Unit-02-Bards-of-the-InternetPPT课件

Unit2BardsoftheInternet上海外语教育出版社南京信息工程大学刘杰海新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列教材（修订版）综合教程第六册(第2版)电子教案coverContentsPageContentsLearningObjectivesPre-readingActivitiesGlobalReadingDetailedReadingConsolidationActivitiesFurtherEnhancementobjectivesLearningObjectivesRhetoricalskill:evidenceandquotationKeylanguage&grammarpointsWritingstrategies:quotationstosupportopinionsTheme:literacyandtheInternetPre-R:pictureactivationWhatdoesthispictureimply?PictureActivation|Pre-questionsPre-R:Pre-questions-1Weareenteringaneraofinformationexplosionwhichisboostedbyadvancedscienceandtechnology.WehavebecomeaccustomedtocommunicatewitheachotherthroughTwitter,Weibo,Facebook,etc.TheInternethaschangedourlifeonewayoranother.PleaseshareanexampleonhowtheInternethaschangedyourlifeorsomehabits.PictureActivation|Pre-questionsOpentodiscussion.Pre-R:Pre-questions-2TheInternethasprovideduswithamorespeedyandconvenientmeansofcommunication,whichiscalledforbythequickenedpaceoflifetoday.Onlinecommunicationhasbredastyleofwritingwithnumerousdistinctivefeaturesofitsown.Canyouthinkofsomeexamplestoillustratethedifferencesbetweenonlinewritingandtraditionalwriting?PictureActivation|Pre-questionsOpentodiscussion.G-R:textintroductionInthisessaytheauthordescribesthecurrentfashionfornetwriting,exploresthecausesofthepoorqualityofwritingfoundontheInternet,andexplainsitsmeritsanddifferencesfrompublishedwritingaswellasjustificationsforitssurvivalandprevalence.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-1CompuServe(Paragraph2)Foundedin1969asacomputertimesharingservice,CompuServedrovetheinitialemergenceoftheonlineserviceindustry.In1979,CompuServebecamethefirstservicetoofferelectronicmailcapabilitiesandtechnicalsupporttopersonalcomputerusers.CompuServebrokenewgroundagainin1980asthefirstonlineservicetoofferreal-timechat.SinceitsacquisitionbyAOLin1998,CompuServehasbeenawhollyownedsubsidiaryofAmericaOnline,Inc.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-2Prodigy(Paragraph2)anofficialwebsite,providingInternetaccessandrelatedvalue-addedservicesTextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-3AmericaOnline(Paragraph2)theworld’slargestonlineinformationservicewhichisoftenabbreviatedasAOL.ItisanAmericancorporationheadquarteredinVirginia,ownerandoperatorofonlineandinteractivecomputergames.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-4McLuhan(Paragraph2)HerbertMarshallMcLuhan(1911–1980),Canadianwriterandphilosopher.Hearguedthatitisthecharacteristicsofaparticularmediumratherthantheinformationitdisseminatesthatinfluenceandcontrolsociety.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-5TorBooks(Paragraph3)TorBooks,animprintofTomDohertyAssociates,LLC,isaNewYork-basedpublisherofhardcoverandsoftcoverbooks,foundedin1980andcommitted(althoughnotlimited)tosciencefictionandfantasyliterature.ThecompanyisnowpartoftheHoltzbrinkgroup,nowknownasMacmillanPublishers.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-6MarkTwain(Paragraph3)USnovelistandhumorist;pseudonymofSamuelLanghorneClemens(1835–1910).Aftergainingareputationasahumoristwithhisearlyworks,hewrotehisbest-knownnovels,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)andTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1885);bothgiveavividevocationofMississippifrontierlife.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-7TomPaine(Paragraph3)ThomasPaine(1737–1809),18thcenturyEnglishpoliticalwriter.HispamphletCommonSense(1776)calledforAmericanindependenceandTheRightsofMan(1791)defendedtheFrenchRevolution.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-7RevolutionaryWar(Paragraph3)indicatingthewarofAmericanRevolutionfrom1775to1783inwhichtheAmericancolonistswonindependencefromBritishrule.TheRevolutionarypamphleteerswerenotprofessionalwritersbutcommoncitizensengagedinthedebateofideas.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-8Elizabethanera(Paragraph3)Elizabeth(1533–1603),queenofEnglandandIreland(1558–1603);daughterofHenryVIII.Shere-establishedProtestantismasthestatereligion.ThephraseindicatestheperiodoftimereignedbyElizabeth.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-9Gutenberg(Paragraph3)JohannesGutenberg(c.1400–1468),15thcenturyGermanprinter.HewasthefirstintheWesttoprintbyusingmovabletypeandtouseapress.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-10CanterburyTales(Paragraph7)AcollectionofstoriesinpoeticformwrittenbyGeoffreyChaucerandpublishedbyWilliamCaxtonin1478.Today,avisittoTheCanterburyTales,oneofKent’smostpopularattractions,withitsstunningreconstructionof14thcenturyEngland,isjustlikesteppingintotheMiddleAges.Hereitreferstoaveryold-fashioneddressingstyle.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-11WELL(Paragraph9)apioneeringonlinecommunityknownforengagingconversationsandintelligentdebatesTextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-12Sausalito(Paragraph9)asmallcityinnorthwesternCalifornia,acrosstheGoldenGatefromSanFrancisco,anotedartistscolonywithapopulationofabout8,000TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-13NewYorkTimes(Paragraph9)oneofthemostimportantpapersinthehistoryofAmericannewspapers,whichwasfoundedonSeptember18,1851byHenryJarvisRaymondandGeorgeJones.RaymondwasalsoafoundingdirectoroftheAssociatedPressin1856.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-14WallStreetJournal(Paragraph9)Foundedin1889,theWallStreetJournal,theflagshippublicationofDowJones&Company,istheworld’sleadingbusinessnewspaper.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-15CommunicationsDaily(Paragraph10)America’spreeminentdailytelecomnewssourcepublishedbyWarrenCommunicationsNews,thepublisherofmust-readdailynewspublicationscoveringthetelecomandtelevisionindustryTextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-16DesMoines(Paragraph12)thecapitalofIowa,inthesouthcentralpartofthestate,withapopulationofabout200,000TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-17BrookFarm(Paragraph13)anexperimentalcommuneinWestRoxbury,Massachusetts,setupbyagroupofUSwritersinthe1840sTextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:culturenote-18theGlobeTheatre(Paragraph13)atheatreinSouthwark,London,erectedin1599,wheremanyofShakespeare’splayswerefirstpubliclyperformedTextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:authorbio1PhillipElmer-DeWittisasenioreditorofTimemagazine.Since1982,Elmer-DeWitthaswrittenaboutscienceandtechnologyforthemagazine.Asastaffwriterforthatpublication,hehaslaunchedtwonewsectionsinthemagazine:in1982,“Computers”andin1987,“Technology.”In1993,Elmer-DeWittalsospearheadedTimeOnline,theinteractiveeditionofthemagazine.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:authorbio2Elmer-DeWitthasproducedoverfourhundrednewsandfeaturestoriesonsubjectsrangingfrominvitrofertilizationtocomputersex.HisTimemagazinecoverstoriesinclude“ComputerViruses”(1988),“Supercomputers”(1988),“CuringInfertility”(1991),“Cyberpunk”(1993),“InfoHighway”(1993),“VideoGames”(1993),“HumanCloning”(1994),“TheInternet”(1994),and“SexinAmerica”(1994).TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:structureTextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructurePart1(paras1-2)introductoryleadPart2(paras3-4)featureandqualityofnetwritingPart3(paras5-9)reasonsanddefensePart4(paras10-11)meritsofnetwritingPart5(paras12-13)counter-argumentDR-p1-textBARDSOFTHEINTERNETPhillipElmer-Dewitt1.Oneoftheunintendedsideeffectsoftheinventionofthetelephonewasthatwritingwentoutofstyle.Oh,sure,therewerestillfull-timescribblers—journalists,academics,professionalwordsmiths.Andthegreatcentersofcommercestillfounditusefultokeeponhandpeoplewhocoulddraftamemo,abrief,apressreleaseoracontract.Butgivenachoicebetweenpickingupapenoraphone,mostfolkstooktheeasyrouteandgavetheirfingers—andsometimestheirmind—arest.DetailedReadingDR-p2-text2.Whichmakeswhat’shappeningonthecomputernetworksallthemorestartling.Everynight,whentheyshouldbewatchingtelevision,millionsofcomputeruserssitdownattheirkeyboards;dialintoCompuServe,Prodigy,AmericaOnlineortheInternet;andstarttyping—E-mail,bulletin-boardpostings,chatmessages,rants,diatribes,evenshortstoriesandpoems.JustwhenthemediaofMcLuhanweresupposedtorenderobsoletethemediumofShakespeare,theonlineworldisexperiencingthegreatestboominletterwritingsincethe18thcentury.DetailedReadingDR-p3a-text3.“ItismyoverwhelmingbeliefthatE-mailandcomputerconferencingisteachinganentiregenerationabouttheflexibilityandutilityofprose,”writesJonCarroll,acolumnistattheSanFranciscoChronicle.PatrickNielsenHayden,aneditoratTorBooks,compareselectronicbulletinboardswiththe“scribblers’compacts”ofthelate18thandearly19thcenturies,inwhichmemberspassedlettersfromhandtohand,addingalittlemoreateachturn.DavidSewell,anassociateeditorattheUniversityofArizona,likensnetwritingtotheliterarysceneMarkTwaindiscoveredinSanFranciscointhe1860s,“whenpeoplewerereinventingjournalismbygraftingitontothetall-talefolktradition.”DetailedReadingDR-p3b-textOthersharkbacktoTomPaineandtheRevolutionaryWarpamphleteers,oreventotheElizabethanera,when,thankstoGutenberg,agenerationofEnglishwritersbecameintoxicatedwithlanguage.DetailedReadingDR-p4-text4.Butsuchcomparisonsinviteaquestion:Ifonlinewritingtodayrepresentssomesortofrenaissance,whyissomuchofitsoawful?Foritcanbeverybadindeed:sloppy,meandering,puerile,ungrammatical,poorlyspelled,badlystructuredandattimesvirtuallycontentfree.“HEY!!!1!”readsanalltootypicalmessageontheInternet,“ITHINKMETALLICAIZREELKOOLDOOD!1!!!”DetailedReadingDR-p5-text5.Onereason,ofcourse,isthatE-mailisnotlikeordinarywriting.“Youneedtothinkofthisas‘writtenspeech’,”saysGerardVanderLeun,literaryagentbasedinWestport,Connecticut,whohasemergedasoneofthepreeminentstylistsontheNet.“Thesethingsarelittlemoreconsideredthancoffeehousetalkandalotlessconsideredthanaletter.They’renottohaveandhold;they’retofireandforget.”Manyonlinepostingsarecomposed“live”withtheclockticking,usingrudimentarywordprocessorsoncomputersystemsthatchargebytheminuteandinsomecaseswillshutdownwithoutwarningwhenanhourrunsout.DetailedReadingDR-p6-text6.ThatisnottosaythatwithmoretimeeverywriterontheInternetwouldproduceasparklingcopy.Muchofthefictionandpoetryissecond-rateorworse,whichisnotsurprising,giventhatthebarrierstoentryaresolow.“Intherealworld,”saysMaryAnneMohanraj,aChicago-basedpoet,“ittakesahellofalotofworktogetpublished,whichnaturallyweedsoutalotofthegarbage.OntheNet,justafewkeystrokessendsyourwritingouttothousandsofreaders.”DetailedReadingDR-p7a-text7.Butevenamongthereamsofbadpoetry,gemsaretobefound.MikeGodwin,aWashington-basedlawyerwhopostsunderthepenname“mnemonic,”tellsthestoryofJoeGreen,atechnicalwriteratCrayResearchwhoturnedamoribunddiscussiongroupcalledrec.arts.poemsintoarealpoetryworkshopbymercilesslycritiquingthepieceshefoundthere.“Somepeoplegotangryandsaidifhewassuchagodofpoetry,whydidn’thepublishhispoemstothegroup?”recallsGodwin.“Hedid,andblewthemallaway.”DetailedReadingDR-p7b-textGreen’sWellMetinMinnesota,amock-epicaccountofaface-to-facemeetingwithafellownetworkscribbler,isnowreveredontheInternetasaclassic.Itbegins,“ThetruthisthatwhenImetMarkIwasdressedastheCanterburyTales.Ratherdifficulttodoasyoumightsuspect,butIwantedtomakeacertainimpression.”DetailedReadingDR-p8-text8.Themoreprosaictechnicalandpoliticaldiscussiongroups,meanwhile,havebecomesocrowdedwithwriterscryingforattentionthataDarwiniansurvivalprinciplehasstartedtoprevail.“It’ssocompetitivethatyouhavetoworkonyourstyleifyouwanttomakeanyimpact,”saysJornBarger,asoftwaredesignerinChicago.GoodwritingontheNettendstobeclear,vigorous,wittyandaboveallbrief.“Themediumfavorstheterse,”saysCrawfordKilian,awritingteacheratCapilanoCollegeinVancouver,BritishColumbia.“Shortparagraphs,bulletedlistsandone-linersaretheunitsofthoughthere.”DetailedReadingDR-p9-text9.Someofthemostsuccessfulnetwritingisproducedincomputerconferences,wherewriterscomposeinakindofcollaborativeheat,knockingideasagainstoneanotheruntiltheyspark.PerhapsthebestexamplesofthisarefoundontheWELL,aSausalito,Californiabulletinboardfavoredbyjournalists.Thecaliberofdiscussionisoftensohighthatseveralpublications—includingtheNewYorkTimesandtheWallStreetJournal—haveprintedexcerptsfromtheWELL.DetailedReadingDR-p10a-text10.Curiously,whatworksonthecomputernetworksisn’tnecessarilywhatworksonpaper.Netwritersfreelylacetheirprosewithstrangeacronymsand“smileys,”thelittlefacesconstructedwithpunctuationmarksandintendedtoconveythewinks,grinsandgrimacesofordinaryconversations.Somehowitallflowstogetherquitesmoothly.Ontheotherhand,polishedprosecopiedontobulletinboardsfrombooksandmagazinesoftenseemslong-windedandphony.Unlesstheyadjusttothenewmedium,professionalwriterscancomeacrossasself-importantblowhardsindebateswithmorenimblenetworkers.DetailedReadingDR-p10b-textSaysBrockMeeks,aWashington-basedreporterwhocoverstheonlinecultureforCommunicationsDaily:“Thereareabunchofhackerkidsouttherewhocanstringasentencetogetherbetterthantheirblue-bloodedpeerssimplybecausetheylogonallthetimeandwrite,write,write.”DetailedReadingDR-p11-text11.Thereissomethinginherentlydemocratizing—perhapsevenrevolutionary—aboutthetechnology.Notonlyhasitenfranchisedthousandsofwould-bewriterswhootherwisemightneverhavetakenupthecraft,butithasalsothrowntogetherclassesofpeoplewhohadn’thadmuchdirectcontactbefore:students,scientists,seniorcitizens,computergeeks,grassroots(andoftenblue-collar)bulletin-boardenthusiastsandmostrecentlytheworkingpress.DetailedReadingDR-p12-text12.“It’seasytomakethisstufflookfoolishandtrivial,”saysTorBooks’NielsenHayden.“Afterall,alotofeveryone’sdailylifeisfoolishandtrivial.Imean,really,smileys?HousewivesinDesMoineswhologonasVIXEN?”DetailedReadingDR-p13-text13.Butitwouldbeamistaketodismissthecomputer-messageboardsortounderestimatetheeffectalifetimeofdashingoffE-mailwillhaveonagenerationofyoungwriters.ThecomputernetworksmaynotbeBrookFarmortheGlobeTheatre,buttheydorepresent,formillionsofpeople,aliving,breathinglifeofletters.OnesuspectsthattheBardhimself,confrontedwiththeInternet,mighthavedivedrightinandneverloggedoff.DetailedReadingDR:p1-2AnalysisParagraphs1-2AnalysisThefirsttwoparagraphsareanintroductorylead-inthatpresentsananalyticalcomparisonbetweenwhathappenedtowritingwhenthetelephonewasinventedandwhatishappeningoncomputernetworksnow.DetailedReadingDR:p3AnalysisParagraph3AnalysisInthisparagraphanumberofpeople’sremarksarequoted.Thesequotationsserveasevidenceofthefactthatdeviationsfromthetraditionalmediumofletterwritingarenotrareinhistory.Theimplicationisthatweshouldnotbesurprisedbytheboominnetwriting.DetailedReadingDR:p4AnalysisParagraph4AnalysisInthisparagraphtheauthorconcedesthemostseriousproblemofnetwriting—itspoorquality.DetailedReadingDR:p5-6AnalysisParagraphs5-6AnalysisInthesetwoparagraphstheauthorexploresthereasonswhythequalityofnetwritingissopoor.Onceagaintheauthorquotessomeremarksmadebyotherpeople.DetailedReadingDR:p7AnalysisParagraph7AnalysisInthisparagraphtheauthorbeginstociteexamplesindefenseofnetwriting.Hefirstpointsoutthatthereareactuallysomereallygoodwritings(gems)ontheInternet.DetailedReadingDR:p8-9AnalysisParagraphs8-9AnalysisInthesetwoparagraphstheauthordiscussestworeasonswhytherearesome“gems”ontheInternet:oneisthatthe“Darwiniansurvivalprinciplehasstartedtoprevail,”whichmeansthatonlygoodwritingwillsurvive;andtheotheristhe“collaborative”workincomputerconferences,atwhichideasareknockedagainstoneanother“untiltheyspark.”DetailedReadingDR:p10AnalysisParagraph10AnalysisInthisparagraphtheauthorexplainsoneofthedistinguishingfeaturesofnetwriting(i.e.Netwritersfreelylacetheirprosewithstrangeacronymsand“smileys”),which,however,doesnotdetractfromitsquality.DetailedReadingDR:p11AnalysisParagraph11AnalysisInthisparagraphtheauthormentionsanothermeritoftheInternet,thatis,itallowsthousandsofcommonpeopletotakeupthecraftofwriting.DetailedReadingDR:p12-13AnalysisParagraphs12-13AnalysisThelasttwoparagraphspresentacounter-argumenttooneofthecriticismsagainstnetwriting,thatis,“It’seasytomakethisstufflookfoolishandtrivial.”AccordingtoNielsenHayden,“alotofeveryone’sdailylifeisfoolishandtrivial,”andbesides,netwritingrepresents“formillionsofpeople,aliving,breathinglifeofletters.”DetailedReadingDR-Question-p1Paragraph1:QuestionWhydoestheauthorrelatewhathappenedtothetelephonewithwhatishappeningtothecomputer?DetailedReadingBydoingso,theauthorseemstosuggestthatwriting,whichwentoutofstylewiththeinventionofthetelephone,isexperiencinganunexpectedcomebackwithonlineletterwriting.DR-Question-p2Paragraph2:QuestionWhatisimpliedwhentheauthorsays“...themediaofMcLuhanweresupposedtorenderobsoletethemediumofShakespeare...”?DetailedReadingThephrase“themediaofMcLuhan”referstothenewmediathatbecamepopularinthe20thcenturysuchasradio,televisionandmovies,while“themediumofShakespeare”referstothetraditionalwayof“letterwriting”inthemainclauseofthissentence.Thesentenceimpliesthat,insteadofbeingrenderedobsolete,letterwritingisexperiencingthefastestdevelopmentsincethe18thcentury,thoughitisinthe“online”form.DR-Question-p3aParagraph3:Questions1.Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenhesays“...E-mailandcomputerconferencingisteachinganentiregenerationabouttheflexibilityandutilityofprose”?DetailedReadingTheauthormeansthatE-mailandcomputerconferencingdemonstratetoawholegenerationofpeoplethatthelanguageweusedoesnothavetobealwayssoformalasintraditionalletterwriting;itcanbeusedinacasualmannerwhilestillservingitspurposeeffectively.DR-Question-p3bParagraph3:Questions2.Whatdoestheauthorwishtoconveyinhiscomparisonbetweennetwritingwith“scribblers’compacts,”MarkTwain’sdiscoveryofnewjournalisminSanFrancisco,RevolutionaryWarpamphleteersandtheachievementsoftheElizabethanera?Andwhatdoeshefindwithhiscomparison?DetailedReadingTheauthorusestheseexamplestotellthereadersthattherearesomesimilaritiesbetweennetwritingandthoseexperimental,eveninnovativewritingmodesinhistory,andsonetwritingcouldberegardedasakindofrenaissance.DR-Question-p3cButhefindsinthiscomparisonthatmuchofnetwritingisawfullybad—sloppy,meandering,ungrammatical,poorlyspelled,badlystructuredandevencontentfree.DetailedReadingDR-Question-p5-6Paragraphs5-6:QuestionWhatarethereasonsthatcouldaccountforthepoorqualityofnetwriting?DetailedReadingFirst,things(suchasE-mail)writtenontheInternethavelittleliteraryvalue,sothey’renotmeanttobepermanent.Theyjustcomeandgoandnoonewilleverrememberthem,oncetheyareread.Second,manyonlinepostingsareproducedundergreattimepressure.Third,thereisactuallynothresholdontheInternet,sothatanyonecanlogonandsendoutwhattheyhavewritten.DR-Question-p7bParagraph7:QuestionWhatisimpliedinthesentence“...whenImetMarkIwasdressedastheCanterburyTales.Ratherdifficulttodoasyoumightsuspect,butIwantedtomakeacertainimpression”?DetailedReadingInthesentence“Mark”referstothefellownetworkscribblermentionedintheprecedingsentence.“IwasdressedastheCanterburyTales”means“Iwasdressedinaveryold-fashionedmedievalstyle.”ThewholesentencesuggeststhatGreenwantedtoattractattention.DR-Question-p8aParagraph8:Questions1.WhatarethecriteriaforgoodwritingfavoredbytheInternet?DetailedReadingGoodwritingontheNetshouldbeclear,wittyandbrief.Unitsofthoughtaretobefoundinshortparagraphs,bulletedlistsandone-liners.DR-Question-p8bParagraph8:Questions2.Whydoestheauthorsaythat“aDarwiniansurvivalprinciplehasstartedtoprevail”?DetailedReadingTherearethreereasonsthatareassumedtoberesponsibleforthepoorqualityofnetwriting.Thefirsthastodowiththenatureofthewritingwhichisregardedas“writtenspeech”andisoflittlevalue.ThesecondhastodowiththefactthatsomenetwritingsuchasE-mailiswritteninahurry.Thelastreasonisthelowbarrierstoentryoftheonlineworld,whichisresponsibleformuchsecond-ratefictionandpoetrythatwouldotherwisenothavebeenexposedtothereaders.DR-Question-p10aParagraph10:Questions1.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“...whatworksonthecomputernetworksisn’tnecessarilywhatworksonpaper”?DetailedReadingTheauthorisreferringtodifferentfeaturesbetweennetwritingandpublishedpapers.Netwriterscanfreelylacetheirwritingswithstrangeacronymsand“smileys,”whilethepublishedprosecopiedontobulletinboardsfrombooksandmagazinesoftenseemslong-windedandphony.DR-Question-p10bParagraph10:Questions2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweentheworkofnetwritersandthatofprofessionalwriters?