助听器基础知识

助听器基础知识 第一节 物理声学 第二节 心理声学 第三节 助听器适用对象 第四节 助听器发展简史 第五节 助听器的电学原理 第六节 助听器的元件和特征 第一节 物理声学 一、 声学 听阈、最舒适阈和不舒适阈是比较容易测到的。助听器的作用事实上是以某种方式改变声音，比如，抬高某一频率的声音或削弱另一频率的声音，这就需要我们掌握声学的特征及测量声音的方法。 声音是一种能量，只有当另一种能量使固体、液体、气体分子振动时才会产生，一旦有振动，就会引起介质运动，而运动涉及到速度、距离、时间。 人耳通过声音的物理属性如响度、音调、音质来判断声音，并且因人而易的。 声学是声物理的一个分支学科，由于它和听力有关，将它分为物理声学和心理声学。 二、物理声学 物理声学包涵了声音的所有物理特性，它们都是可以被精确测量出来的，可以称他们为“定理”。 物理学上给声音下的定义:声音是弹性介质中密度、压力变化及其传播的过程。要引起这些变化，需要有物体的振动和弹性介质，弹性介质可以是固体、液体、气体，而空气是最常见的。真空里没有弹性介质，因此声音不能在真空中传播。声音是一定能量作用于物体使之振动所产生并通过媒介转播的波。 声音是以球面波的形式向各个方向传播的，空气介质只传递声波，但不位移。声波是一种纵波，波的传播方向与振源的振动方向相同。 常见的声源有: 1、一个振动的物体如音叉、扬声器的膜片、小提琴琴弦等。 2、一股封闭的气流如汽笛、单簧管、人言语声等。 声波在传播途中，有些气体分子挤在一起——密波，有些则分离——疏波。如果敲一下音叉，就会看见音叉柄在前后振动，产生疏、密波，如果在音叉柄上连一只笔，将它放在可匀速移动的纸上，我们就能直观的看到波形了。 正弦波:音叉产生出来的声音是纯音，只有疏波和密波在简单的交替进行，而且只含有一个频率信号。一个完整的纯音包括一个疏波和一个密波，可用正弦波图表示。横轴表示时间，纵轴表示声波的强度。音叉振动的幅度与所用的力成正比，用的力越大，音叉振动的幅度就越大，使振动停止所需的时间越长。 频率:单位时间内物体振动的次数(次/秒)，用Hz表示。一个正弦波周期，从0到最大密波，回降到0，再到最大疏波，又返回0的过程，一个周期是360度。 周期:即完成一次周期性振动所需要的时间。例如，一个250Hz的纯音在一秒内振动了250次，完成一次振动所需的时间为周期(T)=1/f=1/250=0.004s或4ms，而8000Hz纯音完成一次振动所需时间为1/8000=0.000125s=0.125ms。 强度和振幅:振幅是描述物体振动时传递能量的大小。振幅是描述物体振动时传递能量的大小。 1 声速:声音在空气中的传播速度，为340米/秒，声音传播的速度与频率无关，高频声一秒传播的距离与低频声一样。 波长:声波在一个周期内传播的距离，即两个相邻正弦波上相同位置的两点间的距离。 波长、频率和速度:这三者是相互联系的; 速度f, 波长 ,1100/秒,1100 250Hz 250=或250波长= 波长 ,4.4 1波长=(1100除以250) ,1100/秒,或8000波长,1100 8000 Hz 8000= 波长 ,0.1375 1波长=(1100除以8000) ,250Hz,4.4 ,500Hz,2.2如果将频率加倍，则波长相应减半: ,1000Hz,1.1,13.2英寸,34厘米 ,2000Hz,0.55 的空气中传播速度为340米/秒，温度:声波在温度高的介质中传播得快，例如，声波在20? 而在0?速度减为330米/秒。 反射:反射是光和声共有的特性。声波从硬质的、平坦的表面上的反射要比从不光滑面反射回来的声波多。声源停止后，从墙面、地板、天花板上反射回来的声波还在继续的现象叫做混响。回声就是一种声反射，它与原音相分离。 吸收:与反射相反，地毯、窗帘、家具垫子都可以吸收声波，减少反射或回声。甚至空气自身也吸收声波，吸收的量取决于空气的温度和湿度。 声压:声波传播时，密波处的气压要比正常大气压高，而疏波处的气压低于大气压。声压实际上是指因声波的出现而产生的大气压变化。一个正弦波的波形只包含一个频率，如果再给一个同样频率的声音加在这个正弦波上，为了接纳新的声波，一定会有压力的变化，这种变化取决于他们之间的相位关系。 相位:在一个周期中，0º和360º相位相同。频率相等的两个声音同时给声的话就会有相同的相位，两者结合后会产生更低的疏波和更高的密波，它们的结合使声波的振幅更大，音量更响。相位也可以指声源相对于听者的方向或位置，但只适用于双耳同时听到声音，其结果是使声音显得更响。当声音一前一后分别到达双耳时，相位稍有不同，这就是判定声源方向，确定声源位置的依据。 复合波:不同频率纯音组成的波。当有几个声波同时存在时，总的声压取决于每个声波的频率、强度和相位。 周期波:有些复合波如音乐、言语声，波形可随时间变化而周期性重复。 非周期波:没有周期或一定形状的复合波，如噪音。 声强:声强是声音的一种属性，一个振动的物体如音叉，可使空气分子来回运动，当这些气 2压变化以瓦特/厘米来测量时，这个压力即为声强(IL)。只要在某个表面施力，就会产生压力，当声强碰到接受器如鼓膜或麦克风时，就转换成了声压。 有效声压:毫巴或达因/平方厘米是声压的基本单位，它表示将一克的物体在一秒内移动一厘米所需的能量，也等于海平面正常大气压的百万分之一。 2 最轻声:正常人耳在最好的听力环境下，最敏感的频率区域所能听见的最小的声音平均为 2,1620.0002达因/ 厘米，产生这个声压所需的强度为10瓦特/ 厘米。 2最响声:正常人耳在所能忍受的痛阈之下的最大声音平均为1000达因/ 厘米，声压在2000 22达因/厘米也即0.01瓦特/厘米可造成听力损害。最轻声和最响声间有很大的动态范围，事实上，如果下限(0.0002)视为一，那么上限就为5000000，但最响声听起来并没有最轻声的5000000倍那么响。 声压级(SPL):是用对数级的办法来表示声压的相对大小。人耳的听声范围太大，使用分贝来简化数值，将多数位的数字转化为以10为底的对数形式，听声的动态范围就缩小为0~140分贝。贝尔是两个强度之比，1贝尔=10:1;2贝尔=100:1;3贝尔=1000:1。分贝是1/10贝尔，它是两个声压级(p1/p0)或两个声强级的比，dB=20lgp/p。声强级就是将声01 ,162强与参照声强10瓦特/ 厘米比较后以 dB IL的形式表达出来;声压级就是将有效声压 2与参照声压0.0002达因/ 厘米比较后以dB SPL的形式表达出来。声强和声压是同一声波 2的两个不同物理量，它们的关系是 I=P，以分贝表示时，dB IL x 2=dB SPL。 第二节 心理声学 心理声学研究的是人对物理声刺激引起的相关心理感觉。前面说到的声音的频率，人们听起来的心理感觉是音调，强度是响度，而音色则为音质。 一、强度和响度:在物理声学中，强度是以dB(IL、SPL等)来测量的，其它描述强度的词语还有振幅和最大声压，响度级则时心理概念。一个轻声的强度如稍有增加，其响度的增加就非常明显;而大声的强度增加，响度的增加就不如小声明显。如果我们使一个声音的强度增加两倍，其响度绝不会相应加倍。按照 dB=20lgp/p的公式，其声压级只会增加6dB，而01 要使响度加倍声压级需要增加10dB才行。如1000Hz纯音，80dB SPL比70dB SPL响一倍，但却只有90dB SPL的一半响度。响度级的单位是phon，与频率有关，响度的单位是宋，与频率无关。 响度级的单位是方，响度的单位是宋。 方:响度级参考点是1000HZ 40dB SPL的声音其响度级是40方。将其它的频率的声音与1KHZ的声音相比，记下响度一样时二个频率的强度分别是多少，如果此时1KHZ的强度是50dB SPL，则响度级就是50方。尽管响度一样，但不同频率的所需要的强度都不一样。由等响曲线我们可以看出低频声响度变化较中频快，而高频的变化就更大了。重振现象就是强度和响度关系的很好例证，强度稍有增加，主观响度就有很大变化，这两者的关系是因人而易的。 宋:响度的单位，与频率无关。1宋,1000HZ 40dB SPL。在正常人即40方响度级增加10方，响度则增加2倍。即为:40方,1宋;30方,0.5宋;50方,2宋;60方,4宋。 二、频率和音调:频率的物理单位是赫兹。对于人耳的心理感受来说，就是高音调或低音调，频率增加音调也随之升高。频率加倍，上升一个倍频程，却不会使音调加倍。 美(mel)是音调的单位。1000美=1000Hz 40dB SL。正常人在最大舒适阈时，高调美多，低调美少。若频率加倍(一个倍频程)从1000Hz到2000Hz，其音调变化是从参考点1000美到1500美。若音调从1000美增加到2000美，其频率不会是2000Hz，而是3000Hz。 声音的主观响度与音调、感觉级和听力损失类型有关，也与声音的持续时间有关，如:一个人有听疲劳的话(音衰试验)，随着声音的持续，他会感觉声音变得越来越轻，同时，音调也在改变。正常人耳觉察不到1美和2美或20美和30美之间的区别。声音的响度包括频率、强度和持续时间，正常听力者很容易分清1000Hz和1030Hz的纯音，其变化为3%，但是在耳蜗有病变时，频率解析能力降低，辨别两个相似声音有困难，言语分辨率受到影响。 三、言语:我们对自己的声音通过以下方式进行自我监控。 1、我们听到自己的声音后自动纠正错误发音; 2、在噪音环境下我们自动提高音量以便能听到自己的声音; 3、在对远处的人说话时也会自动提高音量; 3 4、在安静环境下我们会自动减小音量; 5、我们是通过气、骨导两条通路听自己的声音的; 6、感冒时我们的声音会受到影响，因为此时我们处于暂时的传导性耳聋状态。 永久性的听力损失会导致不同程度的言语功能下降。比如由腮腺炎或脑膜炎引起的突发性耳聋患者短期内可保持言语功能，但不久就迅速减退;对由老年性耳聋或耳硬化症的渐进性听力损失患者最先出现的就是高频听力损失，然后音质改变，声音听起来很机械，患者通常不能控制自己说话的音量。绝大多数听力损失都是渐进性的，患者察觉不到，只有当听力损失影响到了自己的言语发音，患者才发现自己不能很好的分辨别人的声音，因为他认为自己的发音是正常的，通常他们将其归咎为年龄的增长而不是听力的衰退。 单侧耳聋患者丧失了判断声音方向的能力，他们也不能控制自己的音量，这就如同我们做言语测听时引入掩蔽的情形，测听时如果掩蔽好耳，由于没有全部丧失他们控制自己音量的能力，被试者就会自然的增加说话的音量，如果对坏耳进行掩蔽，就不会发生这种现象。 正常人是听声音，而听力损失患者则是感觉声音，但有一点是相同的，那就是如果将他们的听声方式改变了，那么他们会觉得自己的声音也变了。助听器能够帮助患者听到以前听不到的某些声音，很多病人不能立即适应这一改变，所以，在选配助听器时，应给病人解释清楚，以便他们能更好的适应助听器。 四、言语的产生:当我们说话时，从肺里来得气流通过喉部，声带的开放和闭合产生了基频。男声的基频在120~250Hz之间，女声的基频在210~325Hz之间。声带继发性振动产生了谐波。它们在从喉到口腔这条声通道中，由于共振的作用，使某些频率的振幅得以加强，形成了共振峰。这样，在嘴唇、口腔、舌头、牙齿、鼻腔的帮助下，气流就形成了言语声。尽管气流经过声道后会使共振峰变化，但不能改变基频。 五、言语声是由音素组成，音素分为元音和辅音两类，在汉语里分为声母和韵母。发元音时声带会振动，在气道中没有阻碍，它主要是低频能量，故音量较大，持续时间长;辅音是气流在声道中受到阻碍产生的一种语音。发音时声带振动为浊辅音，声带不振动为清辅音，辅音主要是高频能量，故音量很轻。并不只是音量大，元音就比辅音更能听懂，如果只有j-t-t-q-zh-r-或只有-in-ian-ian-I-en-e-，你能明白这句话的意思吗,因此，为了保持言语的清晰度，我们需要元音、辅音平衡，也需要有共振峰转移。这样，上面的例句:“今天天气真热”才有意义。一般常用的言语声级，在正对说话者嘴唇1米远处，侧得以下数值: 普通男性声级:65dB SPL 普通女性声级:63dB SPL 尽量大声说话:85dB SPL 尽量轻声说话:45dB SPL 从耳语声到大喊声范围:40dB SPL 六、能量和可懂度之间的关系:我们知道元音听起来比辅音更响，包含的低频能量更多，但这对言语理解贡献不大。如果将500Hz以下的能量都去掉，对于言语可懂度来说仅损失5%，如果我们将1000Hz以上的能量都去掉，我们损失只是5%的能量，但言语可懂度却损失了60%，因此500~1000Hz是响度和言语清晰度最平衡的范围。 对频率进行滤波以取得不同言语频率的最好清晰度，滤掉低频保留高频，能取得较好的清晰度。低频赋予声音音色和质感，高频赋予言语的清晰度。下表反映出各频率的言语清晰度百分比: 250Hz 8% 500Hz 14% 1000Hz 22% 2000Hz 33% 4000 Hz 23% 4 第三节 助听器适用对象 助听器适用于任何由于听力损失而引起的交流困难者。 成功选配:人们选择助听器是因为他们需要，选配助听器的动机是和他们的生活需求相关的。有些人的工作要求他们必须能听清小声，而有些对声音的要求没那么严格，后者往往在察觉到听力损失之前听阈已降至40-50dB。老年人反应较慢，要他们学会正确使用助听器并非易事，即使佩戴了助听器，在嘈杂环境中也可能无所适从;由于儿童耳部结构特殊且难以配合，就需要与耳科医生密切合作。不论年龄大小，对于助听器的外观要求都很高，他们希望助听器越隐蔽越好。只有既美观又实用的助听器才会为病人所接受。 使用寿命:正确使用助听器者并不是整天戴着它，需要指出是使用寿命长并不意味着助听器选配得成功，关键还是看助听器是否能满足患者需求。 听力损失程度:听力损失程度往往能决定选配助听器的效果和使用寿命。 轻度: 患者偶有听不清楚，在倾听时间过长时明显; 中度: 患者听力在近距离对话时还可以，但会出现替代用词和曲解;助听器对他们来说是 非常有效的; 中重度:患者能听清大声，但在噪音环境下听力较差，他们的残余听力尚可，佩戴助听器的 效果较好; 重度: 能听到大声和近的声音，他们甚至能听到某些环境噪音，但分辨率差，佩戴助听器 的效果并不理想; 极重度:佩戴助听器的效果完全取决于患者残余听力和程度，即使戴上助听器，主要还是借 助于其他感官来帮助听声。 听力损失坡度:绝大多数听力曲线都是较平坦的，逐渐上升或下降;而陡降型、深盘型或 不规则型则少见，低频骤降和岛屿型的更是罕见。 分辨率得分:也是决定助听器选配效果的一个元素。 ?90% 效果好 70-90% 有轻微的改善 50-70% 有实质性的改善 ?50% 效果不理想 一、助听器选配方法: 我们知道助听器并不能改善耳部本身的病理状况，只能将声音放大，尽可能地发挥耳的残余听功能。根据听阈、最舒适阈、不舒适阈或言语频谱等，予以相应的放大，同时必须保证能提高患者的听敏度，否则患者会拒绝佩戴。助听器的增益有使用增益、功能增益和估计插入增益和保留增益等形式。 助听器的选配目前大致有两种方法:处方法和比较法。处方法是描述每个频率增益的方法;比较法是从坡度、频率、输出等方面将两者加以比较。 二、比较法 测压器:通过改变频率响应曲线来模拟各种助听器，亦称“助听器模拟仪”。它能在言语范围内改变特定频率，在不同听力环境下对病人进行评估，比较其分辨率得分，确定放大值。通过模拟各种不同的放大效果和听力环境，使得患者在正式选配助听器之前亲身体验放大的感觉。此种方法目前已很少运用。 三、处方法 处方法根据每个频率的听阈，运用四则运算公式计算增益。有的会使用修正值减少低频增益防止向上掩蔽或者用于补偿其它选配参数。大多数处方增益公式都考虑了言语频谱、重振和背景噪音。 1/2增益公式:确定使用增益的值为听阈的一半，如设有保留增益10-15db，患者可以不必 5 调到最大音量。 Libby公式:每个频率增益1/3HTL，在250Hz减少5dB，500Hz减少3dB。 Lybarger公式:500Hz增益1/3HTL，1000-4000Hz增益1/2HTL。 选择增益值时，使每个频率增益后的声音落在动态范围中间部分，高、低频增益差不要超过15dB，保持500-1000Hz、1000-2000Hz之间的平衡。 NAL-RP公式:为非线性放大助听器选配公式。TGi 为目标增益;ACi 为气导阈值;ki和PC为修正值(有专门的表格);H为500 Hz 、1000Hz、2000Hz的平均阈值;ABG为气、3FA 骨导阈值差。 DSL I/O公式:全动态范围压缩助听器选配公式。TG = AIR ( UCL + TS - I ) / UCL TG为目标增益;AIR为气导阈值;UCL为不舒适阈值;I为输入声压级;TS为修正值。 修正值:不同的公式有不同的修正值。在Berger公式里规定，如果是耳背机，则2000Hz加2dB，3000Hz加3dB，以弥补耳廓导致的声音衰减;如果是定制机，则500Hz减少增益，2000Hz增加增益，防止机身的阻隔效应;如果是双耳选配，则增益减少3dB;如果有传导性因素，则操作增益要加上1/5气、骨导阈差。这些都是常规做法，有时因人而易，需要做特殊调整。 不舒适阈:无论用何种方法测量，不舒适阈必须用声压级(SPL)表示。窄带听力级不舒适阈每个频率都需转换为声压级;听力级增加20dB即转换为声压级(ANSI标准); 描述性公式还可以决定助听器的不适阈限制，通常用最大输出和饱和声压级表示。 Pogo公式:HL UCL(500Hz+1000Hz+2000Hz)/3+4dB，4dB是修正值。 三、选配种类 单耳选配:是指只选配一台助听器。其副作用有阴影效应和听力剥夺效应。阴影效应是由于颅骨的阻隔使得从未助听耳一侧传来的声音高频衰减，导致双耳的信噪比相差可达13dB之多;听力剥夺效应是由长期单耳助听引起，未助听耳逐渐丧失言语分辨率。 双耳选配: 即双耳均选配助听器。双耳配戴助听器后感受声音时可以判断声源的方向，明显地扩大听声范围，提高噪音环境下的言语清晰度。听力损失越重，双耳选配就越显得重要。 一般地，只要双耳听力下降并且无双耳选配禁忌症，都建议双耳选配。 双耳选配禁忌:1、退化效应:双耳言语分辨率反比单侧好耳差; 2、双耳听阈长期不对称; 3、单耳动态范围很窄; 4、复听，指用同一音频刺激时两耳的音调感受有差别; 5、有一只耳的不舒适阈非常低，这类患者动态范围通常很窄; 6、患者主观感觉堵耳效应严重; 7、患者有多功能障碍或自主功能异常。 骨导选配:适用于双耳闭锁、耳道溢液或者有传导性因素的感音神经性耳聋患者。 助听器选配禁忌:1、极重度感音神经性耳聋患者，最大输出不足以达到患者的听阈; 2、重度或极重度混合性耳聋患者，比如耳道闭锁; 3、动态范围异常缩小，比如5db; 4、不舒适阈异常低; 5、言语分辨率低导致好耳功能退化; 6、正在治疗中的患耳; 7、耳鼻喉科医生不主张选配助听器者。 第四节 助听器的发展简史 最早，把手作成杯状放在耳后，可使声音提高5~8dB。 1800~1900年期间，就有起到收集和传递声音作用的喇叭管式助听器，其中有的增益可达到15dB。 6 1876年:贝尔在为患有听力障碍的妻子制作一只真正的助听器时，发明出电话。 1892年:第一只专利产品——电话式助听器问世。 1903~1930年:开始全面生产电话式助听器。助听器是用碳粒式麦克风、一个电池和磁感应式电话组成，频率范围是1000~1800Hz，增益为10~15dB。 1920年:出现了真空管放大器，它通过控制电路的电压变化而将声信号放大。 1929年:随着技术的进步，真空管的体积和重量都明显缩小，并且用水晶式麦克风与之相匹配，使助听器可随身携带。 1938年:是助听器发展的转折点。缩微真空管的出现、小型晶体受话器的设计和制造，使助听器体积更小、更轻便，可以佩戴在人体上。 1950年:晶体管放大器取代了真空管放大器，使助听器体积明显减小，可以戴在头上。与晶体管放大器相配的是瓷式麦克风。 1964年:由晶体管、电阻和电线焊接在硅胶片上组成的集成电路出现了，使得助听器的体积更小、耗电更少、稳定性更好。 1982年:出现了现在使用的驻极体式麦克风。 90年代 数字化的助听器应运而生，即可编程助听器出现，使助听器能极大限度地满足各种复杂的听力损失的要求。 1996年第一台全数字助听器面世，其核心成分就是助听器中的模/数转换器。 21世纪，用数字信号处理技术(DSP)替代了传统的声音处理方式，广泛运用于助听器领域。 第五节 助听器的电学原理 能量守衡定理:能量既不会产生也不会消失，它只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式。 助听器运用的电学原理有两个——转换和放大。 一、转换 声能很难控制，如果把声能转换为电信号就容易控制了，麦克风和受话器都是能量转换器，麦克风是将声能转化为电信号，放大处理后，再由受话器将电能还原成声能，声能在耳道经耳模的声耦合作用后到达鼓膜。 二、电能 电流有正极和负极，是由原子(物质的最小单位)组成。原子为中性，其核心为带正电的质子和不带电荷的中子，外面有带负电的电子按一定的轨道围绕其旋转。同性相斥，异性相吸，质子之间和电子之间相互排斥，质子和电子相互吸引。 放大:只有电子能在原子间转移，电流以安培为单位。电流在某些物质中的传导比较容易。 导体:电流在导体中传导，如铜、金、银、铝，它们的外层电子非常活跃，易于游离。 半导体:正常情况下表现为绝缘体，但在热能、光能或电场作用下激活外层电子产生移动，这时半导体的作用与导体相同。导体中质子和电子电荷量的多少决定了电流量的大小。多个带电体合起来可使电流加强或抵消，在助听器中如果电流大则音量也大。 电池:助听器的工作电流由电池提供，电池电压以伏特为单位。电源的工作原理如水泵一样，分离正电荷和负电荷，使它们分布于电极的两端。由于极性相反的两方相互吸引，在引力的作用下，若有导体做介质，电子则向正极方向移动并产生电流。 直流电:电流方向恒定，电池产生的电流就属于直流电。 交流电:电流方向不是恒定的，而是有规律的变化。像声波一样，交流电也有频率、波长和振幅，发电机产生的就是交流电。 电阻:单位是欧姆，由原子间的“摩擦”产生。摩擦能生热，暖气片就是根据这一原理工作的。欧姆定律:电流=电压/电阻 或 声压=电池电压/电阻 电流:1、电流或声压与电压成正比; 2、电流与电阻成反比。 7 电阻:1、电阻与导线长度成正比，导线越长，电阻越大，低频声则加强;导线越短，电阻 越小，高频声则加强; 2、电阻与导线直径成反比，导线越粗，电阻越小，高频声则越容易传导; 3、电阻与导线材料有关，传导性好的材料电阻就小，比如金属电阻较小，半导体如 硅、锗较差，而塑料、玻璃、橡皮等则没有传导性，因为它们外层电子已饱和且和原 子核结合紧密。 电容器和感应器:它们能阻止交流电的产生，单位是欧姆，像电阻器一样，但原理不同，用阻抗描述它们更合适。电容是由两片平行的金属片组成，它的阻抗随着交流电频率的下降而下降，电容能让高频声通过而阻止低频声;感应器是由一个电感线圈组成，它的阻抗随着交流电的增大而增加，电感能让低频声通过而阻止高频声。若将电容和电感连接起来，则低、高频声音都被阻挡，而对中频声影响不大。 晶体管:就像一个可变电阻，它受到输入电流的控制，稍稍改变输入电流便会引起线路电阻较大变化。晶体管是由硅制成的固态半导体，具有放大功能，只许电流从一个方向通过，微小的麦克风电流流经三极管，调节电源正负间半导体的导电能力，将电池提供的电流控制调整为理想的输出电流。 放大器由晶体管、电容、电阻、开关组成，在集成电路出现以前，它是助听器里最大最复杂的部分。 第六节 助听器元件及特征 助听器的每个元件既有自己的频响特征，又以某种方式影响现有的频响反应，助听器的频响曲线就是由每一元件的频响组合而成的。一般地，助听器组成元件包括:麦克风、放大器、受话器、音量调控、音调调控、电感和电池等。 麦克风:麦克风是一种换能器也是一种输入转换器，它能够将声能转换成机械能再转化为电能。 全向性麦克风:磁性、陶瓷和驻极体式麦克风都是全向性麦克风，即等量接受各方向的声音。 目前，驻极体式麦克风被广泛应用于声学领域，它是采用一种绝缘的永久性极化材料制成。声音进入麦克风，声波的疏密变化引起带负电的薄金属膜片振动，随即将声能转变为机械能，膜片振动在驻极体上产生压力，传递至驻极体后板。驻极体后板和膜片底部都与场效应晶体管前置放大器相连并有一终端通向外部。当膜片振动时，膜片和驻极体后板间的距离和空间发生改变，产生电压，通过固定在麦克风上的场效应晶体管，将机械能转变为电能，再通过终端传到放大器。 驻极体式麦克风频响宽，灵敏度高且耐用，而膜片是它唯一运动的部分。 指向性麦克风:根据极性形式来分类，对前面传来的声音比后面传来的声音反应敏感得多。 指向性麦克风有两个开口在膜片的两端，一边一个。膜片的振动根据相位关系，取决于两端的压力差。在后声孔的前端置一细密的声学滤网起延时作用，这样从后面传来的声音可同时从前后两个声孔到达振膜并抵消，因而指向性麦克风的极性图呈心形状。 放大器:放大器将麦克风转换好的微弱电压加以放大，在集成电路出现以前，是助听器最大的组成成分，包括晶体管、电容、电阻和开关。 受话器:与麦克风相反，将电信号转变为声信号，当电信号进入磁场后，其交替活动使得膜片振动，产生声信号。耳背式和耳内式助听器的受话器在机器内部，盒式的受话器是装在外部的，与耳塞或耳模相连。 受话器也有共振频率，耳模的声学影响和阻尼器的位置，能显著改变助听器的频响;阻尼器可以通过滤波使助听器频响反应上的尖峰变得平滑。 骨导受话器:适用于耳道塌陷或其他传导性因素导致不能使用耳模者，是将电能转换为机械振动。 一、集成电路 8 集成电路在电子工业有着极大的影响，它是将晶体管、二极管和电阻全部焊接在一块硅胶板上，而麦克风、受话器、音量电位器和电池因太大不能连在集成电路板上。 混合电路是在集成电路板上连接了更多的元件，包括多个集成电路。放大器保留了麦克风的频响，但每个放大器都会导致或多或少的频率失真，理想的放大器将产生一个与来自麦克风的电信号完全一致、无失真的放大信号，因此如何提高保真度一直都是助听器研究的重点。 线性放大器:线性放大是以恒定的比例将输入信号加以放大直至输出达到饱和，助听器的整个线路包括麦克风、受话器、电池等都决定了助听器输出所有电器都有固有最大输出级，超过这个水平，放大就会自动停止，受话器达到这个水平的速度要比麦克风快。 线性放大是1:1的放大，增益曲线是斜率为45度的直线，即增益总是恒定的，如 输入 + 增益 = 输出 60 + 30 = 90 70 + 30 = 100 80 + 30 = 110 90 + 30 = 120(饱和) 100 + 30 = 120 饱和声压级或最大输出:对病人而言就是不舒适阈。虽然助听器有其固有的输出极限，但根据病人的不适阈调整助听器的饱和声压级是相当重要的。 二、放大器类型 A型放大器:为线性放大，只用一个输出晶体管。它采用的限制最大输出的方法为削峰。输出在到达饱和之前一直以线性方式放大，超过不适阈输出波形的峰值就被削减，它的优点是线路简单，在有限的空间内用几个电子元件就能达到限制输出的效果，且价格便宜，它主要的缺点是会导致谐波失真。A型放大器用于最大输出在125dB SPL以下的小、中功率的助听器。 B型放大器:也叫推挽型放大器，也是线性放大，其推挽线路是由两个晶体管组成。两个晶体管工作使得增益比A型放大器高6dB而不失真，这可以允许助听器的最大输出超过125dB。推挽线路的优点是失真少，增益多，功率大，其缺点是耗电量取决于增益设置及背景噪音。 D型放大器:采用脉宽调制技术使信号成系列脉宽不等的方波，对声信号以调幅的方式进行调制。其电流消耗低，但成本较高。 三、削峰 削峰有许多名字，软削峰、圆峰、二极管削峰、二极管压缩控制、输出压缩等，每一种都以一种非线性方式限制助听器的输出。助听器有一部分是线性放大，但从某一点开始，线性转变为非线性，随着输入的增加，输出逐渐减少，这一点就叫做拐点。 削峰是瞬间完成的，对助听器的输出功率具有一定影响。但它在到达预先设置的削峰极限以前，不会对输出功率的信号产生干扰。削峰使信号的波形变形，由于高强度母音比低强度辅音易于被削，所以它对言语的清晰度所造成的影响一般不大。 四、压缩 与削峰不同，压缩不是即刻起效的，它需要在反馈线路好信号后，才决定是否压缩。压缩分为输入压缩和输出压缩;输入压缩反馈线路紧接在麦克风后面，输出压缩反馈线路设在放大器和受话器之间;输入压缩与音量电位器的变化有关;而输出压缩与音量电位器变化无关。 起效时间:压缩开始工作所需要的时间。输入声信号突然以一定量增加的时，输出信号的增益出现改变并达到稳定所需的时间。通常为1-5毫秒。 释放时间:大声结束，反馈线路停止压缩，恢复到压缩前的放大状态所需时间，为释放时间， 9 通常为50-100毫秒。 压缩拐点:压缩起效所需要的最小输入声压级。 压缩比:压缩启动后，输入变化量与输出变化量之比。 自动增益压缩控制(AGC):是一种反馈装置，能自动降低助听器的增益而不引起失真，从而限制助听器输出。一旦自动增益压缩控制起作用，在输入和输出之间就会建立起新的线性关系。 五、强度依赖性自动信号处理 自动信号处理线路: BILL——低频轻声增加，大声减少; TILL——高频轻声增加，大声减少。K型线路就属于这一种; PILL——可编程助听器，既可以控制低频，也可以控制高频，是上述二型的结合。 多频段(通道)助听器是将输入信号(言语和噪音)，根据频谱分为多个频段，每个频段有其自身的压缩参数，这些频段是相互联系，但调节可以相对独立。 电池:电池是提供放大器增加来自麦克风的输入声的能源。一般而言，助听器的增益和输出越大，所需电池能量也越大，如果电池能量不足，将限制助听器的输出声压。 电池寿命的计算:电池的电流以毫安(mA)计算，1ma=1/1000A 电池寿命=电容(mA h)/电流(mA) 比如某电池电容是250mA h，助听器所需电流是2mA，则寿命=250/2=125h(125小时)。 音量调控:音量调控是一个可变电阻或电位器，调节通过放大器的电流。电阻大，通过的电流就少，音量就小;反之亦然。音量调控也是一种增益调控，大多数助听器都有轮盘式或按钮式的音量调控装置。 音调调控:是将助听器的麦克风和受话器的联合频响加以改变的电子装置。在放大线路中一个由电容和电阻组成的滤波器使助听器低频和高频的增益产生相应的变化。 常用的音调控制有两种类型，阶梯式调节——音调调控的变化是不连续的;连续性调节——音调调控的变化是连续性的，标记为N-H、N-L。N-H是低频调控，削低频，抬高频;N-L是高频调控，削高频，抬低频。 输出控制:一般使用削峰和输出压缩方法。 噪音开关:与患者调节音调的效果相似，低频声抑制减少了噪音环境中的低频掩蔽作用，但能够使患者在安静环境中听得更清楚。 电感:电感是一个磁感应线圈，看上去像一根用铜丝包绕的小棒。这根小棒能对从电话机上的受话器泄露出来的电磁场发生响应，转换为电信号后放大，使助听器可用于听电话。它可用于教室、剧场等任何拥有感应线圈的场所。如果有分离的感应线圈，就能接收安装了环绕导线发出的磁场，使用者可以直接与收音机、电视或辅助听力系统相耦合，听到无干扰的声音。 10 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised 11 history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an 12 important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the 13 authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, 14 respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the 15 wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the 16 < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the 17 party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization 18 amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and 19 supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the 20 strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding 21 performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption 22 struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of 23 the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made 24 provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation 25 Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted 26 and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior 27 punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements 28 adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in 29 accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in 30 offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of 31 feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for 32 instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant 33 provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, 34 the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. 35 The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions 36 of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in 37 public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if 38 the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in 39 simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root 40 according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the 41 original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary 42 terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new 43 shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with 44 the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth 45 mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously 46 organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations 47 at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic 48 life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. 49 Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > 50 closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection 51 and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely 52 linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, 53 dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely 54 punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 55