Unit3 Message of the Land现代大学英语精读1(课堂PPT)

MessageoftheLandPiraSudham12020/3/8ReinforcementTextAnalysisUnit3MessageoftheLandBackgroundWarmingupWBTRMessageoftheLandQuestionsCheck-onPreviewObjectivesWarmingupUnit332020/3/8WarmingupQuestionsWBTRWhatdoes“land”meantoyou?Whatarethedifferencesamong“land”,“soil”and“earth”?42020/3/8materialinthetoplayerofthesurfaceoftheearthinwhichplantscangrow 土地territoryoverwhichruleorcontrolisexercised国土thesolidpartoftheearth'ssurface陆地earth是相对于天空或太空而言的“地面”;land是指地球表面相对于海洋而言时的“地面”ground指人们在上面行走的地面或具有一定面积限度的空地。soil主要表示栽培植物的“土壤”,也可引申为“国土,国度”。Questions52020/3/8Check-onPreviewMarkeachofthestatements“T”fortrueor“F”forfalse.Thefarmerinheritedthelandfromhisfatherandwantedtopassitdowntohischildren.Thewomanlovedherchildrendearlyandwasveryconcernedabouttheirlifeawayfromhome,whileherhusbanddidnotcareabit.Thevillagersusedtogrowtheirownfood,maketheirowncrafts,anddigtheirownwell,butnowtheyhavetohirepeopletodoeverything.Thewomandislikedmostofthechangeshappeninginhervillageandwantedeverythingasithadbeen.Wecaninferthattheauthorcriticizestheoldcoupleforbeingold-fashioned,stubborn,andunabletoadjustthemselvestothechanges.WBTRWarmingup62020/3/8ObjectivesWBTRMasterthelanguageitemslisted.Knowsomethingabouttheauthorandhisworks.Appreciatethewritingstyleandmetaphorsused.Thinkaboutsuchtopicsasurbanizationandglobalizationandformyourownopinions.Warmingup72020/3/8BackgroundGenreAuthorBWTRUnit3MessageoftheLand82020/3/8BackgroundAuthorLifeBWTRBorninaremoteEsarnvillageinThailandFirstlanguageLaoTempleboyinBangkok曼谷at14Thailand’stopuniversityScholarshiptoNewZealandtostudyEnglish30-yearodysseythroughNewZealand,Australia,HongKong,theUK,Germany,andSwitzerlandRetiredtoasolitarylifeinhishomevillagein1997,helpingneedystudentsandteachersinaprivateschoolwithfundssetupbyhimselfPiraSudham(1942-)92020/3/8BackgroundHisWorksBWTRSiameseDrama(laterrenamedTalesofThailand)(1983)PeopleofEsarn(1987)MonsoonCountry(1988)TheForceofKarma(2002)102020/3/8PeopleofEsarnPiraSudhamconveystheinnervoicesofhissubjectsregardlessofhowilliterate,timidandinsignificanttheyseemintheirdailylives.Theirsimplicityandsensitivitycomethroughhisdirectandclearprose,yetmovingandtouching.Hewriteswithunderstandingandcompassionforhispeople.ForeignwriterswritingabouttheThaipeoplelookatThailandfromtheoutside,butPiraSudhamwritesabouthispeopleandcountryasseenfromtheinside.Thisisoneofthethingsthatmakesthemsofascinating.HisWorks112020/3/8MonsoonCountryItdepictstheproblemsofsocialtransitioninpresentdayThailandandgivesinsightsintoThailifeintheruralnortheast.ItissetinThailand,EnglandandGermanytoconveytheculturaltensionbetweentheEastandtheWest,theclashesbetweenthenewpowersandtheoldvalues,coveringthespanof25yearsofthesocial-economicandpoliticalchangesoccurringinThailand.HisWorks122020/3/8BackgroundHisInfluenceBWTROneofThailand’sbestknownnovelistsNomineeofthe1990NobelPrizeofLiterature“DavidofThailand”Sudham’sworksareconcernedwithsocial-economic-politicalchangesoccurringinThailand.Widelyreadandhighlyacclaimed,hisbookshavegivenavoicetothepoorandthevoiceless.Thesimplicityandsensitivityofthepoorandthelowcomethroughhisdirectandclearprose,yetmovingandtouching.132020/3/8"IfIhadnotleftmyvillagethen,Iwouldhavebeensubject,likemostvillagers,tothemercyofnature:floods,drought,disease,ignoranceandscarcity.Withendurance,Iwouldhaveacceptedthemasmyownfate,assomethingIcannotgoagainstinthislife.”"InmymindIcarrymemoriesofchildhood,oflifeinvillages,muchasapregnantwomancarryingachild.Everydaytheseimagesgrow,andIknowthatonedayIshallhavetogivebirthtothemthroughthemediumofwriting.Besides,Idon'twantpeopleinourvillages,sofarremovedfromotherpeoplesbecauseofdistanceandpoverty,tobeborn,sufferandtodieinvain."PiraSudham'sOwnWords:142020/3/8BangkokBangkok,isthecapitalandlargestcityofThailand.Bangkokisoneofthefastest-growing,mosteconomicallydynamicandsociallyprogressivecitiesinSoutheastAsia.Butitsuffersfromsocialproblemsasaresultofitsrapidgrowth.Itisalsooneoftheworld'smostpopulartouristdestinations.152020/3/8Bangkok16BangkokistheeconomiccenterofThailand.Tourismisamajorsourceofrevenue.ThecitycontainsmanyBuddhisttemples(knowninThaiasWats),Thecityisafamousjewelrycenter,buyingandsellingsilverandbronzeware2020/3/8172020/3/8ThaiBuddhismBuddhismisThailand'smainreligion.94%ofThaipeopleareBuddhist.BuddhismislinkedwiththehistoricalIndianprince,SiddhartaGautama（释迦牟尼）,whobecametheBuddhaandreachedtheenlightenment.Nowhisteachingsarestillfollowed.Histeachingssaythatpeoplesufferbecausetheyareattachedtomaterialthings,towomenormenbyheartlinks.Theselinkscausesuffer,jealousyandpain.Peopleareneversatisfied,i.e.theywantmoremoney,morepower.TheaimofBuddhismistogetridofthesepainsandoftheselinks.182020/3/8ThaiBuddhismIfyouhavedonegooddeedsinyourlife,nextlifewillbebetter.Ifyouhavedonebaddeeds,nextlifewillbeharsh.192020/3/8MonksinThailand20Monks’lifeisbasedon227monastic[mə'næstɪk]僧侣的rulesand5majorprecepts,i.e.nosex,nolies,norobbery,noalcohol,nokilling.Aboyisnotamanifhehasn‘tbeenamonkonceinhislife.EventheKingofThailandRama9（罗摩）hadbeenamonkforonemonth.Inolddaysthisperiodwasthreemonths.Nowitcanbeonlyafewweeksorafewdays.2020/3/8MonksinThailand21Somefamiliesstillrefusetomarrytheirdaughterifthefuturehusbandhasn'teverbeenamonk.Itmeansthatheisn'tripeenough.Aboythatbecomesamonkforafewmonthsismakingareallygoodactiontowardshisparents.Inabus,seatsinthebackarereservedtomonks.Ifawomanissittingthere,sheshouldleavebecauseawomancannottouchamonk.2020/3/8BackgroundGenreBWTREssaybasedonaninterviewInterviewer:theauthorInterviewees:afarmerandhiswifeTopic:lifeinthecountry(note:SincetheWorldWarIIithasbecomepopularforwriterstointerviewpeople,recordwhattheysayand,aftersome,nottoomuch,editing,publishthesepeople’sstoriesinbookform.)222020/3/8ActivitiesWBTRInterview:Organizetheclassintogroupsof4withoneasareporterandtheother3asinterviewees.Topic:Chineseuniversitystudents’viewofthelifeandpeopleinthecountrysideTimearrangement:5minutesfortheinterviewand2minutesfortheinterviewertoreporttotheclass.232020/3/8TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisLanguageStyleStructureThemeTWBRMessageoftheLandUnit3242020/3/8TextAnalysisThemeUrbanizationandresistance?Industrializationandthedeathoftraditionalhandicrafts?Developmentandthelossoftradition?TWBR252020/3/8ChangesinfamilyChangesinthevillageThewife’scomplaintsThefarmer’scomplaintsNoneofthechildrenwillcomebacktoinherittheland.Greed,anger,andlustaretherootofallevils.Noyoungmanwillcarewhatmessagethelandgives.thelossoftraditionalvaluesandthewayoflifeAllfourchildrenwentaway.Childrenwearjeansinstead.nobarter,butcashnopay-freehelpplasticthingsinsteadonlytheoldonthelandnopracticeoftheoldcustomsnorespectfortheoldTextAnalysisTheme262020/3/8What’sthemessageoftheland?ForfurtherdiscussionIt’sourhistory,ourculture,ourtraditionandourlife.Inaword,itisourrootwhichwecannotlivewithout.TextAnalysisTheme27TextAnalysisStructureTWBRThewifetalksabouttheland,herfamilyandherchildren.Thewifetalksaboutthechangesshedislikesandcan’tadjustto.Thefarmertalksaboutthereasonforhissilence,hisworryabouttheirlandandthejoyhefindsinlifeandfarming.PartI:thewife’sspeechPartII:thefarmer’sspeech(para.8—11)(para.1—3)(para.4—7)282020/3/8TextAnalysisLanguageStyleColloquialismSmallandsimplewordsShortsentencesStraightforwardlanguageFiguresofspeechusedtoachievevivid,expressiveandappropriatedescriptionSimile:MetaphorPersonificationZeugma292020/3/8TextAnalysisLanguageStyleSimile:…itislikeaknifepiercingmyheart.Metaphor:…thisbagofbonesdressedinragscanstillplantandreapricefrommorningtilldusk.Personification:Ourpieceoflandissmall,anditisnolongerfertile,bleedingyearafteryearand,likeus,gettingoldandexhausted.Zeugma:Thesoilisnotdifficulttotillwhenthereisalotofrain,butinabadyear,it’snotonlytheploughsthatbreakbutourhearts,too.302020/3/8TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisMainIdeaSentenceParaphraseWords&ExpressionsPartIPartIIPartIIITWBR312020/3/8TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis:PartI:thewife’sspeech-herfamilyandtheirlands(1-3)322020/3/8Whydoesthewifestartherconversationwiththeland?Whatdothewoman’schildrendo?Howdothemotherandchildrenfeeltowardseachother?Whatdoesthewomansayaboutherhusband?Doyoubelievewhatshesays?Whatdoesthewomansayabouttheirland?Howdoesshefeeltowardsit?What’sthemainideaofParas.1—3?PartI:MainIdea332020/3/8TextAnalysisThewifehasalreadyregardedthelandaspartofherlife.Thisisthelandwhereherparentsandforefatherslivedanditisboundwithfamilyhistoryandtradition.Itrepresentstherootofherfamily.5.Thewifemakesabriefintroductionofherfamilyandtellsushowallherfourchildrenleftforcities.Shefeelssorryaboutthisandshealsofeelssorryabouttheland.Thelandisnolongerfertile,likeherandherhusband,gettingoldandexhausted.342020/3/8TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisPartI:LanguageWordsPhrasesSentencePatternGrammarInfancyAffordBullyInsultbleedmindbelongtoinspiteoftheemphaticform“as”tointroducearelativeclause352020/3/8TextAnalysisWords&Phrasesforefather:n.(pl)thepeoplewhowerepartofyourfamilyalongtimeagointhepastSynonyms:ancestor,Opposites:descendant,offspringe.g.Manyyearsagoourforefathersestablishedthisnation.362020/3/8TextAnalysisSentenceParaphrase1.MyhusbandmovedintoourhouseasisthewaywithusinEsarn.(para.1)relativepronoun,subjectoftherelativeclause,meaningwhatismentionedinthemainclauseParaphrasing:Whenwegotmarried,wefollowedthetraditioninEsarnandmyhusbandcametolivewithmyfamily.Examples372020/3/81.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanbelongstoChina.(as—subjectoftheclause)2.Asisoftenthecase,girlslearnalanguagemorequicklythanboys.(as—subjectoftheclause)TextAnalysisSentenceParaphrase382020/3/8TextAnalysis2.Diein:someplacefrom:becauseofsth.outspace,disease,cold外因Of:hunger,old人体之上e.g.diefromearthquakedieofillnessWords&Phrases392020/3/8TextAnalysis3.infancy:n.a.earlychildhoodb.earlystageofdevelopmentorgrowthExamples:Inthepast,manychildrendiedininfancy.HecametoEnglandinhisinfancy.Theresearchstretchedfromtheinfancyofradiobroadcastingthroughtotoday.Geneticengineeringisstillinitsinfancy.a.infantilen.infantWordformationsWords&Phrases402020/3/8Therest,twoboysandtwogirls,wentawayassoonaswecouldaffordtobuyjeansforthem.(1)Ourotherchildren—twoboysandtwogirls—leftassoonaswehadthemoneytobuythemjeans.appositiveof“therest”theremainingpeople;theothersExamplesTextAnalysisSentenceParaphrase41Yourfather,aproudandunbendingman,refusedallhelpthatwasofferedhim.Playingfootball,hisonlyinterestinlife,broughthimmanyfriends.3.Adrylightningstorm,thatis,athunderstormwithoutrain,startedafireinaremotepartoftheforestinAugust.TextAnalysisSentenceParaphrase424.afford:v.a.tohaveenoughmoney/timetodosth.b.(withcan/could)torunariskbydoingsth.经得住，承受得住c.(fml.)toprovide;giveClassifythefollowingwordsinto3groupsaccordingtoa,bandc.affordanewcaraffordthishighpriceaffordtherentaffordacluetoaffordachanceaffordapleasantshade(can’t)affordtoneglectone’sworkaacccbbTextAnalysisWords&Phrases435.agency:代理机构anemploymentagency职业介绍所Atraveller‘sagency旅行社Agent代理人/商；经纪人AhouseagentAlaw–agentTextAnalysisWords&Phrases446.nowandthen:nowandagain;occasionally;fromtimetotimeExamples:Nowandthenweheardshotsinthewoods.Heloseshistempernowandthen,butnotoften.Ihearfromhimeverynowandthen.Hereandthere起伏地，详尽地Upsanddowns沉浮，盛衰Theinsandouts种种复杂详情TextAnalysisWords&Phrases45Lesson3-MessageoftheLand4.7.bullyv.a.tothreatentohurtsomeoneorfrightenthem,especiallysomeonesmallerorweaker恐吓，以强凌弱b.toputpressureonsomeoneinordertomakethemdowhatyouwant迫使，逼迫Examples:Thechildwasbulliedalmostoutofitslife.Don'tletthembullyyouintoworkingonSaturdays.MoremeaningsWords&PhrasesTextAnalysis46alocalbullyplaythebullyabullyideaabullygooddinnerBullyforyou!bullyboyLesson3-MessageoftheLandTranslation土豪横行霸道，恃强欺弱绝妙的主意极其丰盛的饭菜干得好！(受人雇佣且尤指与政治集团有关的）流氓，打手Words&PhrasesTextAnalysis478.insult：v.tooffendsomeonebysayingordoingsomethingtheythinkisrudeExamples:IhopeAndywon'tbeinsultedifIdon'tcome.Sheinsultedhimbycallinghimacoward.Youinsultmyintelligencewithyourcrudemethods!(=tosayordosomethingthatsuggestsyouthinksomeoneisstupid)n.insulta.insultingn.insulterWordformationsWords&PhrasesTextAnalysis489.pierce：v.a.tomakeasmallholewithasharppoint刺穿b.(ofcold,pain,sound)toforceawayinto使心如刀割c.toforceawaythroughsomething穿透（光，声音）Examples:Shehadherearspiercedinordertobeabletowearearrings.Hershriekspiercedthesilence.Hermemoriessometimespiercedherheart.Ourforcespiercedthroughtheenemy’slines.Pierceone’sheart：tomakeonefeelverysada.pierceda.piercingWordformationsWords&PhrasesTextAnalysis49FigureofspeechSimileExamplesAsimileisabriefcomparison,usuallyintroducedbythepreposition“like”ortheconjunction“as”,as...as,than,asif,asthoughandetc.Asimileconsistsoftwoparts:tenorandvehicle.Thetenoristheprimarysubject;thevehicleisthethingtowhichthemainsubjectiscomparedto.Eg:-Omylove’slikeared,redrose.---RobertBurns-Jimwasascunningasanoldfox.50TheendofSimile.subject/tenorsimilemarkerreference/vehicleRecords(fell)likeripeapples(onawindyday.)Thedataprocessing(isgoingon)as(slow)asasnail.1.Sometimes,theygetbulliedandinsulted,anditislikeaknifepiercingmyheart.(2)Figureofspeech51It’seasierformyhusband.Hehasearswhichdon’thear,amouthwhichdoesn’tspeak,andeyesthatdon’tsee.(2)Newsaboutmychildren’sproblemsdoesn’tmakemyhusbandassadasme.Hedoesn’tbotheraboutwhatishappeningaroundusandtoourchildren.Heneversaysanythingaboutthem.restrictiverelativeclauseparallelstructureQuestions:Doesthewifereallymeanthatherhusbandisdeaf,dumbandblind?TextAnalysisSentenceParaphrase52Hehasalwaysbeenpatientandsilent,mindinghisownlife.(2)presentparticiplephrasefunctioningasadverbialofaccompanyingcircumstancesHe’salwaysbeenpatientandtalkslittle.Hejustdoeshisdutyandcarriesonhislife.TextAnalysisSentenceParaphrase53totakecareofone’s…Examples:WillyoumindmybagwhileIbuymyticket?Iwasmindingmyownworkwhenherushedin.Myfatherwasjustdrivingalong,mindinghisownbusiness,whensuddenlyabrickcamethroughthewindow.2.10.mindone’sown…“mind”phrasesWords&PhrasesTextAnalysis54mindone’sownbusinessmindone’sownp’sandq’smindone’smannersmindyourfootingmindyourbackMindhowyougo.别管闲事注意举止言行注意举止行为小心，站稳了当心；让开（道别时说）您慢走。TranslationWords&PhrasesTextAnalysis5511.inspiteof:withoutbeingaffectedorpreventedbysomethingExamples:Butinspiteofthehardships,realeffortsandprogressarebeingmade.Wewentoutinspiteoftherain.Kellylovedherhusbandinspiteofthefactthathedranktoomuch.SimilarexpressionsregardlessofdespiteWords&PhrasesTextAnalysis56Wordformations12.fertile:adj.a.(ofland,plants)producingmuchb.(ofaperson,hismind)fullofideas,plansc.afertilesituationisoneinwhichsomethingcaneasilydevelopandsucceedn.fertilityv.fertilizen.fertilizerfertilizablea.infertileExamplesWords&PhrasesTextAnalysis57Examples:Thisshrublikessunandwateraswellasafertilewell-drainedsoil.afertileimagination/mind/brainHeisalwaysfertileinnewplans.Thatperiodhadmadethecityafertilenewsgroundforfreelancerssuchasmyself.Words&PhrasesTextAnalysis5813.bleed:v.a.toloseblood,esp.becauseofaninjuryb.toforcesomeonetopayanunreasonableamountofmoneyoveraperiodoftimeExamples:Tragically,shebledtodeath.Adeepcutonherwristwasbleedingprofusely/heavily.Marciabledhimforeverypennyhehad.Thesoldiersarereadytobleedfortheircountry.Words&PhrasesTextAnalysis59 …anditisnolongerfertile,bleedingyearafteryearand,likeus,gettingoldandexhausted.(para.3)Paraphrasing:Ourlandisgettingpoorerwitheachpassingyear,likeuswhoaregettingold,weakandtired.personificationpresentparticiplephrasesfunctioningasacauseExamplesofpp&personificationTextAnalysisSentenceParaphrase602020/3/8Theysentustheirstatement,hopingtogetoursupport.Theywentonwiththeirstruggle,thinkingtheirswasajustcause.3.Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherlettertothem.4.Thedoctor,notwishingtomakehernervous,didnotfullyexplaintheseriousnessofhercondition.Presentparticiplephrasesactasadverbialsofcause.TextAnalysisSentenceParaphrase61FigureofspeechpersonificationReferringtoinanimatethingsorabstractionsasiftheywerehuman.Personificationisreallyaspecialkindofmetaphor.e.g.Theyouthweresinging,laughingandplayingthemusicinstruments.Thetreesandflowersaroundthemdancedheartilyasiftouchedbymerrymood.HowsoonhathTime,thesubtlethiefofyouth,stolenonhiswingmythreeandtwentiethyear!Thepurposeofpersonificationistoexplain,toexpand,andtovivify.622020/3/8…butinabadyear,it’snotonlytheploughsthatbreak,butourhearts,too.(para.3)Paraphrasing:Whenthereisadraught,thesoilissohardthatitbreakstheploughsandwefeelsosadthatourheartsbreaktoo.emphaticformzeugma:“break”governsboth“ploughs”and“hearts”.ExamplesofZ&ETextAnalysisSentenceParaphrase632020/3/8Itwasthepolicemanthat/whocaughtapickpocketonNo.933busyesterday.(Thesubjectisemphasized.)ItwasapickpocketthatthepolicemancaughtonNo.933busyesterday.(Theobjectisemphasized.)3.ItwasonNo.933busthatthepolicemancaughtapickpocketyesterday.(Theadverbialofplaceisemphasized.)4.ItwasyesterdaythatthepolicemancaughtapickpocketonNo.933bus.(Theadverbialoftimeisemphasized.)Theemphaticstructure“Itis/was…that…”canbeusedtoemphasizeanypartofthesentenceexceptthepredicate.TextAnalysisSentenceParaphrase64Zeugma:asinglewordismadetomodifyorgoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence1.Thesenatorpickeduphishataswellashiscourage.2.COATTAILS:Clothesthatfitthemanandthetimes.(Advert.InNewYorkTimesMagazine,1980)3.MissBolorosefromthetableconsiderablyagitated,andwentstraighthome,inafloodoftearsandasedanchair.4.Tenminuteslater,thecoffeeandCommanderDanaofNavalIntelligencearrivedsimultaneously.MoreexamplesFigureofspeech65Zeugma:moreexamplesTheendofZeugma.Zeugmaisacomicfigureofspeech.AtitsbestZeugmaiswittyandamusing,anditincreasesmeaningbyrevealinghiddenconnections.5.Shehadtoswallowbreadandbutterandaspasmofemotion.6.Hefoughtwithdesperationandastoutclub.7.Yesterdayhehadablueheartandcoat.8.Igotupyesterdayandmanagedtocatchabusandacold.9.…oldpeoplegatheringinthesocialhallforcomradeshipandahotlunch.Figureofspeech66TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis:PartI:thewife’sspeech-changesinthevillagethatshedisliked(4-7)672020/3/8TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisPartII:MainIdeaSummarizethechangesthathavetakenplaceinthevillage.Howdidthewomanpresentherspeech?Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardsthesechanges?Howisthewoman’sgenerationdifferentfromtheyounggeneration?Whatisthefunctionofthefirstsentenceinparagraph5?Whatarethesignificancesof“pigs”,“waterbuffaloes”and“jeans”tothewomanandtheyoungpeople?Whatisthewoman’sphilosophyoflife?go682020/3/8ChangesinthevillagesinEsarnInthePastNowWaypeoplebuythingsSocialrelationshipamongvillagersThingsusedbythevillagersViewsonfashionAttitudestowardsmonks,templesRelationshipbetweenparentsandkidsbarterforthingscashneighborshelptobuildhouses,reappriceordigwellpaymoneyforitfinebamboopieces,villagecraftsplasticthings,plasticbagsneverwenttohairdresser,paintedlipsornailssellpigsandwaterbuffalotobuyapairofjeansofferfoodtothemonksandgototempleregularlyleavethesethingstooldpeoplecondemnedungratefulson,andgivehimagoodbeatingshoutandscreamathismotherBack692.Bycomparison/contrastandexemplification,thewifepresentsherideaofthischangingworld.Shedislikesthechangesaroundher.Shewon’tacceptthechangesandevenrefusestochangewiththelife.4.WiththefirstsentenceinPara.5servingasatransitionalsentence,thewifeshiftshertalktothethingsthatshouldnotchange,whichincludepeople’sworship,andyoungpeople’srespecttotheirparentsandtheaged.Back702020/3/8TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisPartI:LanguageWordsPhrasesSentencePatternGrammarreplacelitterfashionablestrikeshamecondemnScarcitycomplainbarter…forspringuptendtogivesbabeatingoccurtoasforbagofbonesunrealcondition(Ex.1,p.63)712020/3/84.1.barter…forv.toexchange(goods,property,etc.)forothergoods,etc.withoutusingmoneybartersthforsth:barterwithsbforsth:Examples:Ihadtobarterwiththelocalsforfood.Inthelocalmarket,meatandvegetablesarebarteredforelectricalgoods.Theprisonerstriedtobarterwiththeguardsfortheirfreedom.Words&PhrasesTextAnalysis722.replace:v.a.totaketheplaceofb.togetanewoneforsth.brokenorstolenc.toputbackinitsplaceExamples:Lectureshavereplacedtheoldtutorialsystem.I'llreplacethevaseIbrokeassoonaspossible.Hereplacedthebookontheshelf.a.replaceablen.replacementWordformationsWords&PhrasesTextAnalysis733.litter:v.tomakeuntidywithscatteredrubbishn.lightrubbish(bitsofpaper,wrappings)Examples:Thedeskwaslitteredwithpapers.Iamtiredofpickinguplitterthrownbyotherpeople.Peoplewhodroplittercanbefinedinsomecities.SynonymsrubbishgarbagetrashWo