新概念英语 笔记精华新概念英语第四册笔记

L1 Finding fossil man We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. New words and expressions recount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述 / ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次 record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后 叙述：recount : emotionless 重复 describe depict： a little emotional narrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。 portray：描述 saga /'sa:g[/ n.英雄故事 描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事 legend /'ledV[nd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood anthropologist/ 'AnWr['pCl[dVist/ n.人类学家 anthrop：人 philosophere :philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家 philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人） anthropology :人类学 带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学 remote/ ri'm[ut/ n.遥远 ancestor / 'Ansest[/ n.祖先 an- 在前面 forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先 rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉 leave me rot.＝leave me along rot to death. soon ripe,soon rotten. decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化 trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹 trace the problem i follow your trace＝i follow where you go polynesia 波利尼西亚 poly-多 polyandric: a wife with more than one husband polygeny : a husband with more than one wife flint /flint/ n.燧石 flinting hearted fossil / ' fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石 read of 读到 谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north afric far east 非限定性从句，原因 oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language. precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词 counterpart: two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart. preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） 如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth. storyteller: 讲故事的人 fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生 migration ：移民 １）migrant ２）immigrant v. migrate:迁移，迁徙 migratory bird:候鸟 none: no body people＋s 民族 if they had any: 即便是有 his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized. find out千方百计，费尽周折＝explore modern men :the men who were like ourselves however－anywhere you want ,加逗号 but,yet－不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore－自由 so－自由 tool:小工具 instrument:实验器械 equipment:设备 shape:成型；教育，改造 may also have:表推测 peel:果皮 leather:皮革 hide:兽皮 cowhide:牛皮 without (any) trace:无影无踪 L 2 Spare that spider Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible.for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six. How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country. T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The Listener New words and expressions flocks and herds 牛群和羊群 ／flCk/ the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分 you are the same flock.也可指人 herd多指牛群 cowherd cowboy throng and crowd swarm owe vt.感激欠 i owe you. i owe you a big favor. 欠 issue oblige indebt appreciate----常用口语词 正式：grateful thankful beast n 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal 形容 creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性． Fraction 小部分 分数，小数 a fraction of rice will suffice on one＇s behalf 代表．．．利益 I beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你好 on behalf of somebody /something e.g on behalf of chinese government on behalf of ＝represent authority /C:＇WCriti/ n.权威     authorize批准 authoritative权威性的 authoritarian独裁的 －tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator独裁者   dictatorial独裁的 authorities １．权威（可单数可复数） ２．当局（复数） census /sens[s/ n.统计数据  the fifth national population census.    censor审查         censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的 acre /＇eik[/ n.英亩 １acre＝４０４７square meters football pitch 足球场 football yard   football court  football field be content with 满足于  满足作表语，不能出现定语结构 He is content with status quo. contented heart :心满意足的人 spare /spZ[/ v. 不伤害，宽恕  spare me    He doesn't spare himself. I spare no efforts to learn english.( spare no efforts: 不遗余力作什么) Notes on the text why, you may wonder－you may wonder why插入语 先不管插入语，弄清句子结构 you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置不固定 why以疑问句 开头 why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings. why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.  destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光 tear into pieces greatest enemies:天敌   dying enemy  crying enemy dear enemy human race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词 impossible 和possible 永远不要以人开头 It is impossible for somebody to do something. likely可以以人做主语。i am likely to go. probable 也不以人做主语  they would表示假设 devour狼吞虎咽devour the food make a cake of myself make a god of myself  devour the book it虚拟语气  前面是主句，下面是条件句 前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时 If it were not for:如果这不是因为 I would not survive if it were not for his timely help. but for 一定是虚拟语气 ＝if it were not for owe感激，欠  i owe you. 引出主题 all of them put together:把他们堆到一起     谓语动词是kill destroyed后置定语，重心转到spider L 3 Mattonhorn Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!  It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed. New words and expressions 1、 alpinist(1.1)/'$lpinist/n．登山运动员 climber mountaineer 词根：alp- Alps(1.16)/$lps/ n．阿尔卑斯山脉Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj．阿尔卑斯山的 2、 attain(1.4)/+'tein/ v．到达 to get to to arrive at/in to attain one's goal=realize to attain the top/peak/summit 达到顶点 attain youth 永葆青春 attainment (n) attainments 成就 accomplishment 3、perilous(1.5)/'peril+s/adj．危险的 peril   （随时可能出现的）危险 avalanche雪崩 4、shudder (1.5)/'M)d+/ v．不寒而栗 shudder:quick and sudden tremble:long and very obvious quiver:excitement ,maybe cold shiver: cold and nervous 5、 go out of one's way  专门 by the way 顺路 too much for me 受不起 6、 court （multiple  meanings 多义词） 1） 朝廷    朝臣courtier 2） courteous彬彬有礼的 3） 法庭 4） 娱乐场 足球场soccer/football court高尔夫球场golf court 5） 追求 6） 招致   骄兵必败pride courts failure 7、 solitary(1.6)/'s&lrt+ri/adj．唯一的 sol-独 solo独唱  独奏 solitude 孤独 I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life. 8、 pioneer(1.2)/?pai+'n+/ v．开辟，倡导；n．先锋，开辟者 9、 impoverish(11.9-10)/$m'p&v+rM/v．使贫困 poor（口语词） 罗素名言：A great many man will cheerfully face inpoverishment if they can secure  complete ruin for their rival,hence present level of taxation. 许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现了现在的税收水平。 10、coarse(1.12)/k&:s/adj．粗劣的 coarse throat 嗓子哑 sore throat 嗓子发炎 coarse fare 粗粮 refined fair细粮 coarse and refined in a coarse manner粗暴无礼 11、boast(1.12)/b+ust/v．自恃有 用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有 He boasted that of his knowledge. The center boasts a team of high qualify(qualified researchers.) 12、parishioner(1.13)/p+riM+n+/n．教区居民 parish教区 13、shepherd(1.14)/'Mep+d/n．牧羊人 sheepshep  羊 herd    兽群 14、linen(1.15)/'linin/n．亚麻布床单 Notes on the text 1、Route  路线 Road   道路 2、good sports :stimulus 刺激    thrilling 震撼、兴奋 3、regard regard sb with sth(感情词love \hatred\horror\respect) Dad, I regard you with horror.爸爸，我很害怕你。 4、pineering days, ancient (先人时期) 5、not at all 根本不  case这回事 6、be doing 表达当时的行动（状态） 7、top:顶点 summit 山顶   peak山顶 The scenery is at the peak of  the mountain.无限风光在险峰。 I am at the top of the world.我在世界之巅。 Summit meeting峰会 8、 attain  到达 conquer 征服 9、be of the most perilous nature nature  特点、特性 the most perilous difficulties and dangers 学会be of the + adj+noun  结构He is the kindest man. =He is the man of the kindest man. 10、equipped 表示当时的一种伴随。 11、in a manner 以这样的方式 12、make sb do sth  (省to 结构) 13、at the thought 一想到 ，mention一提到,idea 一想到 这个结构后面加介词of  原文即 at the thought of their poor equipment 14、go out of one's way 刻意   intentionally  eye catching引人注目的 15、the real living conditions 真实生存状况 16、nowadays 插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末 17、except for 把其中的一部分扣除 18、tend to be 倾向于 19、settlement 生存地、驻扎地 20、cut off=which are cut off 21、flea ridden跳蚤 22、as they were 可以这么说，插入语  还有as it were This book is , as it were, his life portrait. 这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。 23、local当地的 24、wine低度酒 alcohol 酒精 alcoholic酒鬼 25、boast 拥有 priest牧师 shepherd牧羊人 invariably=all the same 26、dirt and poverty， and very uncomfortable （结构不符合习惯，不可学） 27、course一道菜 28、must have been表推测 29、be accustomed to ,be used to + 名词、动名词 I am used to the life in Bejing. I am used to living in Bejing. 30、早餐：scratch a meal 中午餐：snack快餐 晚餐：dinner 31、the change to Education brings great change to his outlook/view on life. 教育使他的面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。 L 4 Seeing Hands In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an 'eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles. Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of UIyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot theoutlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. lt was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet. New words and expressions 1、Perceive   察觉，瞬间感觉到的    to make out 费尽心机辨出 I looked thoroughly for my elderly mother, finally I make her out . Yeah, I remembered, I finally make him out. I perceive a fly in my teacup. 2、elbow one's way (用肘)挤出 elbow one's way out of the crowed.挤出人群 L5 No Room in the Ark The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. One thinks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has been killed, captured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones have been mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics alike. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) link with our ancestral past.  Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoologist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the dark jungles in which he lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the nineteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals he loved so well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly more elusive. New words and expressions （good article : five stars 该文写得不错。） the + n.(s) 表示一类: the gorilla(s) scene 场景 in the African scene : Africa as the background gather palace 聚集地 something of a paradox 自相矛盾（人对猩猩的观点） contradictory ideas about him 主题句：One thinks one knows him very well. 问题：Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. Their ideas vary。人们对他的观点相差很大。 For a hundred years or more 一百年甚至更多（包括一百年） For more than one hundred years 一百多年 西方，动物一般用人称代替。本文中，gorillas用him代替。另外有cat – she, dog – he . imprisoned 关起来圈养 be mounted in natural history museums 陈列在自然历史博物馆  重点句型： He exert a strong fascination upon(on) Sb. 施加给人们强大的魅力 exert … on …  施加（压力） impose … on … ,例如 impose influence on , impose pressure on 上句可表示为 He have a strong fascination for Sb. 或The gorilla is always fascinating to Sb. alike  adv.相同，一样 adj.只能做表语。例如： The two are alike. 这两人真像。 形容词只要以a开头，99.99%都做表语。不能做定语词。 例如：asleep , awake ,afloat等 He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books. stereotyped – old time 老样子 horror films 恐怖片 film (英) movie (美) the stereotyped monster 经典模式 省略主语and (he is) an obvious (…) link with our ancestral past link with … 与…相联系 our ancestral past  (n.) through not perhaps strikly scientific 尽管话说回来，不是严格的科学概念 through 引导的从句主语和主句相同，可以省略。 Eg: I arrived at the meeting , though (I was ) late. Yet 与however ，表示转折，意思完全相同。但yet 用在句首，however加标点，可以用 在自由位置。 重要句型： No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in … Take picture / photograph 照相 of one  定语后置，satisfactory photograph of one。主要是为了句子的平衡。One 指gorilla in a wild state 在野生状态下 keep the … under … observation 把某事处于观察之下 keep the city clean 保持城市清洁 close and constant observation 持续不断的观察 Eg: I have to keep the boy under close control. To control the boy very strikly. 插入语：however intrepid = no matter how intrepid 无论多么英勇 Eg: No man , however intelligent , is perfect. No palace, however peaceful and tranquil , is a paradise. lies buried here among the animals he loved so well 埋葬在他所钟爱的动物中间 形容词做状语：lie awake , lie crouched lifespan 寿命 how long the gorilla lives 因为猩猩的寿命客观存在，所以live 用一般现代时。 Organ's decay 器官衰竭 Nor 引导否定并列句，与unable并列 生活方式：group living , individual living 智力：intelligence – IQ , intelligence qoutient CIA – the Central Intelligence Agency of America CID – Criminal investigation Division 重案组，罪犯调查科 All this and many other thing remain (amost as much ) a mystery (as ) they were. as much as 同the same as …remain a mystery the same as they were. He is as much a musician as a writer.= He is both a musician and a writer. civilized world 文明世界 savaged world 野生世界 civilized : to get away from wild life 中文中的"文明单位"不能用civilized , 应该用model 或pace setting unit I'm a pace soldiery。我是排头兵。 The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly more elusive. 那萦绕在喜马拉雅山爬山者脑海中的那种令人难以捉摸的雪人，看起来也不一定比我们研 究的大猩猩更加令人费尽心思。（通过侧面比较，引出结论，一种有用的写作方法） Abominable Snowman 作比较，省略gorilla L 6 Youth People are always talking about' the problem of youth '. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt--then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings--people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is. When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain--that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking. I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, illmannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders--as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong. New words and expressions . sb. take leave to do sth. 允许某人做某事，冒昧做某事 get down to sth.   认真研究  get down to +名词／动名词 glorious 光辉灿烂的 rub 难题 teenager 青少年 for one thing 原因之一，有一点是…   连接词… for another identity  身份 air of freedom 无拘无束   air:神态、气势 dreary 沉郁的 ambition 追名逐利 cosmic being 宇宙人  human being 人 violent 强烈的，暴力的 suburban 见识不广的，有偏见的 conceited 自高自大的 presumptuous 自以为是的，放肆的 fatuous 愚蠢的 cliché 陈词滥调 I take leave to say… 我冒昧地说… I take leave to be frank 恕我直言。口语：maybe I'm too bold…  or .  I'm bold enough… or.  Allow myself to say … Take one's leave = take leave 离开（正式用法） Would you please take your leave? 我很烦的几种表示法： What a bore. What a nuisance. What a trial What a jerk. get down to + 名词/动名词 例：我开始学习了。 I get down to my studies. I get down to learning my book. to- 介词 同义词： be engaged in glorious glory n. 光荣 （rosy ,shining , brilliant , magnificent , gorgeous） in one's glory: 在某人的鼎盛时期 in one's day in one's golden days in one's prime time in the pride of one's life rub 摩擦 at odds 有矛盾 have words with sb. 和…拌嘴 Do you get the rub? Do you get the picture? Do you catch me ? Do you get me ? What's the range?问年龄 Teenager 14到18 Under thirteen.Adolescent: 13到16 Juvenile 青少年 Youth 20到30 Air :神态（多用复数） He always puts on airs. 摆谱 Arrogant airs :  傲气 Bureaucratic airs : 官气 Finicky airs 娇气 Dreary 同: drearisome  a.无味，无聊 Sterile : 枯燥无味 Monotonous: 乏味无聊 Gloomy： 沉闷 Lifeless: 无生气的  have ambition for going abroad/to gao abroad. Fish …(wealth and fame) Chase …(fame and gains) Pursue … Cosmic 宇宙 Cosmonaut 宇航员 = astronaut Astro-/aster 天体 Disaster Cosmic place :大都市 Metropolis: 大都市 Violent   nonviolence 非暴力 狂风：violent wind 暴死：violent death vehement 猛烈的 同义词：turbulent tumultuous suburb 郊区 urbane: 有礼貌的 short-sighted 目光短浅的 narroe-minded/small-minded insular 绝缘，目光短浅的 provincial conceited 自高自大的 骄傲的 conceit(n.) pride 自豪 big-headed 头发胀的 cocky 自负的 chicken 胆小鬼 sweller 膨胀的 over-confident people are always talking about ' the problem of youth'. Are talking _ 到目前为止一直讨论 'the problem of youth ' 加引号，引用。 -which I take leave to doubt 插入语 "我冒昧的说"，表示怀疑 -If there is any,同样表示怀疑 straight forward 开门见山 it is older people who creat it.—强调句 let us (speaker exclusive) – Let's (speaker inclusive) get down to fundamentals fundamental = basic 基本的 fundamentalist 信奉正统基督教的人 after all – 退一步 like – (介词) 省略了谓语 are people are just lije their elders glorious future 光辉的未来 splendid future光辉的未来（已过去的，对老年人而言） where the rub is 症结所在，问题就出在这 hatred : 憎恨 ironical 讽刺的，用反语的 uncertain 后面省略用法 I would have been 虚拟语气 Something 重要的东西 You are somebody. 你是重要人物 So .. as … 后置定语 出色： outstanding stand out 站出来，鹤立鸡群 cut figure 崭露头角 one of the things 正是其中之一 seeking = looking for exciting 令人激动的 air of freedom 无拘无束  = carefree , freedom from care commitment 专注(to + 名词/动名词) love = seek 追求 mean 意味着，小气卑鄙 = disgusting anxious 虎视眈眈的 polish 擦，磨 apple polisher 溜须拍马 bootlicker 拍马屁者 no devotion to 热爱（贬） material things 物质享受 to me 在我看来（插入语） life 生机 lifeless 没生机的，死气沉沉的 link with 把什么联系起来 origin 起源 original 原本的 as if 虚拟假设 in some sence 可以这么说吧（插入语 ） in contrast with 与…比较 violent 强烈= strong lovely 生动的，完美的 后置的同位语- suburban creatures 前面用得是 – cosmic beings mediocre 平庸的 idol 偶像  idiot 傻瓜 conceited 自负 ill-mannered 粗暴 presumptuous 自以为是的 fatuous 愚蠢无比的 turn for protection to 寻求保护 turn to 求助 dreary  = boring cliché 沉郁的 cliché 陈词滥调，老生常谈 L7 The Sports Spirit I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles. Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations. who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriouslybelieve--at any rate for short periods--that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue. New words and expressions goodwill  n. 友好 prestige  n.  声誉 cricket  n.板球   disgrace  vt. 使丢脸 inclination n.意愿   savage   n.野性的 contest  n.  比赛  combative  a.好斗的 orgy   n.  恣意，放荡 frankly  ad.坦率地 deduce   vt.推断  mimic  a.与….极相似 competitive  a. 竞争性的 behaveiour  行动 pick up 随意挑选  spectatotor   n.观众 side n. 队 word….into…..引起……注意 patriotism   n.  地方观念 爱国主义 fury   n.狂热 involve   vt. 卷入 absurd    a.荒唐的 at any rate 无论……,至少……. Notes on the vocabularies goodwill=friendship n.友好      goodwill games:友好运动会      goodwill visit:友好访问      pay a goodwill visit to      official visit:官方正式访问      state visit:国事访问 cricket  n.板球 as merry as a cricket(蟋蟀) 形容心情高兴，快乐无比 inclination   n. 意愿      incline   v. be inclined to do sth   表示强烈的意愿      I am inclined to take toefl.      willing      show inclination to follow one's inclination 随心所欲 contest   n. 比赛      近义词：competition game match tournament race      contest:a group of judges  beauty contest   选美比赛      competition:socially 抽象使用  Social competition is fierce.  Dog eat dog.人吃人。形容竞争激烈。      game:physically ,mentally      match:quite important      China won the 2002 World Cup match.      tournament:淘汰赛，巡回赛。      race:以速度见长  cycle racing  自行车比赛  car racing  赛车 orgy  n.恣意，放荡      revelry in 狂欢      I revelry in my success.      on a spree      The girl is on a shoping spree. competitive      combative-贬义词  同 aggressive      competitive-褒义词／中性词      competitor-竞争者      compete with sb. for sth. pick up 随意挑选 side  队 patriotism   n.地方观众，爱国主义      patriot:爱国者 patriotic:爱国的 involve   vt.卷入      involve oneself in scandal be involved in prestige   n.声誉      prestigious  a.享有声誉的Qinghua university is very prestigious.      近义词：fame renown(renowned 著名的) reputation  eminence disgrace   vt.使丢脸      grace,graceful-graceless      disgraceful 丢脸 Your essay is very guaceful.      fame-defame honor-dishonor      stigmaa(污点)  vt.stigmatize Robbery stigmatizes him. savage    n.野性的      inhuman 残忍无比 nonhuman （非人类的）      mercy-merciless ruth-ruthless      beastly combative  a.好斗的 frankly  ad.坦率地      Frankly speaking(To be frank)  坦白的说 candid 坦白的 straightly 直率的 mimic a.与……相似      mimic-只用作定语      similar-可作定语和表语 Our ideas are similar. We have similar ideas.      alike-只作表语      Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。 behaviour  行动 举止      Behave oneself.规矩点儿。 attitude   n.态度 spectator   n.观众      audience 听众  audial 听      visual      spectacle: 壮丽景色；眼镜      viewer   电视观众 work…into…    引起…注意…      into后接表示感情的词 fury   n.狂热      furious  a.—强于anger,annoyance,aggravation      rage---suddenly & quickly absurd   a.荒唐的      近义词 illogical irrational senseless ridiculous      r开头的形容词的反义词前面加ir      l开头的形容词的反义词前面加il at any rate 无论，至少＝at least Notes on the text amazed: surprised,astound,astonished  前两个词都可以用作表语和主谓宾结构，后两个词只有表语结构。  The news surprised me.  I was surprised by the news.  I am astonished to hear the news. You should not say"The news astonished me". hear(watch,notice,see)sb.do/doing if only: 1. 表虚拟，当"真好"讲,后面无任何主从句。 If only I had a pair of wings.我要有双翅膀就好了。 If only I could fly to the moon. 2. 作为条件句＝as long as，后面须有主句。 deduce:推导 the background of the 1936 Olympic Games :二战时在德国柏林举行，希特勒举办的目的为 了宣传他的national supremacy(民主优越性)。然而，事与愿违，本届奥运会出现了 一位独领风骚的田径大王－美国黑人运动员，杰西·欧文斯，他共获得4枚金牌， 让希特勒disgrace(颜面尽失)，后人评论"the 1936 Olympin Games is a mistake",而 且称为political tragedy,影射希特勒的种族歧视，导致极端的仇恨，引发二战。 neagly all  基本肯定 green: 绿地 aroused:被激发起来 frankly: 真正的 mimic warfare:模拟战争      battle field-fight to win,commander,do your utmost,blood,lose life,machine guns      sport field—play to win,coach    ,do your best  ,sweat,lose life,hand leg foot fury over 对…愤怒 virtue:quality L 8 Education Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready made,washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant, the works' canteen, and the school dining-room.  It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father's occupation, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence. In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, but this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life, the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his older children drawing substantial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the beginning of the century. When mother works economic advantages accrue, but children lose something of great value if mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school. New words and expressions laundry   n.洗衣店  customary   a.通常的，司空见惯的 can   vt.把....装罐   factor    n.事实，因素 preserve   vt.腌制   draw    vt.挣得 pursue   vt. 从事，进行   substantial    a.相当的 trade   n.手艺accrue   vi.增长 occupation   n.工作 Notes on the vocabularies laundry   n.洗衣店  I go to the laundry.我去洗衣服了。 can   vt.把....装罐 can (美国常用)  tin(英国常用) can the fruit 水果罐头 ready-made food to heat it preserve   vt.腌制 preserved vegetables 腌菜   nutritious bean curd:豆腐 保存－preserve   reserveconserve reserve 预定  I'd like to reserve two tickets.  Please reserve a table for six. conserve 常用于深林的保护 避免造成不必要的浪费 preserve 保存目的是使其保有鲜活力，保鲜 pursue   vt. 从事，进行 I'm pursuing English.我正在学英语。 China pursues the opening policy.中国实施开放政策。 还有'追求'的意思 He is pursuing the girl. A cold pursues me.感冒使我精神不振。（幽默的说法） pursuit-名词  更加正式  in the pursuit of trade   n.手艺 tradesman  手艺人     craftsman 手艺人 spokesman 发言人 statesman 政治家    politician 玩弄权术的人 Jack of all trades,master for none.各行都懂一点，但都不精。 Two of a trade never agree.同行是冤家。 occupation   n.工作   具有最宽泛的含义 occupy  v.     I'm occupied.我正忙着。 近义词：employment   profession employee employer 强调雇用和被雇佣的关系  unemployment 失业 profession:宗教词  preach布道    pray祈祷  该词被赋予了崇高的含义，常形容highly skilled 如IT ,engineer customary   a.通常的，司空见惯的 custom n. 风俗 某一个种族或部落所遵循的原则 When in Rome,do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。 beijinger  哪国人哪个地区人都加个er convention(usually accepted):世界都认可的规范和习俗 tradition:沿袭或流传下来，大到国家，小到一个家庭 factor    n.事实，因素 draw    vt.挣得 draw money 赚钱 The novel draws well.小说很畅销。 best-seller 最畅销 Movies draws well.很卖座。 land money     land:得到 I land very profitable work.我得到个肥差。 substantial    a.相当的 只作程度词 considerable 相当的  fair sizable I draw considerable money.我赚大钱。 considerate :体谅的  He is very considerate. accrue   vi.增长 只能作不及物动词    interests accrue   利息增长 accumulate     pile     build up   amass 都可作及物动词 grow ：增长（不及物动词），种庄稼 Notes on the text do much less much far  放在比较级之前表示程度词   I'm far better. used to:过去（一般习惯的动作）I used to walk for a while after supper. and :表示结果 workshop:作坊 专题研讨会  同义词symposium much less :越来越不像   表示程度词     much more  越来越像 ready-made: 现成的 作but方式状语 The meal is ready-made.饭好了，可以吃了。 go to: 拟人手段 cooked:熟食   fast food    snack    canned:罐头食品     preserved:腌制的 bake:烤     baker:面包师     delivered:传送     doorstep works=factory (机械的，大型的)  plant(大型工厂)  mill(加工木头的工厂) company(泛指) canteen:食堂（self-help）   cafeteria(高档的，餐馆的自助餐)  dining-room:学生食堂 if ever :即便有的话也是不多 补全句子：….if ever,he can see him…… paternal society:父系社会 follow their father's occupation 子承父业 wide choice:大量的选择机会 coeducation:男女同校     primary school:私塾 wage-earner:赚钱的人 bread-earner:养家糊口者 In your family ,who is the bread-earner? 相对而言，wage 给labours   而salary 给白领阶层 good money 赚大钱 acquires:获得（easily get） Man acquires the ability to speak.强调自然获得 obtain  费尽劳力 feeling of economic independence:经济独立感 sence of honor/pride/responsibility/master/humor/guilt superiority complex:优越感     complex:情节   inferior complex:自卑感 textile areas:纺织业地区如英国的Manchester it has long been customary 早就习以为常 maternal society:母系社会 working mother:职业母亲 more than doubled:远远超出了以前的两倍 but this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child's home life,the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. the number of married women……years 是个省略谓语的独立主格句,主语与主句的 主语不同。 something 后置定语  be of 结构 smething valuable greatly/smething greatly valuable prevent from L9 Curiosities of Animal Life Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role. To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo. A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they could locate and steer clear of obstacles--or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar. L10 Thoughts in Wilderness In our new society there is a growing dislike of original, creative men. The manipulated do not understand them; the manipulators fear them. The tidy committee men regard them with horror, knowing that no pigeonholes can be found for them. We could do with a few original, creative men in our political life—if only to create some enthusiasm, release some energy--but where are they? We are asked to choose between various shades of the negative. The engine is falling to pieces while the joint owners of the car argue whether the footbrake or the handbrake should be applied. Notice how the cold, colourless men, without ideas and with no other passion but a craving for success, get on in this society, capturing one plum after another and taking the juice and taste out of them. Sometimes you might think the machines we worship make all the chief appointments, promoting the human beings who seem closest to them. Between midnight and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache,I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe. The twin ideals of our time, organization and quantity, will have won for ever. L11 Spies in Britain Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring. While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the selfconfidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.  Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle : and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids. So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes--and within a month the Danes had surrendered. The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage!  L12 The Language of Hollywood What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner emptiness. This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness usually takes the form of truly grandiose realism. Nothing is spared to make the setting, the costumes, all of the surface details correct. These efforts help to mask the essential emptiness of the characterization, and the absurdities and trivialities of the plots. The houses look like houses, the streets look like streets; the people look and talk like people; but they are empty of humanity, credibility, and motivation. Needless to say, the disgraceful censorship code is an important factor in predetermining the content of these pictures. But the code does not disturb the profits, nor the entertainment value of the films; it merely helps to prevent them from being credible. It isn't too heavy a burden for the industry to bear. In addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is a use of the camera, which at times seems magical. But of what human import is all this skill, all this effort, all this energy in the production of effects, when the story, the representation of life is hollow, stupid, banal, childish ?  L13 Thames Waters Oxford has been ruined by the motor industry. The peace which Oxford once knew, and which a great university city should always have, has been swept ruthlessly away; and no benefactions and research endowments can make up for the change in character which the city has suffered. At six in the morning the old courts shake to the roar of buses taking the next shift to  Cowley and Pressed Steel, great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export lumber past Magdalen and the University Church. Loads of motor-engines are hurried hither and thither and the streets are thronged with a population which has no interest in learning and knows no studies beyond servo-systems and distributors, compression ratios and camshafts. Theoretically the marriage of an old seat of learning and tradition with a new and wealthy industry might be expected to produce some interesting children. It might have been thought that the culture of the university would radiate out and transform the lives of the workers. That this has not happened may be the fault of the university, for at both Oxford and Cambridge the colleges tend to live in an era which is certainly not of the twentieth century, and upon a planet which bears little resemblance to the war-torn Earth. Wherever the fault may lie the fact remains that it is the theatre at Oxford and not at Cambridge which is on the verge of extinction, and the only fruit of the combination of industry and the rarefied atmosphere of learning is the dust in the streets, and a pathetic sense of being lost which hangs over some of the colleges. L14 How to Grow Old L15 The Consumer Social and the Law When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor--who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him. The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself.He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged.It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the modern practice, adoptedby some banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery it is the bank which will lose, not the customer. L16 The Search for the Earth’s Minerals The deepest holes of all are made for oil,and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of th. ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom. The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen he strata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil,it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water,is pushing it. This pressure must be under control,and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner. L17 Learning to Live The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is passed on, does not prevent us from finding it a very useful working concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which 'measure' it. In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations .  This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 1944 Education Act, secondary schooling for all became law, and grammar schools, with the exception of a small number of independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since the number of grammar schools in the countrycould accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child population of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be heavily weighted in favour of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes. Intelligence tests were devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on specifically scholastically-acquired knowledge. The intelligence test is an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyse and syntiesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which arewithin his range of competence and understanding. Lesson 12 The Language of Hollywood to compensate sb. for his loss to compensate for sth. 弥补 financial compensation 经济补偿 to compensate for his loss financially用经济手段补偿 impressiveness n. 感染力，令人难忘 impress v. 印象 impression n. impressive a. impressionable a. The movie is impressive. He is impressionable. 情绪化的 impressionable age 易受影响的年龄 give sb. an impression/be under an impression 都带假象，turns out to be xxx leave sb. an impression 真的是 grandiose a. 浮夸的；壮观的 pretentious a. 做作的=affective show 表演，炫耀 ostentatious 做作的，爱表现的 mask vt. 掩盖，伪装 gas mask 防毒面具 a mask ball 化妆舞会 mask my real intention of going on an outing. 掩饰了我真正的郊游企图 mask pill conceal 掩盖（企图等抽象事物） hide and seek 捉迷藏 shield 盾 veil 面纱；掩盖，隐藏 screen 屏幕；遮盖，隐藏 riot police 防暴警察 triviality n. 琐事，细节 trivial a.琐碎的 humanity credibility n. 可信性 credible 可信的 incredible 不可信的 creduious 轻信的 believable 可信的 eatable=edible 后者是拉丁构词 motivation n. 激发力 motivate v. 激发 The intrest in english motivates me to learn it. Intrest is motivation. drive/spur激发/stimulate刺激 needless to say beyond doubt/question without doubt past question undoubtedly disgraceful a. 不光彩的，丢人的 grace n. 优雅 graceful a. 优雅的 信达雅 graceful 雅 censorship n. 审查 census predetermine vt.预先规定 prewar/postwar prelaw a. 法律预科的 entertainment n. 娱乐 The movie entertains me.=The movie is an entertainment.=The movie is so entertaining. entertain you lavishly burden n. 负担 drag 累赘 hollow a. 空洞的 hollow-headed 没知识=hollow-hearted hallow 神圣的 banal a. 平庸的 cliche 陈词滥调，a. 平庸的 stale 陈旧的，平庸的 corny 陈腐的 hackney 破旧的，陈腐的 n. banality inner 内在的 emptiness 空洞 the characteristic of 特色是……(无特色句) =What charcterizes… 特色恰恰是。。。（强调） critical essay This is compensated for... 被弥补 impressiveness 浮华 usually takes the form of 经常以什么形式出现 appear in the form of: 以这种形式出现 truly 表示真的 grandiose a. 浮夸 His works usually take the form of poetry. Nothing is spared.= no effort is spared 用尽一切，不遗余力的 spared 剩下 to make the setting 表目的 setting 布景 costume 戏服 costume play 古装戏 surface details 表面的细节 essential=inner 本质的，内在的 characterization 刻画，描述 absurdity 荒谬 triviality 细节 unperson 僵化的人 humanity 人性 credibility 可信度 motivation 激情 censorship 审查制度 code=rule 规则，法规 is an important factor 很重要的一个因素 infamours notorious disgraceful 臭名昭著的 nor 否定并列 It isn't too heavey...to... 不是一个太重的负担，而不能够承受 at times=sometimes 有时候 childish 幼稚的 bannal 平庸的 hollow 空洞的 representation 体现 when 状语从句 of what human import=what human import is...of……be of 结构 All this skill,all this effort,all this energy...is of what human import...？ ....所有这些东西，如果故事这么平庸，那么这些努力有什么意义呢？ import 这里是重要性的意思 human import 人类的重要性 =How important is all this skill,all this effort,all this energy...to human... L13 Thames Waters in character 本质上 ruthlessly 无情地 hither an thither 来来往往 throng 挤满 era 时代 transform 改变 make up for 弥补 endowments n. 才能 resemblance 相似 verge 边缘 pathetic 可怜的 Thames 泰晤士河 Oxford 牛津城 cattle n. 牛 calf n. 小牛，牛犊 Dallas Mavericks 达拉斯小牛队 cow n. 奶牛 ox n. 斗牛，公牛 太监牛 Cambridge 剑桥城 destroy v. 破坏（具体意思） ruin 毁坏（名声，名誉，抽象意义） the scandal ruins... over smoking ruins my health. I'm ruined.=I'm down and out.=I'm down fall.=I'm broke. ruth n. 怜悯，同情 sympathize v. 同情 ruthful a. 有同情心的 mercy n. 怜悯 merciless 无情的，残忍的 marble-hearted flinty-hearted 无情的 heartless benefaction n. 为教堂的捐款 beneficiary 受益人 benefactor 施主 donation n. 捐款 donator 捐款者 endowment n.为研究、学校的捐款/上天捐给你的才能，智慧 I'm endowed with courage. 我浑身是胆。 gift,talent 天赋，资质 I have a gift(talent) for... make up for 其他手段 make up for the test 补考 I will do a make up. 我要去补考。 compensate v. 经济手段 nature 本质 essential/in character suffer 经受 I suffer a cold. man woman shark  n. 鲨鱼 / he is a shark 他是个大骗子 Marine Studio 海洋摄影室 marine 海洋 submarine 潜水艇 marine product 海产品 fresh marine product 海鲜 mariner/sailor/seaman 水手 studio: 工作室 unconscious  a. 不省人事 <辨> conscientious 有良知的 narcose 昏迷的 insensible beaver  n. 海狸 ashore  ad. 上岸 / 只要具有a+动词/形容词，都是表语词 asleep, awake, acrawl, afloat, adrift 都具有表语特点 ，只能说he is 不能用定语结构，不能说asleep man. scent  n. 香味 scent 身体发出味道fragrance—flower, tree, grass,香山 fragrant hills. / aroma 强烈的味道 / perfume : 香水（aroma） ensue  vt. 接着发生 ensue year: 来年（following year）  preceding year : 前一年 intrigue vt. 引起兴趣  正式新闻体journalism 常用 / 普通arrest, capture, seize, grab+attention The event is intriguing (interesting) turtle  n. 海龟 turtle-neck : 高领毛衣 indignity  n.侮辱 dignity 尊严It is beneath his dignity for a gentleman to lie. stand on one's dignity 保持尊严 He stood on his dignity by rejecting the money his boss gived him. It is an indignity to say sorry in public. lose face , humiliation , insult 侮辱 shove  vt. 硬推 There was much shoving on getting on the bus. / He shoved me to the ground. aquaplane  n. 驾浪滑水板 aqua 水+plane 木板 oceanarium  n. 水族馆 ocean + arium / rium:地点 stadium 工体 gymnasium :体育馆 stick  vt. 把------插入 I got the wrong end of the stick.我听不懂。 I stick at home. / I stick to my word. 我说话算数。 I'm stuck on the movie.这部影片让我着迷。 stick on: 迷恋 The bad habit sticks to me . 这个坏习惯我就是改不了。 shell  n. 动物身上的甲 bone and shell script 甲骨文 for dear life 拼命地 dear 宝贵的 chase sb. for dear life ./ dear enemy 天敌 swoop  vi 猛扑 pounce 狮子老虎扑 海洋动物用swoop butt  vt. 碰撞I butt him in the stomach. / Can I butting (interrupt)? belly  n. 腹部 under chest; beer belly, belly laugh  / stomach 胃 abdomen医学用语, paunch大腹便便 crack  n. 重击  crack case 破案  crack bottle 开瓶 crack smile: 绽放笑容 crack book : 读书 / crack English : speak quickly , clearly, loudly Notes on the text  3stars 1. There has long been… long 表完成时 = for a long time, for long, 一般在助动词后 2. superstition : 迷信 3. 同位语从句 …mariners that …. 4. formation : 阵形 defensive : 防御型的 offensive : 进攻型的 5. however = no matter how credit:给……颁发奖赏 credit with 7. on the occasions (场合),接后置定语时只能用when, 不能用where 8. out of curiosity:出于好奇 out of instinct 出于本能 out of conscience 出于良心 9. bow waves of a ship 船头滑过的波浪 ，乘风破浪前进 10. waterlogged : 浸透的 mattress 木排，柴排 11. Whether it be… = Whether it(may/might) be… 表让步 ，无论是 12. constantly 不停地 be after 追逐 13. Ferdinands : bull 西班牙的斗牛 ，引申为容易受欺负的人 14. calf : 不到一岁的小动物 15. snout : 嘴 tank : 水池 16. equilibrium : 平衡 equal 是词头 17. no sooner than : as soon as  , scarcely / hardly… when  当…就 18. eventually : 最终（故事描叙一般用）， 普通口语可用finally 19. 第二段篇幅过大 ，用superstition不严密，应该换成legend。 20. 写文章一点要写清目的性：where, when , what time …. L23 The Stuff of Dreams It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important. Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.' Rest ', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down. The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active. In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity. If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors. First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less. The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental. In l960 an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep. He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid. People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming. When woken at other times they reported no dreams. If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming. New words and expressions speculation  n. 推测 speculate , predict; speculation: without a complete knowledge predict: based on solid foundation I can predict in the near future there will be new type of mobilephone that is visible mobilephone. speculate about/on sth. in stocks/ speculator 投机者 literally  ad. 确实literal / literature / literate / illiterate / illiteracy / antiilliteracy literal translation 直译法 free translation /paraphrase , I am here today and gone tomorrow. word to word 逐字翻译法 strict The children are literally hungry. 孩子们真的饿了。(ambiguous sentence) odd  a. 奇特的eccentricity / eccentric,oddity / eccentricity , odd month 大月/ leap month 闰月 /even month 小月， bizarre/ weird / outlandish 怪 in terms of … 就…而言In terms of our family, we would like to go on an outing . As for … with regard to Regarding/in respect of / as for tissue  n. 组织（纤维，神经，肌肉…组织） face tissue 面巾纸 plausible  n. 似乎有理的； 区别reasonable;actually plausible : seemingly to What you said is reasonable. I will accept it. What you said is plausible, but it is not very practical nowadays.convincing / persuasive hypothesis  n. 假说  thesis / theory + hypo/ under hypotension 低血压 ，hypocritical 伪善的， hypocrite 伪君子 hyper hypertension 高血压 ，hypercritical/picky/finicky 太挑剔hypersensitive 过敏 I am hypersensitive to beef / alcohol. electroencephalograph  n. 脑电图仪electro / encephalo / graph , encephalitis 脑膜炎 electrode  n. 电极 lightning rod 避雷针 scalp  n. 头皮 skull 头颅 ， have the scalp of sb. 取胜某人 psychiatrist  n. 精神病学家 psychology  心理学 punctuate vt. 不时介入 punctuate the passage 给段落加注标点 ，punctuation 标点符号   He punctuates in our talk.   butt in 插句话   punctual / on the dot / in good time / puncture/ acupuncture 针灸术 jerky  a. 急动的 jerk 烦/bore / trial / nuisance snore / How he snores! What a jerk / bore / trial / nuisance on end  连续不断地 I have been learning English for a month on end.  It has been raining for three days on end. disorder  n. 失调 order , mental disorder 精神紊乱 nervous / nerve war 心理战     disorderly , disorderly house / casino / gambling house 赌场 legal / handcuffs 手铐 Las Vegas / in rags / as poor as a church mouse implication  n. 表明 imply v. 暗示  What does the second speaker imply ? You said it. / You can say it again. explicate v. 说明 阐明 Notes on the text 1. sweet dream / nightmare / nightmarish experience / dream a dream   die a glorious death  英勇就义   live a comfortable life  过着舒服的生活   tie a tie  打个领带 2. fairly 相当 I am rather sad.  rather clouding It is fairly sunny.  He is fairly handsome. He is rather mean. 龌龊 some : certain 4. nature : 本质 5. literally: actually 6. dream telling / dream teller / fortune teller / palm reader 7. looks as if 看起来像 8. overthrow our former hypothesis 推翻了我们以前的论点 9. a brief period of…  of可有可无 10. to a degree : to some extent / in a sense    Everybody is self-repairing.    muscle stretch / flexibility / spring / elastic self-correcting / self-adjusting 11. when more or less continuously active. 省略了主语tissues 和谓语are  如果出现 when / if / though 句型做状语从句，而主句的主，谓语与从句主，谓语相同，则从句的主，谓语可以省略。I got to the school though (I was) late. 12. be concerned with : be about be concerned about  关心 13. might be 表示虚拟语气 were it not = if it were not for : because  but for 若不是    If it were not for his timely help, I would not survive.    But for his timely help, I would not survive. 14. attaching 连接 attaching to 15. pattern : type lie flat / lie on one's side / lie on stomach 16. Brain is the center / headquarter 17. fundamental 基本 significant / important The brain does not rest. 18. dealing with : be concerned with 19. average : common  sleep cycle 睡眠周期 burst 爆发 drifting 飘 20. ogle v. 抛媚眼 I ogle her. 21. exhibiting : showing L24 Going out for a Walk Walking for walking's sake may be as highly laudable and exemplary a thing as it is held to be by those who practise it. My objection to it is that it stops the brain. Many a man has professed to me that his brain never works so well as when he is swinging along the high road or over hill and dale This boast is not confirmed by my memory of anybody who on a Sunday morning has forced me to partake of his adventure. Experience teaches me that whatever a fellow-guest may have of power to instruct or to amuse when he is sitting in a chair, or standing on a hearth-rug, quickly leaves him when he takes one out for a walk. The ideas that come so thick and fast to him in any room, where are they now ? where that encyclopaedic knowledge which he bore so lightly ? where the kindling fancy that played like summer lightning over any topic that was started ? The man's face that was so mobile is set now; gone is the light from his fine eyes. He says that A (our host) is a thoroughly good fellow. Fifty yards further on, he adds that A is one of the best fellows he has ever met. We tramp another furlong or so and he says that Mrs A is a charming woman. Presently he adds that she is one of the most charming women he has ever known. We pass an inn. He reads vapidly aloud to me:'The King's Arms. Licensed to sell Ales and Spirits.' I foresee that during the rest of the walk he will read aloud any inscription that occurs. We pass a milestone. He points at it with his stick, and says' Uxminster. II Miles.' We turn a sharp corner at the foot of the hill. He points at the wall, and says' Drive Slowly.' .I see far ahead, on the other side of the hedge bordering the high road, a small notice-board. He sees it too. He keeps his eye on it. And in due course.'Trespassers,' he says, 'will be Prosecuted.' Poor man !—mentally a wreck. New words and expressions For…sake 为……缘故 =for the sake of Art for art's sake 艺术至上 Learn for learning's sake 学就是学 Play for playing's sake 玩就是玩 I will send you home for safety's sake /安全起见 for god's sake   务必 eg..  please come to my birthday party for god's sake for old's sake  看在老交情的份上 Liming,would you give me five hundred dollar for old sake's sake. I 'm in poverty. Please spare me for old sake's sake Objection to反对 He odjects to this suggestion Mom objects to the match.(match 婚事) Be oppsee to; take exception to 反对 Laudable adj. 值得称赞的 Laud 赞颂，赞扬 Praise Laud sb to skies 把某人捧上天 Exalt;eulogize;hail Bush hailed the sound relationship between China and U.S Ode 赋 // If winter comes,can spring be far behind? Exemplary adj. 值得效法的 Exemplar 典范 Praiseworthy 值得称赞的 Admirable 值得仰慕的 Profess   vt.声称 Announce, claim, declare     He professed himself to be a Christian. Announce :make public Declare 通过法规来宣称 declare the war on Japan  I declare the opening of the Game. Swing    vi.溜达，轻快地走   Swing 秋千 Stroll 溜达 I strolled on the street. Ramble Jog 慢跑 promenade 漫步 //I take my dog to promedade. dale     n.山谷 boast    n.自夸的话 partake of   参与    take part in encyclop(a)edic    adj.广博的 He is very encyclopaedic./comprehensive/all-inclusive/embracive/all ranging kindling n.引火线 tramp  vi. 步行 furlong  n.1/8英里 Vapidily     adv.乏味地 同义词：banal/colorless/toneless/dull/lifeless/monotonous 名词：vapidity License vt.准许 （书面的） Permit 准许 普通词    License plate 车上的牌照    Driving license 驾照    He permits me to go Ale n.啤酒 Spirits  n.烈酒 Inscriptio n.题词 Hedge n.树篱 Trespasser n.侵犯者 Invader 侵略者 Infringer 侵权者（ copyright） Offender (法律) Wreck n.健康极度受损的人 I'm only a wreck of my former self.。 My health goes from bad to worse.。我的身体一天不如一天 prosecut    vt.起诉 plaintiff 原告（刑事）defender 辩护者material evidence 物证 verbal evidence 证词 witness 目击者 jury 陪审团（12人） Notes on the text 5 stars 1. walking for walking's sake may be as highly laudable and exemplary a thing as it is held to be by those who practice it.Gone is the light from his fine eyes. walking for walking's sake 是主语    as…as 同级比较句    it is held to be (by) 被……以为    maintain;view;argue;decide;hold ->认为(formal) Sec->Walking for walking's sake is laudable and exemplary thing whick is held to be…… <表达自己观点的句子不要超过15个单词，并要尽快在文章中出现。西方写作习惯是先提论点，第二步给支持，第三步强调观点。>(西方与中文思维的差异) 2．many a    many a time 许多次 many an occasion 许多场合    many a thing 许多事情 后面的动词用单数形式 highway 高速路 high road means high moutian road 山路over hill and dale 翻山越岭 boast 自吹自擂 confirm 证实 介词of 后的句子是介词宾语 adventure 在这儿有两层意思：1）go to mountains 2)mental adventure hearth:fireplace    hearth-rug 用来装饰的地毯 3．whatever 是主语(后边可以用of 结构) power:ability to instruct:to teach a fellow guest（共同赴宴的人）may have 做谓语 fellow worker/actor 同事/演员搭挡 4．So thick(丰富的) and fast（迅捷的） 特殊格式：无谓语 名词+名词短语==>感叹句 eg.Women,who can live with/without them? (表感叹)    The man,who I respect and love so much,where is he now? fancy 奇思妙想 bore--bear 负载 play 在这儿是发挥作用的意思play over 对……发挥作用 5． mobile 丰富set 僵化（没有思维了） gone is the light ……倒装句 fine art 工笔艺术  fine eyes 睿智的眼神 thoroughly=completely inn 小旅馆（tavern 最小的……-）客栈）I foresee 我预想 presently ad. 不久 milestone 里程碑 sharp corner 急转弯 notice board 提示牌 in due course:at the very moment L25 The Snake How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery. Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today. It was not forced upon them by the survival competition; they could have caught and lived on prey without using poison just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do. Poison to a snake is merely a luxury; it enables it to get its food with very little effort, no more effort than one bite. And why only snakes ? Cats, for instance, would be greatly helped; no running rights with large, fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits just a bite and no more effort needed. In fact it would be an assistance to all the carnivorae--though it would be a two-edged weapon -When they fought each other. But, of the vertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes (and one lizard). One wonders also why Nature, with some snakes concocted poison of such extreme potency. In the conversion of saliva into poison one might suppose that a fixed process took place. It did not; some snakes manufactured a poison different in every respect from that of others, as different as arsenic is from strychnine, and having different effects. One poison acts on the nerves, the other on the blood. The makers of the nerve poison include the mambas and the cobras and their venom is called neurotoxic. Vipers (adders) and rattlesnakes manufacture the blood poison, which is known as haemolytic. Both poisons are unpleasant, but by far the more unpleasant is the blood poison. It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is , so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula. Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison. This,however,means nothing. Snakes did not acquire their poison for use against man but for use against prey such as rats and mice, and the effects on these of viperine poison is almost immediate. L26 Virtue and a Fast Gun William S. Hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars, for unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but Westerns. From 1914 to 1924 he was supreme and unchallenged. It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-bad man, the accidental, noble outlaw, or the honest but framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment. Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually 'knew something of the old West. He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished frontier. And although no period or place in American history has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality did join hands in at least one arena, the conflict between the individual and encroaching civilization. Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indian were bewildered by politicians, bankers and business-men, and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos. Hart's good-bad man was always an outsider, always one of the disinherited, and if he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way, his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.  Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century found it pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relatively simple. We still do; living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by. New words and expressions supreme    a. 首屈一指 super  超级 supreme court 最高法院 supreme people's court 最高人民法院 intermediate 中级 supremacy   n.首屈一指male supremacy 大男子主义male supremacist 大男子主义者 grey mare 胜过丈夫的妻子second to none 最高的 India is second to China in population. second to 仅次于 protagonist n.主角、正面角色---antagonist 反面角色 leading role 主角supporting role 配角 extra 跑龙套starring 领街 outlaw    n.亡命徒 outlaws in the green wood 绿林好汉 brigand 地匪，流窜犯 highway man 打劫的 fake 假的 deliver 给 （打劫的时候用）fake 假的 framed    a.遭到陷害的 sheriff     n.司法长官 vicious     a.恶毒的 vice n. 恶毒 wicked 恶毒的 venom 蛇毒venomous 恶毒的 heinous 恶毒的 malicious 邪恶的 gossipn. 流言蜚语（personal） rumor 谣言，传闻 It is rumored that he robbed the bank. gossip monger 传谣言的人 in short  总之 in brief /in a word 总之 environment  n 环境 无复数 natural 自然环境 circumstance 人文环境surrounding 环境 setting under the environment 在……情况下 environment makes man.环境造就人 vanished     a.消失了的 absurdlyad 荒诞的 arena   n.竞技场 amphitheater 圆形剧场 political arena 政治舞台 bullflighting 斗牛 encroaching    a.渐渐渗入的 encroach 侵犯 American culture is encroaching globally. penetratin 渗入 His speeh is penetrating. 他的演讲有穿透力。 India    n.印第安人 bewilder vt.使手足无措 wilder 迷茫 baffle/muddle 迷乱的 dizzy 昏的 disorient 使……失去方向 alien    a. 外来的 n. 外国人 alien product 洋货 alien word 外来词 eg.sofa,jeep,café,coolie,kotow； alienate v.远离、挑拨离间 taboo n.戒律forbidden words damn it disinherit vt.剥求……的继承权 inherit 继承 inheritance 继承权 undeclareda.未经宣布的 hypocrisy n.伪善 hypocrite 伪君子 hypocritical 过于挑剔 chicanery n.诈骗 chicane   v.骗（以-ry结尾的名词没有复数 ） 如machinery,pottery,jewelery cheat,deceive,hoax cheat 骗钱财 deceive one's feelings hoax:play trick(哄小孩) anarchy   n.混乱、无政府 monarchy   君主制 chaos   n. 混乱  chaotic adj.混乱 lawless   adj.非法的 turbulence  n.骚乱 impending  a.迫近的 approaching 靠近 imminent 迫近的 immolation n.杀戮  immolate vt. 杀  sacrifice n. 祭祀品 code n.准则 Notes on the text William S. Hart William:first/given/Christian name S.:middle name Hart :last name Western stars 西部片影星 for 因为 unlike 与……不同 appear in nothing but  仅仅出现于  nothing but 仅仅  He is nothing but liar.他是骗子。  He is anything but liar 他不是骗子  he is nothing but angry.他很生气  he is anyghing but angry.他不生气 Gary Cooper 《日正当空》Puritan 清教徒 comedy 喜剧 unchallenged=matchless It was ……强调句式 1． vast west 2． Indians 3． hero. devise=design upright 正直 film maker 制片人 good-bad man 本质好，偶尔做坏事的人 tramp 流浪者Chinese Amercian 美籍华人（根在前） noble:1.rich 2.noble minded out of impulse 一时冲动 framed 受人诬陷的 cowherd/cowman 牧童 suspect 嫌疑犯 He was made Chairman.他被选为主席 abuse power 滥用权力 rangy 落魄的人 minor figure 小人物 in short in conflict with 与……有冲突 frontier 此处意思是广阔的西部 unwillingly outsider 局外人 contemporary 同时代的人，当代的 modern 现代的 know sth. of 略有了解 关于"西部在消失"的背景常识 Jefferson the Declaration of Indepedence 独立宣言 Louisiana 路易斯安那 Mississippi 密西西比河 ambassador 大使 hire 租用 at a cross 难以定夺 （将在外，君命有所不受） 2.6 million square mile 16 million dollars double of american’s GDP gold rush 淘金热 hero 英雄 mythology 神话 although 让步状语从句 no……more……构成最高级 romanticized 此处指作成电影（浪漫化） indelible effect 不可磨灭的印象 join hands=coexist 并存 solid basis 同位句 conflict是 arena的同位语 accustomed to 做后置定语 意思是used to 习惯于 elements 希腊5个自然元素 这里指自然 unhorsed 放弃戎马生涯 overcame 击退 comment 评论 relatively 相对的 do=find it pleasant L27 The Personality of Man Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress the accumulation of knowledge. Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech. With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming science, the tempo was suddenly raised. Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent. Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account. What is called 'modern civilization' is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life. The problem now facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge ? As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. It is now being used indifferently for both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them ? We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues. New words and expressions loom vi. 阴森的逼近（带贬义） Eg: The shadow of the impending war looms ahead/large/big. (即将来临的战争的阴影正在迫近。) Eg: It was approaching the Spring Festival(vocation), the examinations were loomed up. (春节快到了，考试也正在迫近。) Eg: A high mountain looms ahead. (一座大山横在面前。) manifest adj. 明显的 S: visible adj. 明显的，显著的 patent n. 专利； adj. 显著的，明显的 另有：obvious/clear/parent… mankind n. 人类 morality n. 道德 moral adj. 道德；moral code 道德准则；moral standard 道德标准 to enhance people's consciousness of morality 提高人们的道德意识 communicate vt. 交流，交际 communication n. 交流 enhance communication between(among) people 加强交流 enhance communication among nations 增进国际交流 Eg: Language is a tool for communication. (语言是交流的工具。) communicative adj. communicative means 交流方式 Eg: Language is a communicative tool. (语言是交流的工具。) enhance vt. 增进 enhance friendship 增进友谊 enhance cohesion 增强凝聚力 enhance consciousness/awareness 增强意识 S: boost v. 推进，促进 rein in force 促进 另有：heighten… tempo n. 速率 trickle n. 涓涓细流 torrent n. 滔滔洪流 evil n. 恶行 evil thought 邪念 evil sigh 邪恶的迹象,凶兆（dog bark at midnight） Eg: Your cough is an evil sign, probably I will lie in bed. S: vice n. v. 恶 vice president 副总统；坏总统 wicked adj. 邪恶的； wickedness n. 邪恶 indifferently ad. 不在乎地 grimly ad. 可怖地 whimsical a. 怪诞的 shatter v. 毁坏 close at hand 附近 twofold a. 双重的 fold 翻倍的； fivefold 五倍； time 倍数 Notes on the text 主题：Social advancement 社会的进步 3 stars loom so large in the modern world 在现代社会 surely because 引导原因，恰恰因为 progress of a particular kind 一种特别的进步，介词短语作后置定语 particular 特殊的，特别的 more and more 越来越 manifest 明显 Eg: You were walking on the way, he loomed out of mist. Although…此句： in intelligence/morality 在智力/道德方面 undergone: experienced 经历 no general improvement （注意no的位置） no 用not any替换，则…has undergone no general improvement… 等同于：…has not undergone any general improvement… "…, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge."中it指代人类，（人类的总称,普遍所指时用it） accumulation 堆积，堆砌 extraordinary progress 显著进步 Although…主题句提出，做原因解释 Knowledge began to…此句： be communicated 可以交流，传递 another = another individual speech 口语 oral adj. 口头的 Eg: … people go hunting. I found the place where the bears are inhabited. With…此句： with… 随着…… writing = written language a great advance 巨大的进步 not only … but also … communicated 交流；stored 储存 Libraries made education possible…此句： libraries: a place where books of various kinds are stored and education in its turn added to libraries… add to 增加 in its turn 反过来 in its turn added to = enrich 丰富 Eg: His humor added to the ball. (他的幽默使晚会增色不少。) Fireworks added to the ball. （焰火使晚会增色不少。） Eg: Harmony among peoples makes world peace possible, and world peace in its turn enhances harmony. (民族间的和睦有助于世界和平，而世界和平反过来促进和睦。) "："后的句子解释作用 the growth of knowledge 知识的增长 compound interest law [银行业术语：复利法规则] which 指代the growth of knowledge printing 印刷术 printing 对于知识的发展is a great impetus impetus 推动力 All this…此句：all this… 这一切… comparatively slow 相对较慢 with the coming of science 科学的到来 with 引导插入语 Eg: 4 years ago, in American telecommunication is not so popular. If a person can predict what happens in 30 years, he is… It's really hard mobile phone really so big at first as… Then knowledge began to… 此句： systematic 系统化 Aristotle 亚里士多德 把知识分类为： Physics 物理学；Psychics 心理学；Poetics 诗学；Math 数学 The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent. 涓涓细流汇成小溪；小溪又变成了奔腾的江河。 Moreover…此句： as soon as 既然 acquired 获得 account 账户：you can easily and freely get money from it What is called…此句： What is called 所谓的 all man's nature 人类本质 a balanced development 平衡的发展 but 而 accumulated knowledge 积累的知识 to practical life 作后置定语，实际生活 Eg: Probably he has many abilities… Eg: medical people 医学人才；English people 英语人才；doctor 博士；post doctor 博士后 The problem now facing humanity is:

总结

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The problem now facing humanity is: 人类所面临的问题是： As…此句： as 正如；指代从句knowledge is… Eg: As is often the case that he helps others. 他经常帮助他人。 two-edged 双刃的 for good or evil 可好可坏 indifferently 毫不在乎，引申为毫不辨析的 discriminate 辨析，区别 Could…此句： Could…引导虚拟语气的问句 spectacle 壮丽的场面 be more grimly whimsical 更加荒诞无奇 than that "that" 修饰spectacle gunner 枪手 shatter 击碎，粉碎 field hospital 野战医院 We have to ask…此句： with its ever-increasing power 状语后置 ever-increasing 逐渐增强 L28 Countryman’s Creed No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite, but two classes may be roughly seen. Any ship that crosses the pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition. In the contrary school the duck is supreme. It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts. Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with steel-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposite gale before exhaustion follows. Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire. You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey. The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure. It tires not nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home feeding its flown young as it flies and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse. Such birds do us good, though we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that, and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning. New words and expressions infinite a. 无穷的，无限的 infinitive n. 不定式 A: finite a. 有限的；measurable a. 可测量的 S: fathomless a. 深不可测的; fathom n. 长度单位，旬；v. 测量深度 immeasurable a. 可测量的 另有：endless / boundless… infinite power /energy albatross n. 信天翁 white seabird direct vt. 指向 Eg: He directed me the way to success. （他给我指明了成功之路。） Can you direct me to NOS? director 导演 sustenance n. 支撑力 sustain v. Eg: The tree can't sustain its branches. （这棵树支撑不了它的枝干了。）He has a big family to sustain. (他要养活一大家子人。) sustainable a. sustainable development strategy 可持续发展战略 glider n. 滑翔者 harness vt. 利用(formal) S: use / make use of / utilize / exploit harness solar energy 利用太阳能 to yield to 顺着，屈服于 Eg: He yields to persuasion / despair / temptation. S: submit to / give in to / surrender to Eg: Turtle submit to all kind of indignities. school n. 类，群，队 多指sea animal / fish / shoal school 流派；schools of thought 思想流派 one hundred flowers blossom and one hundred schools contend. 百花齐放，百家争鸣 boast vi. 自夸 endow vt. 赋有 be endowed with Eg: He is endowed with gift/talent/power/strength/courage. ply v. 不断地供给 bore vi. 穿越 to bore through the air. 穿越大气层 gale n. 大风 exhaustion n. 精疲力竭 Eg: I am exhausted. / I am dead tired. / I am dog tired. S: worn out / spend / waste / drained humbler a. 较低级的 原型：humble Eg: I am a humble person. He is humble before his boss. 源于umble(French): the meat of deer eat umble pie = eat humble pie (狩猎后供仆人吃的)内脏做的煎馅饼 S: lick the dust 卑躬屈膝 Eg: He eat humble pie. 他忍辱负重。 S: inferior a. 下等的 Inferior to sb. partridge n. 鹧鸪 utter a. 完全的 Eg: He is an utter liar. 他纯粹是个骗子。 utterance 口头语；sentence 书面语 S: completely / sheer share vt. 有 flown a. 刚出巢的 fly / flew / flown Eg: I am flown. 我还是新手。 S: fledging slip vi. 滑行 adverse adj. 逆的，相反的 adverse wind 逆风；A: favorable wind 顺风 S: unfavorable wind Eg: I went home with adverse wind. adverse environment = adversity n. 逆境 Eg: Adversity makes a man. 逆境出人才。 adversary n. 对手 creed n. 信仰 Notes on the text 2 star No two…此句： No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight；= There are no two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight practise flight = fly practise 从事 practise flight 飞行；practise law 当律师；practise medicine 当医生 Eg: No two birds fly in the same way. No two man are the same. varieties：kinds two classes may be roughly seen (passive) = we can see roughly two kinds Any ship…此句： accompanied ：followed keep company 与……为伴 Eg: I keep company with him. vessel ：big ship 原意：sth. to hold water without more than occasional = occasional The currents…此句： The currents … of its course 整个句子做主语 currents 气流 walls of the ship 船舷 direct 导向 as well as 与upwards并列 in the line 沿着某条线走 its course its 指代currents of air； course 航程 are enough to give great bird ：albatross with its immense wings…做后置定语，修饰 bird The albatross…此句： Eg: Lion is the king of beast. 同位语从句：the class of fliers… yield to 屈服 opposition 逆风 In the…此句： supreme 首屈一指 roast duck 烤鸭 It comes…此句：comes nearer to ：similar to plane / gravity Ducks…此句： good part ：bid / important part irresistible power 无尽的力量 bore…through 穿越 opposite gale 逆风 before exhaustion follows 直到最后精疲力竭 Eg: I work before darkness comes / follows. until its dark… 直到……为止 Their humbler…此句： 前两类鸟飞别为：albatross，Ducks；第三类鸟为：their humbler followers：partridges like power like 的词性可以为 prep. / v. / adj. 此处位adj.古英语中常用 S: similar / alike (可做表语) Eg: They have alike appearance. (错) They have similar apperance. propulsion / propel ：to push / propeller / rocket You may…此句： in utter exhaustion 在完全疲惫的状态 (介词短语) When they are utterly exhausted （时间状语） Eg: We have to undertake a hard journey in seeking truth. We have to undertake a hard journey when we try to seek truth. The swallow…此句： swallow 燕子 virtues ：good points / merits / advantages in highest measure / to the highest degree 最大程度的 in a measure / in some measure / to some degree 在某种程度上 Eg: He resembles his mother in a / some / highest measure. It tires not…此句： tires not (古英语用法) = does not tire Eg: I work not. = I don't work. boast 夸耀 travelling…伴随状态 travel…to / travel…from / travel to and from it may be 做插入语，"也许" feeding 喂养 slipping travelling / feeding / slipping 并列结构，表示伴随状态 medium ：layer of air 大气层 passage 通过 the passage of time 时光流逝 do us good 对我们有好处 insect killer / locust 蝗虫 / cicada 蝉 / grasshopper 蚂蚱 omens 征兆 predication superstitious 迷信的 magpie 喜鹊 Eg: He is a magpie. 他什么都舍不得扔。 P.S.crow 乌鸦 Eg: He is a crow. 他特罗嗦。 wild geese 大雁 swan 天鹅 / swan lake 天鹅湖 goose 雌鹅 / gander 雄鹅 L29 Pieces of Mind A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond. It is difficult for any of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm of existence, different and, because the experience is intensely moving, in some way higher. And, though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. Greater too than we can describe, for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another. That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. In some moods Nature shares it. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves an indefinable longing and regret. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humour born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us, if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that whichwe cannot grasp. Beauty in terms of our human meanings is meaningless. New words and expressions rouse vt.激起(情感词） \emotion\excitement激动\anger仇恨\love爱 同义词 arouse激发,flame\inflame火焰,stir搅拌 This film is really rousing.这片子真是让人激动。 ▲intense a强烈的 love/passion热情/hatred/heat酷暑/coldness严寒/light/rays强光 intensive reading精读/extensive reading范读 intensive farming精耕细作/intensified training强化训练 同义词：violent/ferment/fierce/vehement aesthetic a审美的 aesthetics审美学（a＋s－名词，如logic—logics）esthete爱美者，唯美主义者 realm n世界 见19课 gleam n光芒 见10课 dazzle vt 使眼花缭乱，头晕目眩 The fireworks dazzle me.那绽放的烟花使我头晕目眩 dazzling achivemeng令人瞩目的成就 convey vt 传达，表达information/meaning/knowledge Teacher conveys knowledge to students. 同义词：transfer/transplant移植/transmit/transpacific横跨大西洋/pass over pass!传 serenity n 静谧 adj serene 同义词：poetic/quice/peaceful（O）/placid/tranquil（w）/serene life serene lake/face（安祥的脸） readily ad 轻易地 The work is readily done. The problem is readily solved.这个难题迎刃而解 同义词：smoothly/ painless undeniable a 不可否认的 词源：否认deny/可否认的deniable ①deny sb.……sth. He denies me admission.他不准我进去。 ②deny oneself in sth. I deny myself in drinking.我戒酒了 deny oneself毫无疑问/question－questionable－unqusetionable mistakable- unmistakble ▲indefinable a 不可名状的，无法下定义的（表程度高） define下定义 His kindness/hospitality is indefinable.他的热情真是难以表述。 难以描述的undesctibable/express expressible-inexpressible/biyond words ▲longing n 渴望,热望 long for a villa/long to have a ville渴望一栋别墅 同义词：yearn－yearning for……/thirst/thirsty/hunger ※名词或动词类似，则其同义词用法类似 my hunger for books vulgar a 平庸的（来源于宗教，与God所住之heaven相对应） vulgar place/vulgar world/vugar language(nasty)言语粗俗 同义词：earthly 反义词：heavenly/godly/celestial星空的，高雅的 radiance n 发光 来源于radio adj－radiant smile灿烂的笑容/radioactive表辐射 wear a radiant face红光满面 ※：wear 可用于表穿、戴、涂抹、留(胡子、头发等）如wear lipstick/whitening lotion增白蜜/beard mysteries n 神秘的事物 /mystic见19课 intimation n 暗示 intimate v.告知，暗示 同义词：hint/suggestion/imlication whimsy n 怪念头 whimsical adj.怪诞的见27课 ▲in a word 总而言之 同义词：in short/in brief（见）26课/in a nutshell ▲interpret vt 阐明 I am an interpreter.(oral)/translator(written) inter:between 如：international/interschool/interclass/interpersonal trans- 表示"横过，贯穿"之义 interpret a role/play a role 扮演角色 ▲unutterable a 不可言传的 同义词：indefinable Utter vt 说出，表达 adj 完全的 in utter exhaustion完全疲劳状态（见28课）/utterance(oral)/sentence(written) invest vt 赋予 m.investment 同义词endow v. invest in投资: He invested in china. invest with给予/invest sb. with courage invest sb. with loving heart The novel is invested with mystery.这部小说极具神秘色彩！ grasp vt 理解 beyong/within my grasp 无法/能理解 Grasp all and lose all. 贪多必失 He is very grasping. 他太贪婪了。 Notes on the text 5 star A young man sees（与concludes并列） a sunset and, unable（做原因状语） to understand or to express the emotion that it(sunset) rouses in him①, concludes that it must be the gateway to ②（通往……的门） a world that lies beyond（省略了 this world）.（下一句从特殊引至一般,from a individual to the general） It is difficult for any of us( 后边跟 to do sth. )in moments of intense aesthetic experience ③to resist the suggestion（暗示） that（同位语从句） we are catching a glimpse（一瞥） of a light that shines down to④ us from a different realm of existence（=world), different（different 修饰 existence） and, because the experience is intensely moving（双关语，touching/quickly), in some way higher( 更加壮丽). And, though the gleams blind(v.使……一片茫然), and dazzle, yet do(do 起强调作用) they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. Greater too than we can describe⑤, for language, which was invented to convey the meanings of this world（this world:our worle）, cannot readily be fitted to the uses of another. That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. In some moods Nature shares it. There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer⑥, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision（幻觉） of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing（in passing 在流逝的过程中） leaves an indefinable longing and regret. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke⑦, life（省略了is not ）a vulgar flare ⑧amid the cool（冷，冷漠） radiance of the stars（宇宙间，意为上天）, and existence（＝life）（省略了is not） an empty laugh braying（donkey） across the mysteries（意为上天）; if these intimations（暗示，联想） of a something（a something 指前边所联想的东西，日落、蓝天） behind（inside/inside my heart,见文章第二句'to express the emotion that it rouses in him'） and beyond（higher universe） are not evil humour born of indigestion（born of indigestion:come from misunderstangding，误解）, or whimsies sent by the devil（与hell相对，意指邪恶） to mock（joke，嘲笑） and madden us, if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to（try to） interpret the meaning⑨. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp⑩. Beauty in terms of（in terms of 就……而言） our human meanings is meaningless. ①What's your emotion when you see the sun is rising radianly from the Mount Tai? it is great!/beautifu!/it is really glamorous! it is really beyond my words! a glorious future behind him/ a glorious future in front of him（见6课） ②gateway to 通往……的门To master English is a gateway to a rosy future.（非常灿烂的未来） ③in moments of intense aesthetic experience 插入语＝when we have the moments of intense aesthetic experience ④shines down to/above/high above ⑤Greater too than we can describe.无谓语句(exclamation)，表达一种惊叹.即美得语言难以描述。 如：How nice! ⑥此句暗示更好的未来。结构上双重否定等于肯定There is sky in June so blur than it does point forward to a bluer .六月总有一种蓝天能使你联想到更湛蓝的天空。 如：There is no man in the world so nice that he does not deserve any praise. There is no man in the worle so vicious that he dose not deserve any abuse. He is rotten to the core,so I hate him to death.他坏到心肠了，我恨死他了。to death 表一种状态。 I love him to death.我爱死他了 I am hungry to death./I am angry to death. ⑦a bad joke 一个拙劣的玩笑，此句意为人生充满不幸（misfortune/happiness/laughter），西方宗教中上帝认为人是罪恶的，所以要惩罚人类，即理解为文中bad joke。 ⑧vulgar flare 平庸的一闪，flare:short in passing；vulgar:fruitless ⑨前面4句分句引出文中主题句－yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning. ⑩invest sth.(that which we cannot grasp) with significance，倒装句，宾语较长放在后， 此文章为哲学家所写，比较难，而科学类文章相对简单。（philosopher/scientist） 作者：C.E.M.JOAD(1891-1953) Britisher/Meaning of Life/God and Evil sculpture 文中图片为著名雕塑家Hogarth的自画像。The Line of Beauty 线条的美，在当时其作品被评为粗暴、低俗（vulgar and inferior）。其最擅长于勾画眼睛。 文章要求背诵，至少读10次，领悟其内涵。 L30 Adventures of Ideas Each civilization is born, it culminates, and it decays. There is a widespread estimony that this ominous fact is due to inherent biological defects in the crowded life of cities. Now, slowly and at first faintly, an opposite tendency is showing itself. Better roads and better vehicles at first induced the wealthier classes to live on the outskirts of the cities. The urgent need for defence had also vanished. This tendency is now spreading rapidly downwards. But a new set of conditions is just showing itself. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centres of the cities. Apart from the care of children and periods of sheer rest, the active lives were spent in the cities. In some ways the concentration of such activities was even more emphasized, and the homes were pushed outwards even at the cost of the discomfort of commuting. But, if we examine the trend of technology during the past generation, the reasons for this concentration are largely disappearing. Still more, the reasons for the choice of sites for cities are also altering. Mechanical power can be transmitted for hundreds of miles, men can communicate almost instantaneously by telephone, the chiefs of great organizations can be transported by airplanes, the cinemas can produce plays in every village, music, speeches, and sermons can be broadcast. Almost every reason for the growth of the cities,concurrently with the growth of civilization has been profoundly modified. New words and expressions 本课与20课相类似 鼓起精神 take heart 振作起来 beef up Ⅰ、words ▲culminate vi.鼎盛，达到顶点 n.culmination n.（顶点,多用做抽象意义）/summit n.顶峰/peak/top He reaches/attains the culmination in his thirties.他三十岁达到了顶峰。 His efforts culminate in his success.他的努力终于使他成功了。（culmite＝lead to His efforts culminate in the prosperity of his family. His efforts culminate in failure.他的努力付诸东流。 His excessive drinking culminates in his moral degeneration/decay.他的过度饮酒导致他道德败坏 mend one's morals改过自新 decay vt 衰亡，腐烂 同义词：rot见第二课 My health decays.我的身体江河日下。 Tooth decays.牙齿咬不动东西了。 testimony n 证据=evidence testmen n.证人 testify v. Bear/produce the testimony to his innocence.我证明他无罪。 oral证词/verbal证词/ material物证 ▲inherent adj固有的 the sloth that inherent in him天生的懒惰 inbred 天生的 inbuilt嵌入的 ingrain 根深蒂固的 deep－rooted根深蒂固的 faintly adv不明显的 faint微弱的 The light is so faint.光线太暗。 I fainted.我晕了过去。 tendency n倾向 I have the tendency to shop.我是个购物狂。 I have the tendency to smoke/read.我是个烟鬼/书迷 trend潮流/inclination（自己的）倾向 /current潮流（更常用） vanish vi消失见26课 ▲a set of 一批后只跟sth不跟sb a set of rules一系列规则/a set of equipmeng一套设备/a set of furniture一套家具/a set of short stories短篇小说集 ▲sheer adj纯粹的 sheer brandy纯白兰地/sheer liar大骗子/sheer rubbish一派胡言 emphasize vt强调 n.emphasis place/lay/put emphsis……on We have to place emphasis on construction of civilization.我们要加强文明建设。 同义词：underline/spotlight at the cost of 以……位代价＝at the ptice of =sactifice v.牺牲，n牲 I learn English at the cost of my holidays. ▲commute vi. 乘车上下班 n.commuter 通勤者/commuter time/rush hour上下班时间 There is a New York of commuters devoured by locusts in the day and spit out at night. It's commuter time,I will go.要下班了，我要走了。 instantaneously adv.即刻地 instant noodles 方便面，快餐面 in no time快，很快 I will come in no time.我马上回来。 sermonn布道 preach a sermon by a priest牧师布道 ▲profoundly adv深刻地 profound theory深奥的理论 bid for Olympics申奥 profound sleep死睡/sleep like a log睡得像猪/eat like a pig Notes on the text This is about civilization and industry.That is the association between industry and civilization. Each civilization is born( 产生), it culminates, and it decays①. There is a widespread testimony that this ominous（ominous不吉祥地） fact is due to② inherent biological defects（biological defect 生物地缺陷，指前文中的产生、发展、灭亡的过程） in the crowded life of cities③. Now, slowly and at first faintly, an opposite tendency④ is showing itself⑤. Better roads and better vehicles ⑥at first induced the wealthier classes to live on the outskirts of the cities. The urgent need ⑦for defence had also vanished. This tendency is now spreading rapidly downwards⑧. But a new set of conditions is just showing itself. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs⑨, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations（商业贸易）, government, and pleasure in the centres of the cities. Apart from（除了） the care of children and periods of sheer rest, the active lives （活动生活，主要生活）were spent in the cities. In some ways（在某些方式上而言） the concentration of such activities was even more emphasized, and the homes were pushed outwards even at the cost of the discomfort （：menace，威胁，不舒适）of commuting. But, if we examine（探究） the trend of technology during the past generation, the reasons for this concentration（指前文relations 、government, and pleasure ）are largely disappearing. Still more, the reasons for the choice of sites for cities are also altering.（下文解释说明） Mechanical power can be transmitted for hundreds of miles, men can communicate almost instantaneously by telephone, the chiefs of great organizations can be transported by airplanes, the cinemas can produce plays in every village, music, speeches, and sermons can be broadcast. Almost every reason for the growth of the cities, concurrently with the growth of civilization has been profoundly modified. ①例句：A man is born,he culminates/grows up,and he decays/dies. ②due to=becouse of，而due to 多指不好之意 Due to my carelessness/drinking/overspeeding ③本句看试与首句不相关联，但前句中的 civilization 城市生活多半代表了文明的含义，而 countryside多有backward（落后）、supersitious （迷信的），故由前句讲到本句的城市生活。 ④opposite tendency 相反的倾向，指与城市生活拥挤不堪相反 ⑤showing itself 显露迹象 suggest itself As time goes on,the adwantage of my sound English is showing itself.随着时光流逝，我良好的英语功底终于派上用场了！ ⑥vehide(in Britain)/lorry or motocar,automobile(in America) induce 归纳 from every point to the center induced=attracted outskirts:it is only within the city but actually it is outer city ⑦urgent need迫切需求,指人们开始搬到市郊居住，使得城市的应急防护就显得不必要了 ⑧downwards向下转移 I am homeward.我朝家里走去。 I am schoolward.我上学去。 I am eastward.我向东走去 I am restaurantward.我吃饭去。 I am bridgeward.我向桥上走去。 I am bookstoreward.我买书去。 ⑨ city－outskirts-suburb：expansion outward向外扩展 immediate:近的，接近的 immediate goal近期目标 long term goal长期目标 immediate boss顶头上司 concentrate集中，若后接抽象内容则需加on，具体事物则不必。 concentrate on my studies集中学习 作者：A.N Whitehead(1861-1947)，a philosopher 1924,he became the professor of University of Harvard.He wrote a very famous book'principia of mathematic'与人合著者（coauthors） 被罗素誉为giant in philosophy哲学巨人 他称罗素为the greatest logician最伟大地逻辑学家 If you roll off my log, I will roll off yours.你捧我，我也捧你。 本单元：lesson24、29、26、27、28（注重句型）需详细解读。 L31 Non-auditory Effects of Noise Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society. This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause. and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science. One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness. A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck '. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a mental hospital. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that one cannot distinguish cause and effect. Was the noise a cause of the illness, or were the complaints about noise merely a symptom? Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement. What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. The United States Navy, for instance, recently examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome; if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it does not exist; but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanages--which really is a mental health hazard. New words and expressions I doubt my adequacy as a father. Plea n. 要求 make plea for aid/money 要求资助 On the plea of sth. 以…为借口 I am absent on the plea of stomachache. 我以肚痛为由不去上课。 Plea v. plea for sth. Abatement n. 减少 abate v. 减少(指harm,danger)decrease v./reduce/v./wane/diminish The danger of the poisonous gas abated. / The wind abated. Decrease,reduce 用于数量减少 wane vi. 减少，月缺 Wax vi. 月满 crescent 月牙 Diminish 可以指数量也可以指power The illness diminishes my strength/energy. Discredit vt. 怀疑 credit 相信 suspect/doubt Suspect （行为不轨）n. 嫌疑犯 doubt 怀疑事物的真实性 allegation n. 断言 =assertion/claim allegation:sometimes no proof,hypothesis assertion:My assertion is that he is back tomorrow. 有证据 My allegation is that he is back tomorrow. allege v. It is alleged that…=It is reported…=It is said… It is alleged that he is a shop lifter. distress n. warry<忧伤