now reduce Eq. (3)to a simpler form. ·On substituting this equation into Eq. (16)and solving for ·The mass velocity G is defined as (given by)… ·We will now integrate Equation (2) in order to derive the solution. ·We can now derive the solution to Equation(2). 4)图表文字说明中的常用句型 图表中的内容要用文字来说明。在文字说明中,如果提及图表,表格用“Table+序号”表示,如“Table 1 shows…”。其他各种类型的图 都可以用“Figure+序号”表示,如“From Figure 2 we learn…”。“Figure”这个词可以简缩为“Fig.”,但必须做到前后统一,如用缩写,便都用缩写。 文字说明中的动词要用一般现在时态,选用的动词要慎重,因为不同的动词表示研究结果的可靠性不同,同时也表示作者不同的判断、推理和态度。 用于文字说明中的动词有show, provide, give, present, summarize, illustrate, reveal, display, indicate, suggest 等。例如:·Table 1 shows the majority of the participants have previous knowledge of the elements of a safe well. ·Table 2 provides details of the test results. ·Figure 4.2 gives the results of the experiment. ·Both of these questions received very high ratings(see Table1). ·The results show that 92% used information on water testing in local news outlets(Figure2). 动词的语态可以灵活使用,这样能使句型多样化,上述句型也可变为被动语态。 用as 引导分句时要选用合适的介词。例: · As shown in Table3, … · As can be seen from the data in Table1, … · As shown by the data in Table1, … · As described on page24, … 5)介绍研究成果的常用句型 作者对他的研究结果的评论或说明通常包含下列内容之一。 (1)根据本人的研究结果作出推论。如: These results suggest that untrained octopuses can learn a task more quickly by observing the behavior of another octopus than by reward-and-punishment methods. (2)作者解释研究结果或说明产生研究结果的原因。如: These findings are understandable because the initial annealing temperature dictates the state of conformational structures. (3)作者对此次研究结果与其他研究者曾发生的结果作比较,例如提出自己的结果是否与其他研究者的结果一致。 These results agree with Gerner’s analysis, in that Q max varies inversely with length and to the third power of the pipe width. (4)作者对自己的研究方法或技术的性能与其他研究者的方法或技术的性能进行比较,这种比较常出现在类研究论文中。例如: The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Token’s system. (5)作者指出自己的理论模型是否与实验数据符合。如: The measured temperatures along the heat pipe are all highly consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model. 从以上句型中可以看出学术论文在陈述研究成果时,通常使用 一般现在时态。 当评论的内容为对研究结果可能的证明时,句子的主要动词之前通常加上may或can等一般现在时态的情态动词。例如:· The layer structural or some other mixed complex material may be the most suitable refrigerants for the Ericsson magnetic refrigerator. ·The results can be explained by a giant magnetic entropy change. ·One reason of this advantage may be that the Hank visual programming language can avoid some of the syntactic problems associated with textual programming languages. ·A possible explanation for this is that the hank visual programming language can avoid some of the syntactic problems associated with textual programming languages. ·This may have occurred because the calculation did not consider the initial cooling requirements to precool the semitrailer body and the solar radiation load. ·These results agree well with the findings of Cassdio, et al. ·These data are consistent with earlier findings showing that the best alloying addition is trivalent Ga. ·The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Token’s system. 当作者指出由自己的理论模型所得到的预测与实验数据之间 的吻合程度时,通常得使用一般现在时态,说明模型预测与实验数据是不是一致不受时间影响。若此类句子中现现以that开头的从句,则从句中亦使用一般现在时态。如: · The data confirm closely the prediction of the model. ·The data indicate that the model is reliable and accurate. · The theoretical model fits the experimental data well. · The theoretical model agrees well with the experimental data. ·The experimental measurements are very close to the predicted values. ·There is a high level of agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimental data. 6)讨论部分的常用句型 在学术论文的讨论部分中,作者通常对研究结果进行概述、分析、解释等,因为陈述的是作者的见解和结论,所以句型多用一般现在时态。 I.概述结果 The results (indicate 、prove 、show that 、suggest 、reveal) ·These results provide substantial evidence for the original assumptions. ·These experimental results support the original hypothesis that … · Our findings are in substantial agreement with those of Davis. ·The present results are consistent with those reported in our earlier work. · The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well. ·The experimental values are all lower (higher) than the theoretical predictions. · These results contradict the original hypothesis. · These results appear to refute the original assumptions. · Overall, our study revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels, none of which seem to indicate obvious decline in southeastern Ohio’s oak-hickory forests. ·The results given in Figure 4 validate (support) the second hypothesis. II.表示研究的局限性 · It should be noted that this study has examined only… · This analysis has concentrated on … · The findings of this study are restricted to … · This study has addressed only the question of… ·The limitations of this study are clear … · We should like to point out that we have not… · However, the findings do not imply… · The result of the study cannot be taken as evidence for … · Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data… 7)结论部分的常用句型 结论部分的语言除要严肃、连贯、精练、确切以外,还要具有高度的概括性。 结论部分与其他各部分不同的是,现在时态(特别是一般现在时和现在完成时)使用频率很高,这是因为结论部分总结研究者到目前为止做了哪些工作,得出了什么结果,这些结果对现在来说有什么影响、意义和价值,能够应用于什么地方,解决什么问题等。例如:· Two factors to influence mold filling have been studied … · Through the example of a 60-storey building, it has demonstrated that a simplified approach can be used … ·Overall, our study has revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels. 用主动语态时,常常用this paper, this investigation, this study, this survey, the results, the analysis或we,I等作主语。 This study 、This investigation 、、The result (clearly demonstrates that、discovers that、reveals that、has described、has described、has shown、has proposed、discusses、represents)… 作者有时对自己研究结果采取慎重的态度,不那么肯定地说“结果说明了……“、”证明了……“等,这时往往对动词加以修饰,表示作者不太肯定或慎重的态度,或用以缓和语气。 用情态动词是常用的技巧。最常用的情态动词有will, can, may,及其过去式would, could, might等,表示“可能”之意。例如: ·Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes might provide additional useful information to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem. · Clanges occurring due to insects and pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon. · Participation in a science fair beyond the local level and supportive help from parents and other adults may also improve the effectiveness of student science projects. 8)致谢部分常用句型 大多数科技论文用“Acknowledgement”作为致谢内容的题目。致谢在英语中有一些常用的表达方法。用于表示致谢的句型既可用主动词态,也可用被动语态。从下列的句型看,常用时态为一般现在时和现在完成时。 I.感谢赞助单位或个人 ·Support for this program/project/study is provided by… ·Funding for this program is provided by … ·I thank … for giving financial support for this study. ·Additional support is provided by … ·Research for this paper was partially supported by … ·This research was funded by… II.感谢提供资料的单位或个人 ·Data were supplied/provided by… ·Permission to quote from material protected by copyright has been granted by… · I thank… for the permission to quote from material protected by copyright. III.感谢提出建议和帮助的个人 ·I thank… for comments on the manuscript. · In addition, I am grateful to… for their valuable suggestions, and to … for her patience and good cou nsel. ·For help in the technical assistance, I thank… ·We thank the following people for their helpful comments on drafts of this paper:… · In addition, I wish to thank … for his valuable suggestions. · For their encouragement, support, and research assistance, I would like to thank the following individuals who have contributed substantially to the completion of this study/paper/work. IV.感谢不知名的审稿人 ·The anonymous reviewers have also contributed considerable to the publication of this paper. · In addition, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who have helped to improve the paper. V.感谢其他人 ·I also owe an obligation to… ·Also I wish to thank … for their many courtesies.·Thanks is also extended to… who … ·I wish to thank… for his …