品味老子：在虚静中觉悟人生智慧

品味老子:在虚静中觉悟人生智慧 ,傅佩荣, 讲座文稿 地点:中国人民大学公共教学一楼1304教室 时间:2006-9-13 19:00-21:00 诸位人大的同学～我们今天谈的主题是“品味老子”～如果老子今天在世～看到有人讲老子这么多人听～他一定会怪我～老子说过“知者不言～言者不知”。道家的思想跟儒家不一样～儒家苦口婆心要办教育～要你懂得人生价值观～可以不断的自我成长。但是道家认为人活在世界上你不能选择时代～也很难选择你的环境～当你碰到乱世的时候怎么办呢,乱世的时候人命不值钱～事实上越有才华的人越容易受到伤害～所以后来魏晋时代为什么出现新道家～历史上就六个字来说～叫做“名士少有全者”。大多数都是卷入了政治斗争～一旦改朝换代就会牺牲～他们是发展新道家。以前的道家～是由老子开创。老子是比孔子早30年～管理图书馆的官员～我们看古代历史很清楚～夏商周三代～春秋时代所谓的西周过去了～东周、春秋、战国～春秋时代末期老子是负责管国家档案～古代的著作很少。过去都说学富五车～那是因为每本书用竹简编起来只是一本书而已～五车不过是五本书嘛。但是老子管理国家档案～管理图书馆～该念的书都念了～他了解天下合久必分～分久必合～这是古代的经验。但是问一个问题～如果天下乱的话我该怎么办呢,第一个～继续努力奋斗～最后壮志未酬身先死～理想还没有达成生命就消耗掉了。但是人只有这一生～当时佛教也没有传到中国～也不知道有轮回这回事～这一生就这样牺牲了～那谁给一个公平的报应呢,谁给一个公平的待遇呢, 儒家的思想有一种悲壮的气氛～叫做知其不可而为之～明知达不成也会做～孔子这样的人实在很了不起～令人尊敬～但是尊敬是一回事～最后目的达不成～牺牲有必要吗,道家思想在乱世里的想法不一样～我在1980年至1984年～在座大部分同学还没有出生的时候～在美国念书～我见过很多西方学者～他们叫做汉学家～研究我们的传统思想。他们提到道家的时候用了一个词～令我忽然觉得很诧异。为什么,他们说中国古代的思想有一派叫做道家～具有革命性。怎么会有革命性呢,道家不是顺其自然吗,叫你无为吗,怎么和革命扯上关系呢,外国人研究中国学问比我们研究西方学问难多了～因为中文太难了。 老子讲旁观者清～当局者迷。我们在中国文化的环境里成长～我们有一种社会责任感～道家教你看开一点～不要计较～福兮祸兮～祸兮福兮„„有幸福小心底下藏一个灾难～有灾难有可能后面还有好事。看别人得意时～你不要羡慕他～这就是老子给我们的一种想法～很多事情要看多方面～所以我们就开始思考～为什么老子思想、道家需要革命性。因为中国古代思想以天作为核心～帝王成为天子～天下都是我一个人的～那我称为天的儿子～代你还有父亲～天代表一个最高的概念。老子居然把天推翻～那不是革命吗,用道代替天～我们儒家比较熟～请问儒家跟道家有什么差别,儒家是以人为中心思考万物～儒家对人真是肯定～叫做人文主义。但是道家说不要再以人为中心～太狭隘了～宇宙万物何曾考虑人 呢。我们开奥运～我们说最好那天风和日丽～我们集体去天坛祈愿～但是会有效吗,这个说明什么,自然界的变化是有的～跟人的意志没有关系～儒家讲天、讲人太狭隘了～所以用道代替天～让宇宙万物各自成为他自己的中心。很多人家有宠物小猫小狗～冬天到了～好冷～爱护小狗的人给狗做衣服穿～这对狗的心理非常不好～因为穿衣服的狗看到别的狗～它会想:“为什么别的狗没有穿衣服呢,是不是我身上有见不得的东西。”所以要以狗的方式对待狗～否则他永远得不到狗的世界。 这就是老子的思想～他说让万物做它自己～你不要太主观～认为人是价值的判断者～结果扭曲了万物的真相。最大的差别:儒家肯定人性向善～然后你这一生要择善固执～止于至善～但是道家讲真实～你不要管善不善～那个是相对的～任何一个时代有不同的善恶标准～没有普遍共同的标准～那你为什么要强调善呢,所以道家认为不要讲善恶～要讲真实。我一念庄子就很惭愧～他讲真人～代表我们是假人。你不要主观～不要加上色彩～让它本身自动出现。庄子讲镜子～什么东西来照～就显出本来的面貌～我们看人有自己的成见～我喜欢看就看～喜欢看到我喜欢的部分～而无法看到他的真相。所以道家强调从真实再到美感～你要欣赏一样东西～就从真实来欣赏～我们最自然的本身～你千万不要以为有某种标准才能叫做美～这不是我们道家的想法～道家想法是你存在就有美的资格～看有没有人欣赏你～重要的不是你美不美～而是欣赏你的人条件够不够。基本上道家的特色跟儒家大不相同～称为有革命性～因为把天拿掉了～换上一个道。上有天下有地～天地代表万物的空间跟时间～在这个里面万物出现了～我就要问了～道家为什么提出道呢,分享有关老子的心得～请各位记得一句话～道家的思想的关键在于道不等于自然界。 多少年以来我们喜欢强调～道就是大自然。如果道就是自然界～就是天地万物的话～老庄直接讲天地万物～何必讲道呢,又说道可道非常道～那你要说什么呢,直接讲天地万物～非讲道不可～因为道不等于天地万物～又不能讲清楚。道和天地万物不一样～是根源～根源和结果要分清楚～根源永远存在～这就是道家重要的立场。如果你把儒家的天拿走～宇宙万物没有根据了。高山也是天所造的～人类更不要说了～许多老百姓都是天所生的～你把天拿掉～人类怎么来的,道家需要说这个～道生一～一生二～三生万物～你先不要管一二三～我们不做这样的探讨～我们只是说万物从道而来～因为你把天拿走～给万物的来源做一个清楚的说明～他所谓的不可说～不是说不存在～而是说它是根源～包含一切。 给各位两个观念是～第一～道不等于自然界～道是一个整体～你看到宇宙万物是一个整体的话～代表对道家有基本的认识。你可以从时间的角度来看～整个一生～假设我活80岁～是一个整体～我小时候念书有一次失败～我大学念书不太顺利～说不定将来你正好因为这样而成功～这样从整体来看的时候～你的情绪就可以化解～得到我也特别快乐～失去不会特别难过。道家强调真实～真实需要你平等的愿望～不要去曲解～要从整体来看。 有一次楚国的国君去外面打猎～回来的时候他的弓不见了～这个弓是很漂亮的弓～最后楚王说:“算了～算了～楚人失弓～楚人得之。”楚人掉了一把弓～一定被楚国人捡到～因为在楚国的境界里。孔子听说就说:“何必限定楚国人呢,就说人失弓～人得之。”一个人把弓失掉了～另外一个人捡到～可千万别被猴子拣去了。老子听说就说～何必讲人呢,就讲“失弓、得弓”～都没有关系。 这个故事说明什么,你如果是一个国君～只照顾这国家的人～千万不要和别国的人混在一起。你是一个儒家～你要照顾人～可不能被猴子拿去。你是一个道 家～管你被谁拿去～在天地里面跑不掉的。这个故事一看道家的特色～的确不同。道家很难念～跟一般的想法不一样～一般人以人为本位～或者以自己为本位～所以你学道家就有一定难度～那问题来了～那谁适合学道家呢,适合道家三种人～一种年纪很大很大的人～叫做“老子”。人到老的时候确实会有一点聪明～我们有一句话说不听老人言吃亏在眼前～家有一老如有一宝～老人家阅历很丰富。美国有一个简单的故事～很多年轻人围着一个老人家说～您这么老了～您一定有丰富的人生智慧～给我们一些建议吧。老人家说:“我给你们一个建议～这一生绝对不要谈恋爱。”那老人家知道谈恋爱的结果一定是不好～谈恋爱成功你结了婚～感情也消失了～变成夫妻之情～谈恋爱失败更痛苦。没有开始就没有结束～太好了。因为有开始就有结束～这是所谓老人的智慧～很特别～我们会接受吗,我们当然不会接受～年轻人之所以为年轻人～就在于勇敢泛滥～勇于犯错～然后再慢慢后悔～前半生犯错～后半生再弥补～然后弥补完毕再接着犯。所以我们提到说老年人～这是第一种。第二种～道家的思想最适合失意的人。你有很高的才华才有失意的条件～你什么都不懂～你感觉活着倒霉～你本来就活该倒霉。所以如果你很有才华～怀才不遇～你说我实在是很失意。据我所知～没有人比庄子更失意～庄子有资格成为道家。 各位同学说～今天来错教室了～学老子的人第一很老～第二失意～那你为什么要我听老子呢,第三是非常聪明的人～同学们就属于非常聪明的人。聪明的人就要有聪明的做法～所以我们要看到老子在天下大乱的时候和儒家分道扬镳。孔子跟老子学过～孔子看到老子之后～回家跟他的学生说～我以前不知道什么是龙～现在知道了～就是老子～神龙见首不见尾。另外～孔子见老子之后被司马迁写进《史记》～说老子把孔子教训一顿～说你不要这么多欲望～但是老子这样讲不公平～人怎么会没有欲望呢,但是欲望分两种～一种是自我为中心的欲望～第二种是非以自我为中心的欲望～第二种是好的。比如我希望我自己发财～别人都倒霉～这是自我中心。第二种是我希望国泰民安、风调雨顺～这是好欲望。所以老子叫孔子没有欲望～对孔子来说是一个很大的刺激～孔子后来整个生命是转向不以自我为中心的欲望～老者安之～朋友信之～少者怀之。这是孔子的思想～这种思想不以自我为中心～是希望服务人群～所以儒家走向正路～跟孔子早期接触老子有关系。那么老子的思想到底在说什么, 第一要问老子在说什么。一个乱世里面～共同的问题是怎么样化解时代的危机～使这个世界不再乱下去～这是很大的问题。老子怎么办呢,老子认为“解铃仍须系铃人”。天下的乱是由人类造成～所以你不要怪万物～要问人类怎么化解人类所造成的困难。第一步要研究人跟万物有什么差别～老子立刻发现人类很聪明～人有认知能力～所有问题都是由人类的认知能力产生的～认知会产生偏差～就会有偏差的欲望～所以所有的欲望都来自认知。我们小时候～因为我在台湾生活50几年～讲台湾的例子比较自然～各位可以参考对照一下～我小时候说“来来来台大～去去去美国”。都希望能考上台大～因为台大是台湾最好的大学～去去去美国～美国比台湾好～所以大家都希望去。如果你知道哪里更好～你就会希望去～叫做“有知就有欲望”～如果你本来不知道外面怎么样～你怎么会想要离开呢, 知跟欲很主观。有一个小故事:有一条河～两岸住着不同的人家～这一岸有一个年轻人～他很羡慕对岸的人～这个河很宽～有一个渡河的老船夫～这个年轻人说～请问您这个给两边人渡来渡去～是不是这边人比那边人快乐,老船夫说你认为这一边怎么样～那边就怎么样～天下任何地方都一样～一头牛牵到任何地方 还是一头牛～重要的不是别人怎么样～重要的是你是怎么样的心态～你心态不改变～在这边抱怨～到其他地方照样抱怨。我有的朋友移民到美国和加拿大～我问他们快乐吗,他们说不是很快乐～因为底下有子女之后担心了～看到子女英文比自己好～讲的很像美国人的英文～一方面很高兴～一方面也很担心～怕他不懂中文。我在美国念书在耶鲁大学～每到礼拜天就看到两批家长～借一间教室学习母语～我就很奇怪～问当地一个朋友～他的小孩也送来学中文。我说:“你当初出国恨不得中文很差～英文很好～但是现在你的小孩英文真好～为什么要学中文呢,他说～说实在的～我跟我太太到美国之后～生了三个孩子～看他们从小受美国人教育～心里就很担心～担心将来老的时候住养老院～因为语言文字里有思想～你让你自己的孩子接受美国人的教育～老了肯定住养老院。因为美国人一致认为老人家就应该住养老院～要不然怎么办呢,但是你只要是华人～是中国人～就希望三代同堂啊～含饴弄孙啊～这个在中国可以～在美国是幻想。 我一个朋友讲亲戚的故事～两个老人家生了八个孩子～各个都留学美国～两老都七十几岁了～到美国最后变成游牧民族～这一家住一个月～换一家～到最后外孙女不懂事～见他们两个人来～说你们干吗来我们家～在我们中国肯定不会有这个事～小家庭成立之后～我们的祖父母、外祖父母来的话～欢迎都来不及。但是在美国成长的小孩不一样～你们干吗来我们家～当了游牧民族一两年～最后还是回去算了～文化观念不一样～你适应吗,外国人为什么可以适应～他代代相传的～你可以适应吗,那要你自己考虑～重要是你自己的观念如何。你要学老子～第一要知道老子认为人间所有的问题来自于人的观念。你观念错误就会有错误的欲望～造成困扰。 譬如你知道黄金比石头好～你就喜欢黄金。你知道钻石比黄金好～你就喜欢钻石。但是你把钻石给猴子它会觉得喜欢吗,它会想你干嘛给我石头～猴子需要香蕉～你给他一根香蕉～胜过一颗钻石。价值观只有人类是最特别的～只有人类是不切实际的。假设你到荒岛上～你要一颗钻石还是一根香蕉,你周围都是钻石也没有用。有一部电影翻成《浩劫重生》～汤姆?汉克斯演的～他一个人跑到荒岛上去～第一次钻木取火～把一个木头钻出火说我创造了火～拿一个排球画了一个脸～说我创造了人。回到美国之后～打火机一按～火就出来了～我在荒岛上磨得手都破皮了～现在一按就有火～他受到的冲击很大。人常常要问～你需要这个东西～请问这个东西真的是你需要的吗,人就要问这个问题～否则你生命浪费在很多琐碎的事情上～一辈子被自己制造的困难所障碍了。老子希望解决问题～从知开始。很多人去过澳大利亚～澳大利亚中部都是沙漠～我看过一份资料～说澳大利亚中部本来不是沙漠～是一片树林～为什么变成沙漠呢,因为英国发现澳大利亚之后～很多人移民过去一看～这些树木长的不好看～又不结果实～毫无用处。人类认为毫无用处就会加以修改～从英国带来一大堆好看的、可以结果子的树木的树苗～把澳洲本来有的去掉～结果水土不服全部枯死～变成沙漠。人类的灾难怎么来的,人自己造成的。如果你喜欢看古代的神话故事～所有神话都不例外～上帝或者宇宙的力量创造了人类～下一步有人类出现～接着就是灾难～没有例外。西方的故事叫做诺亚方舟～我们这边叫大禹治水。大禹真的令人佩服～治水那么辛苦～三过家门而不入～庄子把他讲的非常惨～小腿没有毛～大腿没有肉。庄子最喜欢嘲笑这些人～说你大禹那么辛苦～弄了半天～水治好了吗,治好了～但是人会破坏。台湾这几年最怕台风～台风一来就有土石流～土石流怎么来的,我们人为造成的。以前我家门前有小河～小河后面有山坡～现在小河变成水沟了～山沟变成土石流了～我的家被淹没了～都是我们自己造成的。说明人类破坏大自然 从古到今没有例外～这个大自然能承受到什么时候没有人知道～已经岌岌可危了。 所以老子说要分析人类的认知能力。人类的认知有三个层次～第一个把知当做区分。你看小朋友进幼稚园、小学～第一件事是看图识字。打开课本上面画一只猫～旁边画一只狮子～长的一样大～小朋友就要分辨猫是温和的动物～没有害处的～狮子可是危险的。所以你要小心～第一步要分辨有利还是有害。我们都是这样长大的～从小父母教我们这个可吃～那个不可吃～这个有问题～那个没有问题～那个有利～那个有害～如果人不能分辨这些早就灭亡了～人有认知能力所以就活下去。如果说人类多伟大～你看过《侏罗纪公园》吧,你们就知道人类多可怜了。有谁打得过恐龙,绝对不可能的～你叫那个阿诺?施瓦辛格～也没有用。人在大自然里面透过分辨区分知道有利有害～让自己活下去～但是有一利就有一弊～你知道怎么区分吗,我刚才讲过石头、黄金、钻石～区分多的时候～大家都喜欢物以罕为贵～大家都要争夺好的东西～到最后天下大乱。人类从区分来运作他的认知能力～那是人类活着的必要条件～如果你不能区分的话～好坏不分～危险跟安全不分～那人类陷于灭亡一种可能性～但是你一区分就产生欲望～哪里更好～什么东西更好就要追求～到最后～从竞争到斗争到战争～最后趋于毁灭。老子认为～第一把知当做区分是必要的～但是恐怕有后遗症～所以到第二步～把知当做避难～避开灾难。怎么避开,根据别人的教训经验。商朝称作殷鉴不远～就是你看夏朝怎么灭亡～不要重蹈覆辙。我常常建议学生不要老考第一名～总考第一名没有什么人缘～大家不喜欢你～同学常常诅咒你生病。老考第一名～你不懂得避开灾难。真正聪明的人永远做第二号～不做第一号～这是真正聪明的。这个时候我们可以了解人类历史发展的规则～你就知道“知”可以让你避开灾难～叫做全者保真。西方也懂得这个道理～从笛卡尔后边发展到斯宾诺莎～他就说“善于隐藏～乃善于生活”～一个人活在世界上～要懂得隐藏自己～如果你不懂得隐藏自己～别人希望你好好发挥～把你当做大禹～让你累死 品味老子:在虚静中觉悟人生智慧(之二) 2008年10月22日 14:09 人的社会就是这么简单。刘备用了诸葛亮～诸葛亮是怎么死的,鞠躬尽瘁～死后而已～多可怜～诸葛亮如果为了自己可以多活几十年。但是有人说:“你要流芳千古。”诸葛亮不出来哪有《三国演义》可以看呢,这也是一个问题。说实在的～人活在世界上要创造历史效果～真的需要戏剧性的表现。我想到一个人～这个人是魏晋时代的～他念过《论语》～看到一句话～就是子路说的～“愿车马衣裘～与朋友共～敝之而无憾”。子路认为他的志向是:“我的车、我的马、我的衣钵棉袍跟朋友一块儿用～都没有遗憾。”这个人要立志超过子路～所以他很有钱～做了一辆马车～是奔驰级的。子路对朋友好～你认为子路没有什么了不起～但我只见过半个子路。什么叫半个子路呢,我跟你借车～你把车借给我～我把车开坏了～你非常遗憾～你就是半个子路。真正的子路～我跟你借车～你借我～我开坏了～你完全没有任何遗憾。有这种人吗,跟我介绍一下。我们连电脑借给人弄坏了都要赔～我把你电脑弄坏了～你说帮我修好再还我～代表你是半个子路。但是子路只对朋友好～这个人说全县的人～只要是人我都对他好～你们向我借车～完全免费。很多人跟他借车～这个人真好～这么好的车都借。最后有一个人母亲过世～母亲过世的时候～听到这个人有最好的马车～可以借给我办丧事～但是心里想我跟他不认识～他怎么可能借我马车呢,这件事传到马车的主人耳朵里～他说:“我有这么好的马车～别人不敢跟我借～我要它有什么用呢,”于是就把车烧了。烧得好～一烧就变成风流潇洒的故事～这是受道家思想的影响。我们可以 看到在老子思想里面提到人的特色在于有认知能力～人要活下去要认知～要去区分～一区分之后带来欲望～后面就后患无穷。第二步～要把认知当做避开灾难～你越是了解别人发生的情况～懂得说我跟他一样会有后患～那我提前避开～我不要跟别人争。 为什么老子喜欢讲不争,因为到最后即使赢了～还是会输～失去朋友～失去所有胜过你的人。道家思想有很多有趣的比喻来说明。譬如我想到一个外国人～他很聪明～也许听过道家的一些观念吧～他在运动方面并不是特别好～有一天回家跟太太说:“今天是我的日子～因为我今天打败两个奥运冠军。”太太说你这种水平怎么可能打败两个奥运冠军呢,他说我真的打败了～我跟奥运游泳冠军比赛网球～跟网球冠军比赛游泳～所以打败两个冠军。你何必跟别人争最强的部分呢,每个人有优点～你跟最强比你永远是第二～那你何必呢,你设法找到自己最强部分～但是需要跟别人比吗,不需要～第二步是把“知”当做避开灾难。人有理智～确实可以从自己的经验、从别人的教训学到一些启发～让自己的生活比较安全平静。 第三步叫做把认知当做启明。启明这个字很特别～比如我说你眼睛不好～去启明学校～如果你耳朵不好去启聪学校～所以听到启明就觉得眼睛有问题。各位同学我们眼睛没有问题～但是描写一个人不能靠眼睛～因为知人知面不知心～你要了解一个人的真相～你用眼睛的话肯定上当。西方罗马时代有一个正义女神～眼睛是蒙起来的～因为你要主持正义～绝对不能让眼睛看到一个人～如果甲去告乙～我是法官的话～我说乙长的跟我很像～这个乙恐怕跟我有缘分～那么我就偏心。这个法官怎么可能不偏心呢,有一个故事很清楚～有法官去审判的时候～只要你是开车超速撞人～肯定判最重的刑法～开车超速关一年～为什么会这么倒霉、这么夸张呢,因为这个法官的太太就是开车超速撞死的。你说被另外一个法官判就比较轻。所以你也不能怪法官～法官也是人～所以有时候讲法律～正义在哪里,罗马时代的正义女神蒙上眼睛～我听两方面的意见～连声音都不能听到～都需要转述～因为有些人声音会骗人的～有些人声音真好听～一讲出来就觉得很善良～声音也可以伪装。演戏的人都知道～所以设法让心也张开来～只有闭上眼睛～认真思考这个人的言行～你才能发现他是什么人～这叫做你能够让自己张开心～也能看清一个人。道家讲启明～有一个原则是从道来看一切～一般我们是从自己看别人。 我记得很多人喜欢嘲笑外国人～外国人到北京念书～买水饺～每一次都煮烂～为什么,他说开始有装了冷水～我就把水饺放下去了～不是这样煮的吗,最后水开的时候水饺烂掉了～我们的学生就笑～怎么这么笨呢,连水饺都不会下～真是笨。但是别人本来不知道～我们是水烧开了再下水饺～外国人真的不知道。我们真聪明～这个是没有办法的事情～所以在这个时候就要了解～如果要达到启明的高度就要从道看一切～不要从自己看别人～因为从自己看别人不公平。我们看到很多中学生很幼稚～我们以前不也是念中学吗,中学生看到小学生好笨啊～他们以前不也是好笨吗,现在我们念大学觉得自己很厉害吗,那念过大学的人走在前面的那些前辈～看我们也很幼稚～我们看到现在的大学生～会想念大学怎么还有这么没有水平的人呢,一样的情况。所以你不要从人和人相比～要从道来看。再说一次～道是一个整体～如果你从道来看一切～就代表从整体看一切。从整体看一切有什么好处呢,看到别人发财像自己发财一样～看到别人难过就跟自己难过一样。你从整体来看的时候～人我之间那种命运共同体的感受就很深～你从整体看来没有得也没有失～得跟失根本化解了～自我中心的想法完全超越了～整个 生命进入一种能够同化的境界～这就是道家的思想。庄子发挥老子的思想～讲一句话讲的很好～以道观之～物无贵贱。从道来看万物～万物没有贵贱之分～只有人类分贵贱。 补充说明一下庄子的思想。庄子到了《知北游》～第二十二篇～有人问他道在哪里。东坡子问庄子:“所谓道～恶乎在,”庄子曰:“无所不在。”东坡子说不行～要说清楚。庄子说～道在蚂蚁。东坡子说为什么这么低呢,以为道在高的地方～怎么在蚂蚁这种地方呢,庄子说～道在稊稗。稊稗就是路边的杂草。东坡子说怎么更低了呢,庄子说～道在瓦片。东坡子说:“怎么更低了呢,”庄子说～道在屎溺。道在排泄物里～我都不好意思说～我不好意思说代表我没有悟道。为什么,你以为那个东西很脏吗,道也在里面～宇宙万物任何东西里都有道。道无所不在～但是不等于道无所不是～一个字的差别就是道的关键。庄子说道无所不在～无所不在不等于无所不是～“是”跟“在”完全不一样。你说道无所不是～这个草就是道～这棵树就是道～一把火烧掉草跟树～道被烧掉了吗,你说道无所不在～这棵草里有道～道也在这棵树上～“道”照样在～这个叫做既超越又内在。 学道家一定要懂得这个道理～无所不在不等于无所不是。你说“是”的时候～完全等于道被困住了～当世界毁灭的时候～道跟着消失。这不是道家的“道”。道家的“道”最可贵是即使整个宇宙毁灭了～道照样存在。老子在第二十五章说的最好～同学如果喜欢老子～就要念二十五章。老子也不知道他的名字～勉强叫做“道”吧～道这个名字是勉强给他的～前面说的很简单～独立而不改～周行而不怠。道是整体的～“道”永远不会改变～“道”也永远不会消失。你就知道为什么道无所不在～而不是道无所不是。你一说道无所不是～宇宙万物消失～道跟着消失～你说道无所不在～宇宙万物消失～道另外存在～不受你影响～这才叫做真正的道～才能把万物的根源说清楚。 所以我们如果说学老子～第一课就要知道～关键的放在人的认知上面。天下所有的问题都来自人的欲望～欲望来自于认知～认知的偏差造成欲望的偏差～最后就不堪设想了。这是真正了不起的思想～把人类的问题从根源性解决。但是问题是一般人怎么可能做到～一般人实在会觉得这个是不可能实现的事情～你叫我没有欲望～叫我没有知识。老子说:“常使人无知无欲。”希望老百姓经常没有知识也没有欲望～天下自然太平。但是这样一来变成“愚民”社会吗,“愚民”政策吗,庄子后来也发挥～老百姓最喜欢什么～“虚其心～实其腹”～心里不要想这个事情～肚子吃饱就好了。这种想法是希望老百姓变得很愚蠢吗,不是的。他知道老百姓没有受教育的机会～与其让你学一些半生不熟的观念～产生一种偏差的欲望～还不如你什么都不学～你好好过日子就好了～不要想太多。我在好几所大学做过演讲～很多学生问一些问题～我心里想你现在这么年轻～为什么想这个问题～你想的太早了～你想说今年20岁～在念大学～就问说将来人最后会死～那我为什么要努力～这个我怎么回答。将来会死～看的很准确～看到底了～那现在努力做什么,你努力的意义就在努力的过程～每个人都知道将来会死～但你为什么会活呢～因为你生命和别人生命不一样～你非得自己走一遭～你才知道为什么要活～这是生命的意义。 同学最喜欢说人生有什么意义～我被学生训练到很懂得怎么回答。我说各位同学～人生的意义在你可以不断问人生有什么意义。这样回答学生满意～为什么,回答一个人问题～最好的之一是使他陷入困惑。为什么这样讲呢,因为真正有能力回答问题的是提出问题这个人自己～你提问题问我～我回答只是从自己的 角度给一个参考而已～只有提问的人知道问题在什么地方。我在台北上课的时候～有些成年朋友来听课～我记得有一个学生～他年纪跟我差不多～等于是祖母级的～她说老师听你课听了好多年了～现在有一个困扰～她说她有一个晚辈～结婚之后生了一个儿子～这个儿子问爸爸一句话～爸爸不能回答～就请教我这个学生～我这个学生是祖母级的。我说什么问题呢,这个晚辈生了一个儿子～儿子念幼稚园～有一天就问爸爸说:“你没有我的同意～为什么生我下来,”这个小孩可能听到自由选择、民主的观念～就问他爸爸。他爸爸吓一跳～因为我爱你。我不是问这个～我是问你没有我同意为什么生我下来。爸爸就把妈妈找来～说我们两个人爱你～所以把你生下来。他说我不是问这个～我问你们为什么没有我同意把我生下来。最后爸爸没有办法了～只好跟小孩说～你爷爷奶奶也没有问我的同意～就把我生下来。我这个学生就跑来问我说～傅老师～我应该怎么回答这个问题呢,所以当大学教授不容易了～要回答幼稚园小朋友的问题。我还是学哲学的～我实在有一套～我立刻说没有问题～我来告诉你～你跟他说～你问题问的真好～你说为什么没有你的同意生你下来呢,你问为什么把你生下来～你接着要问另外一方面问题～你被生下来是为了什么,你问为什么～是过去发生什么事～造成现在的结果～你问为了什么是现在发生的事～我已经生下来了～是为了将来有什么目标～这样代表你思考～不要总是为什么过去发生什么事～已经发生了～你能怎么样,要问的是为了什么～我现在受这个苦～我现在这个状态是为了什么～代表将来～人的生命不只是有过去、有将来～还有未来。我讲半天之后～这个学生回去告诉那个爸爸～他对小朋友说你问的问题真好～我们现在告诉你～除了问为什么把你生出来～还要问你被生下来是为了什么～小朋友听了之后～感到困惑就跑掉了。 老子的思想首先是从认知方面入手～接着我们要谈一个比较具体的～就是老子有什么精采的观点～叫做三宝。我们以前吃广东馆子～有一个三宝饭最好吃了。我年轻的时候只知道三宝有三宝饭～后来知道原来三宝是老子的三宝。老子有三样宝贝～第一个“慈”～慈爱～母亲的爱叫做慈爱。第二个节俭的“俭”。第三个“不敢为天下先”～我不敢争先恐后～我一定要让别人。第一个“慈”～第二个“俭”～第三个“后”～三个字～里面透露出老子整个思想的重点。老子为什么提到慈呢,因为道是母亲～道生出万物～万物都是子女～所以道对于万物完全接纳～完全欣赏～道绝对不会有偏心的～不是像母亲一样吗,母亲对自己的子女一律都接受～绝对不会嫌自己的小孩长的不好～那不是怪自己吗,庄子里讲一个故事～有一个人长的很丑～实在不能怪他～古时候又没有整形的功夫～长的很丑怎么样呢,生了孩子马上拿蜡烛看看长的像不像自己～她很怕小孩子长的像自己～那不像自己到底是谁生的呢,所以小孩子长的什么样～你不能怪他～大人长的什么样也不能怪自己。日本的作家川端康成得过诺贝尔文学奖～他写过小说跟这个类似～说有一个爸爸生了一个女儿～发现女儿跟自己一样丑～他就自杀了～怕对不起女儿。这种观念实在没有必要。台湾很喜欢拍写真集～很多人去整容。我跟学生讲～如果不是为了健康的理由～譬如皮肤上长了一个瘤而去整形的话～这样就是不孝顺父母。我每天对镜子一看～我怎么那么丑呢,这个对父母很不孝顺～因为父母把你生下来。你要记得西方有一句话说的真好～一个人在40岁以前他不应该为自己的容貌负责～但是40岁以后你长什么样子自己负责～因为人会有气质的变化～你过了40岁以后还是长这副德性～那就没有办法了。人的相貌有先天和后天～我们看到一个人面貌慈祥肯定是慢慢修炼出来的。修炼到慈祥的时候不是别人受到好处～自己首先受益～修行是修自己～不是修给别人看的。一个人行善～首先受益的是自己～因为大家都知道物理学～任何作用都有反作用～ 我帮助别人的这种行动会返回来在我自己身上。为什么行善的时候最快乐是自己～因为对自己行了善～而不是帮助别人。 所以老子第一个说“慈”。我们都知道母亲的伟大～莎士比亚有一句话说的很好～女子虽弱～为母则强。女孩子都需要别人呵护照顾～当妈妈之后了不起。我有一次去一家保险公司做演讲～各位知道推销保险很辛苦～但是钱赚的也不少～讲完毕回家～他们派一辆计程车送回家～有一个员工赶着回家～说傅老师我能不能搭你的车回台北。她是台大中文系毕业一位早期的学生～她说傅老师～我在台大念中文系的时候～长发飘飘～一出门有太阳～就有人给我撑伞～走在街上～我看到一个妈妈给小孩子把尿～我就说:“将来跟她一样～不如死了算了。”几年之后我也结婚了～结婚之后生了孩子～有时候不得不在路边替小孩把尿～那时候我心里想说:“我要是被我同学看到我死了算了。”女性的伟大值得尊敬～做妈妈你还在乎什么～真是了不起～所以老子讲到说～你学习道家首先要有慈爱的心～要把万物作为自己的子女一样～所以老子里面的一些观念一般人不容易了解。譬如说:“善人者不善人之师～不善人者善人之资。”现在问人民大学的师资好不好,师资两个字来自于道家～好人是坏人的老师～坏人是好人的凭借～就是没有坏人分不出你是好人。有一部美国电影～我印象深刻～美国人很重视劳动服务～就是你要有工作～你如果失业给你再教育～有一个专门训练再就业的机构里面有一个老师～看到好几个学生～大部分是黑人～因为美国黑人失业率比较高～你们怎么不好好给我用功念书～你们失业怎么办呢,同学被骂的头晕了～后来班长受不了～说～老师～我们都就业了～你不是失业了吗,老师跟学生要互相配合～老 师教的太好～学生都变成老师～那老师就没有人可以教～这就是老子的思想。 万物都互相需要～善恶是相对的判断～所以你不要总以为说一定要有善人～没有坏人怎么现出善人的价值呢。也不能说我们班都是好人～那我只好做坏人好了～不能故意这么做～所以在老子思想里面～天下没有被抛弃的人～天下没有被抛弃的物～人跟物没有任何东西是无用的。无用之用是为大用～这是后来庄子发挥的思想。老子说的更清楚～慈故能勇～真正的慈爱会带来非凡的勇敢。什么是勇敢,美国有一个故事～是妈妈带女儿去超市买东西回来～女儿走在前面～一辆卡车开过来～倒车的时候～把女儿撞在路上～千钧一发的时候～妈妈跑过去把卡车抬起来～别人把女儿拉出来～妈妈再把卡车放下来～直接送医院睡了一个月。这个妈妈当时怎么有这么大力气,我们都知道～这个特别的时刻里面～那个力量发出来是没有人挡得住的～要五六个男人才可以把车抬起来～她一个人却可以抬起来～因为她要救她的女儿～这叫做慈故能勇～真正的勇敢来自于有爱心。这是老子的第一宝～你学会慈～从此看万物都很亲切～好像自己的子女一样～很和谐。 第二个老子的宝叫做“俭”～节俭之后才能推广～这个其实很容易～地球的资源很有限～你一个人用多了～别人就少了～如果你节俭就可以把东西推广～每个人都可以用～大家都可以过正常的生活。这个地球上灾难来自于贫富不均～这是将来最大的危急。地球上最有钱的20%～跟最穷的20%他们之间的差距叫做贫富差距～全世界60倍～60倍的话肯定有动乱～因为光脚不怕穿鞋的～我穷的没有鞋子穿～你穿三双鞋子～那我就跟你拼了。你如果节俭的话～有钱人也不要太嚣张～你设法做慈善事业。美国有一个巴菲特～全世界第二个有钱人～他捐出财产的四分之三～400多亿美金。我们连一个亿几十辈子也赚不到～他可以把四百多个亿捐出来～因为他已经75岁了～应该够老了～学学老子吧。你留给自己子女～子女把这个钱花完毕肯定是早死～四百个亿花完你要吃多少东西呢,坐火箭跑月球跑几趟,我们只有一个地球～老子的思想对于现代人很有启发性～因为他 能够珍惜所有的资源～可以让大家活下去。 第三个叫做不敢为天下先。我要让别人～如果我什么都让别人～我才可以当真正的领袖。各位知道领袖很脏吧～我们衣服不是一洗就要洗衣的领袖～有些话老子说的我们不敢用～说你想当政府领袖就要居于下流。老子说的～可不是我说的。下流～河水的下流～污垢都在那边～如果没有下流～具有包容性～把污垢都容纳～你凭什么容纳百川。这就是老子思想～无所不包容～你当别人的领袖～就要替别人服务～各位你们先享受～叫做先天下之忧而忧。其实我觉得这个不容易做到～天下人都快乐了～我才来快乐～这是很大一种愿望～符合老子的思想。老子提到他的宝贝～他最珍惜的三个～第一“慈”～第二个“俭”～第三“不敢为天下先”。 品味老子:在虚静中觉悟人生智慧(之三/四) 2008年10月22日 14:05 我学老子受启发是得到很多格言～譬如“强行则有志”～有志向的人勉强自己去做。我们知道活在世界上希望随心所欲、心想事成～但是真的心想事成的话你何必努力呢,你不努力的话怎么结果～你这一生都是温室里的花朵～你经不起考验的。汉朝有一个叫做“宁越”的人～他从小家里很苦～替别人帮佣～15岁的时候一个人打工～赚钱根本是勉强吃饱。他想我这一生完了～15岁每天打工～我一辈子怎么改变呢,朋友说:“去念书～你好好念书～三十年之后生命就改变了。”他说:“从今天开始别人睡觉～我不睡觉～别人躺下我不躺下来～我要拼命念书。”十五年之后～书念成了～当家教去了～当老师去了～改变了生活。任何事情没有秘诀～你就是比别人多撑一分钟就赢了～但是要坚持下去。 今天讲到老子的思想从里面看到很多道理～让你知道退一步去想～看到整体不见得每次胜过别人～要衡量自己为什么胜过别人～如果你竞争太激烈～很可能失败～因为你树敌很多～付出代价太高～不值得。希望你学道家或是年纪很老～或是失意～至少你要聪明。道家和儒家不一样在于～儒家强调修行～你真诚就发现力量～由内而发～你可以人性向善、择善固执～让自己的生命在社会里得到自我实现～加上整个人类福祉的发展同步进行～你越能够自我实现～就越能帮助周围的人改善。因为一个人的力量抵不过反面的方向～你学道家～就知道我尽我的力量～但是你要记得差别～儒家是“知其不可而为之”～庄子说“知其不可奈何而安之若命”。庄子比你聪明～他知道没有结果～就坦然接受～作为自己的命运～作为自己命运不是放弃奋斗～你要记得什么是“无为”～无为就是“无心而为”。 我在美国念书碰到好几个日本同学～大家都在国外念书很容易成为朋友～有一个日本同学差一点挨揍～因为在1981年12月7号～日本偷袭珍珠港四十周年～那天正好是礼拜天～我们在宿舍餐厅都是可以自己准备早餐的～《纽约时报》头版就是日本打美国40周年～摊在桌子上～我到的时候正好有日本人看到。我说你们日本人要汲取历史教训～以后不要偷袭别人。他说:“美国人早知道日本人要打他～是美国故意让我们打的。”这什么话呢,去打别人还说故意让打的。我说:“那你们攻打中国可不是我们让你打的吧。”他说:“因为中国太腐败～所以才打。”这样讲～你当然生气了。我跟他说:“将来两岸统一之后～第一件事消灭日本。”我们年轻的时候很幼稚～很容易冲动～你当时不愿意输他～至少嘴巴要占点便宜。我敢讲这句话～因为我个子比他高大～他听我讲了之后～吓了一跳～立刻跑掉～早餐都不吃了。后来我觉得不好意思。人跟人之间～不要因为我长的比你高大～就会讲这种话～你要想的长远一点～因为都是人～何必计较哪一国人。刚才讲了道家的思想～很多时候你要从生活经验学到教训～不要一时冲动 造成不可收拾的后果～要学习化解它。所以我自己学了一点儒家和道家～启发很大。各位同学现在需要念书～我还是建议把儒家彻底学会～儒家可以帮助你以一种积极乐观的态度面对人间的挑战～一步步走向你个人的成功～也是社会的成功。道家让你中年之后很容易化解很多压力～当你失败之后别人成功就是我成功～一想就通了～然后对于得失成败看得很透彻。这是道家的思想～对于我们来说是一种真实的帮助～我们自己从里面得到很多好处。 年轻的时候学道家～像“慈”、“俭”、“不敢为天下先”～都有不同的角度思考～人活在世界上不是只有一种版本。你看到别人成功～你要问他付出什么代价。人家说你不错了～念到耶鲁博士～你要问～我付出了多少代价～命去了半条。前两天碰到同行朋友～他们都问说～问你一个问题～你怎么可能又做研究～又写文章～居然又出了90本书～你很多空闲吗,你怎么可以做这么多事呢,有什么秘诀～我怎么做到这些～是受道家的启发～做一些事必须放弃很多事。我放弃了什么,我在台湾这么多年～第一个不碰政治～绝对不碰政治～政治不是我们这种人可以搞的～让别人去搞～我们过我们的日子～尽我的本分～诚实的纳税。第二不上电视～我在台湾不上电视～台湾那么小～常常上电视～你在路边喝个咖啡都有人跟你聊天～那多累啊。第三不应酬～我在台湾别人请我吃饭～我一定说我妈妈生日～所以常常给我妈妈过生日。第四个我没有手机。很多人说找你怎么办呢,你跟我约了时间什么地方见面～你放心在我字典里面没有迟到这两个字～我只要答应你～我活着一定到。所以各位同学可以想想看～其实我生活很单调的～我这样子才可以专心做学问～有时间演讲～演讲对我来说是一个中年的学者对社会的责任。我只做这四件事:教学、研究、学作、演讲。这四件事的同质性是很高的～所以我做的事情产生良性的循环～研究之后教学～教学之后去演讲～演讲之后再写作～都是一样的内容～慢慢越来越成熟。我现在才来大陆～也是学道家的思想～任何事情条件成熟才来做。十年以前来大陆～我在北大开会没有人知道我是谁～也不用知道。因为我的重要的解读经典还没有出来～现在我来大陆～《论语》、《孟子》、《庄子》、《老子》、《易经》全部出版～你说这些书怎么做成～我是费尽心血～我18岁念哲学～没有一天不在念书～念了38年～我终于把这些书掌握住～经典解读出来每一句话我负责。这是我对生命的态度～一方面我很执著～属于儒家的知其不可而为之～另一方面我也知道放开～有人说这次在大陆～你希望得到什么结果～我说不是什么“希望”～名利对我来说看的开～庄子说一只鸟占据整片森林～森林都是我的～你们可别来～但是你睡觉只能睡一个树枝。你说不行每一棵树枝都要睡一下～那立刻死掉了。我有这种想法我有什么好担心～名利对我来说不重要～重要是我的心要安～一个知识分子有他的社会责任～我尽自己的力量做到多少算多少。如果做不到～那时机还不成熟～将来还会有人继续做。这就是把儒家跟道家结合起来。 我今天谈了很多个人的生活的经验～里面有一部分是特别为年轻学生提供参考的。所以很多地方有关道家老子的思想～等一下我们还可以进一步来互相探讨。我讲的部分到这里告一段落～谢谢各位: 问:《易经》的“易”和老子的“道”有什么联系, 答:我们都知道《易经》是比孔子老子更早的经典～那是古人智慧的集合。《易经》里面的原则是观察天地变化之道～安顿人类生存的方式～所以孔子从里面学到之后把重点放在修德～这是儒家。老子学到之后放在顺从～人类不要太有自作主张的机会～顺从天地之道的变化～能够顺从才可以让自己活的比较自在和愉快。《易经》的“易”这个字古时候有多种意思～可以说是变易。老子的“道” 其实和《易经》是不一样的～你只能说老子的道跟《易经》的太极有什么关系～因为《易经》讲“易有太极～是生两仪～两仪生四象～四象生八卦”～把太极作为最后～老子的“道”最后生出万物。宇宙万物怎么来的～老子推到“道”～《易经》里面推到太极～这个是可以对照～但是系统不一样～老子是一二三～《易经》是一二四八～是不同的模式。 问:老子说了～“为学日益～而为道日损”～最后以至于无为～可以讲一下吗, 答:我想到一个日本人的故事。你要追求学问～你每天增加一点～跟我在美国念书一样～你每天到图书馆念一本书～你四年念多少书～几千本书～这是为学日益。但是追求道就要每天减少～因为道不是你用知识去增加的～道是直接看到真实的本体。你为什么看不到真实的本体～是因为你有欲望～你有偏见～所以你看不到～所以要“损”。把这些都去掉～最后以至于无为～无为而无不为。所以你要把无为了解～无为就是无心而为～为还是“为”～“无心”就是不要有刻意的目的。我现在讲一下刚刚要提的日本医生故事～日本有一群医生～学到道家的无为～用来治疗忧郁症。我们怎么对待忧郁症的朋友呢,假设有一个朋友患了忧郁症～这边叫抑郁症～就是精神很差～不想活了这些～在医院修养～今天正好周末买了鲜花水果到医院去看他～进了病房就问他:“有没有好一点,”当然没有。第二点～“不要想这么多”。我就是这么想。第三句话～“看的开一点”。我就是看不开。你这种问问题的方式～他永远不要出院了。所谓的抑郁症的病患就是不能承受任何带有目的性的问题～那他受不了。我们不知道好意反而有坏的效果～所以这边患抑郁症病患很少有出院～都靠药物治疗。日本做一个实验成功了～日本医生很喜欢看我们的传统经典～他们学了两个字叫做“无为”～他们做实验～凡是到医院去探望抑郁症病患～不要鲜花～不要水果～穿普通的衣服～挥手打招呼之后～绝对不要对病人说话。一般人正常人说话肯定有目的～因为没有目的你干嘛说话呢～这个是很高的境界。我想到自己在街上走路～一个朋友过来看到我就说:“你要去哪里,”因为看到你走路～你一定有目标要去哪里。我说:“我没有去哪里啊。”他说:“你一定在散步。”哪里有人走路没有目的呢,我没有在散步啊。他说:“你在干什么呢,”我说:“我在跟你讲话。”这个像禅宗。我们再回到日本～这个人去医院看病人～打招呼之后坐下来～带自己的报纸杂志去看～三个小时不跟病人讲话～病人不说话～他绝对不说话～就是无为～要让病人感觉你在和你不在一样。等你走的时候～病人感觉到你不在和你在的时候一样。所有的人到医院都做这样的事～带着自己的报纸杂志～到了病房说你好～就坐着看报纸杂志。刚开始会觉得奇怪为什么没有人理我呢～他后来慢慢习惯了～等你们都走的时候～他觉得你们在和你们不在都是一样的～他心态慢慢恢复正常～不再有压力了。半年之后很多病人出院了。我们这么好的思想居然被日本人拿去用了。我们应该自己用～所以我希望大家学道家的时候要了解～无为不是什么都不做～是无心而为～做我该做的事～对于结果不要有执著。这个是无心而为～这样才可以说“无为而无不为”。 问:我问一个比较时髦的问题～我们的温总理到医院看北大的季老先生～季老先生第一句话是说:“我更关注人的内心和谐问题。”傅老师怎么解读人的内心和谐问题, 答:如何看待内心和谐问题～内心和谐有两种～一种是庄子说的形如槁木～心如死灰～哀莫大于心死。一个人心死了～无动于衷了～代表内心和谐吗,这种和谐我们不要～这种和谐像是佛教的四大皆空、六根清静。真正内心和谐是动态 的和谐～随时准备应付各种情况～但是不轻易主动的出手。我没有任何外在的预期～但是心里保持一种高度的警觉。你要知道佛教的寺庙叫做寺～道教的叫做道观～那个“观”是观察的“观”。道家的传统是要观察～不要行动。季老先生说关心内心的和谐～他自己到一个年纪之后～恐怕认为内心和谐最可贵～我们同意～但是问题是内心和谐不是死的状态～是活的状态～一活就不太和谐～要问自己人一定有欲望～有欲望何必活下去呢,欲望有两种～自我中心的欲望和非自我中心的欲望～你分清楚之后活在世界上看到别人快乐～自己就快乐。我们一般是把自己的快乐建立在别人的痛苦上～叫做幸灾乐祸～如果了解非自我中心的快乐～看到别人快乐～我就快乐～看到别人的痛苦也觉得难过～人与人之间的情感就自然沟通、协调～内心就和谐了。 问:您说无心而为～儒家追求“随心所欲不逾矩”～那这种无心和随心有什么区别呢, 答:我们可以知道孔子到70岁才可以从心所欲不逾矩～代表很难做到～而我们是从心所欲必然逾矩～同学们小心不能从心所欲。因为心的欲望是很复杂的问题～所以儒家从心所欲不逾矩～很老很老才可以做到。道家讲无心而为～就不一定要很老～你现在就可以做。譬如你是一个学生～该上课就上课～但是上课可以获得什么～你不要有刻意的目的～你说上课没有获得什么心得～我为什么要上课呢～很多时候你上课不见得是老师教的内容～往往是老师教的态度更重要。老师教你的态度～如果你一再强调我没有学到真正的知识～说实在的书本上比老师讲的多太多了～一个人喜欢念书的话～书本上所写的东西绝对比老师课堂上讲的更丰富～那老师为什么还要来教我们呢,因为老师也需要薪水～没有办法～所以只好请他体谅了。你可以对照～以孔子来说70岁做到～道家无心而为现在都可以～你不要有刻意的目的～你有刻意的目的的话～就带来很大的压力～你要记得道家让你化解压力。 问:第一个问题是讲中国道家老子精神的时候～很习惯就会有人用中国的佛教、一些神学来印证所讲的道家～但是老师您讲的过程中～我基本上很少听到～就是在回答问题上流露出一两句禅宗～但是您始终是用道和儒两家互相印证。为什么在这个过程当中始终没有谈到中国的佛教～尤其是老子正言若反的辩论思维,我认为在佛教当中有很恰当的体验～像空既是色～色既是空～我想知道您对三家关系怎么认识,第二个问题是简单介绍一下～您自己哲学的构成～就是在什么历史阶段～形成了你自己什么样的哲学观。 答:第二个问题～我自己学习哲学的过程～其实我很早发现～你作为一个人不可能是一个纯粹的哲学家～一定是哪一个传统里面的哲学家～你要解决的问题不是人类普遍问题～是某些特定历史条件下～这些人的普遍的问题～别人的问题我们实在是无法去了解跟解决～但是我们可以了解解决我们自己的问题。我很早就界定我是属于中国传统做基础～要去了解这些哲学～把它用现代的观念说明～这是我奋斗的目标。至于能不能说清楚～能不能加以验证～加以应用～我自己在努力～我们要一起来努力的。 第一个问题提到说我为什么没有提到佛教方面～听说道家跟佛教有很多地方相通～历史上确实是事实。当佛教传进来有很多名词我们很陌生～他们说～你不要陌生～佛教的“空”跟老子的“无”很接近～就是这样～让我们慢慢的熟悉佛教。但是事实上佛教跟道家有根本的差异～根本的差异在于佛教是一种宗教～宗教是直接看到生死之后～说出来的话不愿意跟你辩论的～叫做教义～不允许讨论。这里有问题了～我怎么能知道什么是三世轮回、六道因果呢,我怎么知道过去有 什么因～造成今天的果～谁能告诉我。所以宗教你信就好了～是宗教～道家是哲学。哲学跟宗教有什么差别呢,它们方向一样～方法不同。方向都是得到生命真实～究竟得解脱。方法不一样～宗教是靠信仰～哲学是靠理性～理性就有思考～有成长的空间。佛教是宗教～道家是哲学～类似当然有～天下的所有道理殊途同归～一定有类似的地方～原则上我不去比较道家跟佛教之间有什么类似。你刚刚说正言若反～其实也不是哪一家的专利～正面的言论讲的跟反面一样～譬如说我要得到一样东西～最好先给你～好像我不要～你发现我不要～你也不要～我再来拿。说实在的很抱歉～我对不起我女儿～我常常用这套对付她。她跟我出生的月份一样～我们是同样的星座～我喜欢什么她也喜欢什么。平常我要这样东西～她说她也要～我说我不要了～她说你不要了我为什么要。我说:“你真的不要吗,真的不要～那我要了。”这种其实是人类心理深层思考的过程。佛教所说的正言若反～像色既是空～空既是色～是不一样的情况～因为佛教讲“色”不是真正的外在有形可见～这个色本来是空的～因为色是用各种条件配合起来的～叫做“缘”。色不是“好色”的“色”～有形可见都是“色”。条件配合起来～并没有它的本身。一朵花请问什么是花的本体～花是没有本体～这些东西配合起来凑成花～这种光线配成花的颜色～当这种条件去掉～并没有所谓花的本体。佛教讲“空”～这个空如果你讲“空”的话～就执著。我学哲学～每一家我喜欢分开讲～避免对照的时候造成混淆。 问:想问一下日本的武士道和中国的孔子、孟子之间～跟老子思想有什么联系, 答:日本的武士道我也没有什么研究～只知道武士道比较注重言行合一。其实一个人不管什么“道”～最主要记得一个原则～我跟别人来往只有两件事～一个叫做言～一个是行～“言”就是我说的话我要负责任～“行”就是我做的事后果我要承担。这个是言跟行～你不说话没有人怪你～你一说话～你要做到。譬如我在三个月前就答应今天晚上到我们人民大学来做演讲～如果我说今天早上心情不太好～最近讲话太多了～今天晚上取消吧～那不行～说这个人怎么来往呢～明明答应又反悔了。什么叫武士道,武士道也不过是把儒家的精神发扬了～你说到就做到～你做事你就要负责。很简单～不要说武士道～任何道都一样～你到国外能说话不算话吗,你做事能够不负责吗,儒家讲的道理是普遍的道理～是一个最简单的道理～你做不到就不要答应～答应就要做到～你说答应做不到呢,那就以后慢慢补偿～慢慢追着道歉吧。 问:方东美先生对你有什么学术启发, 答:方东美先生给我的启发～这个很大了。我在辅仁大学毕业之后到台大念研究所硕士班～那是他在台大教书最后一年。他讲中国大乘佛学～我也听不懂什么是佛学～我上课又听不懂～旁边又坐一个和尚。方东美先生上课只有八个字可以形容～第一～天马行空～你根本不知道他在讲什么～明明在讲佛学～一下柏拉图～一下黑格尔～一下孔子、老子～你不是讲佛学吗～怎么黑格尔、老子统统都跑出来了。第二个～画龙点睛～我刚开始听课听不懂～但是得到启发～中国哲学不见得是输给西方哲学～就这一句话。我们念书的时候～年轻的时候对西方哲学很崇拜～对中国哲学说这个是老古董没有什么用的～后来发现方东美先生把中国哲学谈到跟西方哲学一样的高度～你才知道中国哲学的价值。现在有些儒家能不 能发展出新道家呢,其实说实在的～有很多人一起研究的话～新道家事实上已经有了。就我来说～不愿意归类是新儒家还是新道家～后代的学者不一定要划分成新什么家～只要是我学的有心得～让我自己的生命获得内在的平衡。 问:您说无心而为～那只做该做的事情～在无心的情况下～什么是该做的事,什么是不该做的事, 答:无心而为做该做的事～什么是该做的事呢,这正好碰到庄子要发挥的思想～我受庄子的影响最主要三个字～“不得已”。什么是“不得已”,不得已不是被迫无奈～不得已是当你发现一件事情的条件成熟的时候～你就顺势而行。所以“不得已”的关键在于你如何判断条件是否成熟～所以道家需要智慧。你对人情世故了解的越多～就知道今天说什么话～做什么事～叫做顺势而行～叫做水到渠成。真正的道家智慧表现出来做任何事情都是很自然的～你根本看不出来他刻意做什么事情～这就是我学到的心得。譬如这次我来大陆也是无心而为～条件成熟了我就来了～如果早几年来的话～条件不成熟～我来的话也没有什么用处～倒不是说别人是不是认识我～而在乎你该做什么～现在大陆也出版我的书了。大家想说这个书在讲什么～让你看书比较麻烦～今天用两个小时时候把老子思想介绍了～出去就有《老子解读》～赶快买一本知道我今天讲什么。因为现在条件成熟了～各位朋友来这边听讲没有特别的目的～你也是无心而为～走的时候如果说书也不买走了～那就是有心不买书了。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.