被动语态被动语态

来源：任课教师提供 12. 动词的语态 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。 注意：1）感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。例如： 　　 The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。 --> I was made to go out of the classroom （by the teacher）. 　　 We saw him play football on the playground. 我们看见他在草场踢球。 --> He was seen to play football on the playground. 　 2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。例如： 　　 Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 煤可以产生工农业需要的电。 12.1 let 的用法 　1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。例如： They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。 ---> The strange was let go. The house is to let. 　2）当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。例如： 　　 The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。 　　 ----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital. 12.2 短语动词的被动语态 　 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如： 　　My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。 　　Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。 12.3 示"据说"或"相信" 的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如： 　　It is said that…　　 据说　　 It is reported that… 据报道　　　 It is believed that…　大家相信　　　　　 It is hoped that…　大家希望 It is well known that… 众所周知　　 It is thought that…　大家认为 It is suggested that…　据建议　　　　　 It is taken granted that…　 被视为当然　 It has been decided that… 大家决定　　 It must be remember that… 务必记住的是   12.4 不用被动语态的情况 　1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如： 　 After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。 　 比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 　 （错） The price has been risen. 　 （对） The price has risen. 　 （错） The accident was happened last week.　　　 　 （对） The accident happened last week. 　 （错） The price has raised.　　　　　　　　　　 　 （对） The price has been raised. 　 （错） Please seat.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 （对） Please be seated. 　　要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 　 2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如： 　This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。 　 Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。 　 3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。 　 4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如： She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。 　 5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如： 　　 （对） She likes to swim. 　　 （错） To swim is liked by her. 12.5 主动形式表示被动意义 　1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如： 　　 The book sells well.　　这本书销路好。 　　 This knife cuts easily.　 这刀子很好用。 　2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如： 　　 I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。 　　 Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。 　3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如： 　　 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。 　　 This book is worth reading.　这本书值得一读。 4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如： Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。   12.6 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如： 　　He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 　　注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如： 　　He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。 　　He got married to a rich girl. 12.7 need/want/require/worth 　　当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如： 　　　 Your hair wants cutting.　你的头发该理了。 　　　 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。 　　典型例题 　　The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.　 A. cleaning　 B. be cleaned　 C. clean　 D. being cleaned 　　答案A. need （实意） +n /to do，need （情态）+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。 1）关于带情态动词的被动结构 带情态动词的被动结构的固定句式为"情态动词 + be + 过去分词"。也有个别带"to"的情态动词例外，如：ought to和have to ，它们的被动结构就只能在不定式中。例如： The debt must be paid off before next month. 那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。 The debt has to be paid off before next month. 那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。 Oil can be turned into energy by burning it. 油经过燃烧可变为能原。 You ought to be criticized for your carelessness. 你由于粗心大意应当受到批评。 2) 关于带有两个宾语的主动态变成被动态 我们先来看看"带有两个宾语的主动态句子的结构"，重点看谓语部分 ： She sent me a novel on my birthday . 主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语 I allowed him an hour to finish the work . 主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语 从上面的可以看出，两个宾语分别是：直接宾语和间接宾语。将这种主动态的句子变成被动态的句子，可选两个宾语中的任何一个作为被动态句子的主语，而将另一个宾语作为"保留宾语"写入被动态的句中。但有一点要说明，那就是，如果你选直接宾语作"主语"，有时要在被动态句子的"保留宾语"前加上合适的介词。因为这些动词常有两种句式，即：我们可以说give sb sth , send sb sth , buy sb sth ；我们也可以说give sth to sb, send sth to sb , buy sth for sb 。请看下面两种情况的对照： She sent me a novel on my birthday. (主动) I was sent a novel on my birthday. (被动) A novel was sent to me on my birthday. (被动) My brother bought me a watch yesterday. (主动) I was bought a watch yesterday. (被动) A watch was bought for me by my brother yesterday.(被动) 3)关于带有复合宾语的主动态变成被动态 如果将带有复合宾语（既：宾语 + 宾语补足语）的主动态的句子变成被动态的句子，我们只能选择原来句子的宾语作被动态句子的主语；而这时，原句里的宾语补足语现在就变成被动态句子的"主语补足语"了。例如： The story made us laugh .(宾语补足语) We were made to laugh by the story. (主语补足语) They asked me to help them. (宾语补足语) I was asked to help them. (主语补足语) We saw them coming over. (宾语补足语) They were seen coming over. (主语补足语) 第 1 页 共 3 页