Unit 1 商务英语综合教程(3)

Activation TextI TextII TextIII LanguagePracticeTravelBroadenstheMindActivationThemeoftheUnitWhatbenefitsdoestravelingbringtothetravelersandthelocalpeople?Whatdamagesdoestravelingbringtothelocalpeople?ActivationTravel,intheyoungersort,isapartofeducation,intheelder,apartofexperience.Whosaidthissentence?Whatdoesitmean?FrancisBacon远游于年少者乃教育之一部分，于年长者则为经验之一部分。ActivationWhatbenefitsdoestravelingbringtothetravelersandthelocalpeople? exoticlandscape friends artsandcraftsActivationWhatdamagesdoestravelingbringtothelocalpeople? constructiondestroysscenery litterTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingHowwouldyoufeelwhenyoufirststeponastrangeland,allalone?Addmoretothefollowinglist:excited,scared,curious,cautiousWhatwouldyoudofirstofall?Addmoretothefollowinglist:findahotel,trythelocalfood,changecurrency,getamapTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingAbouttheAuthorAbouttheTextWhereisCalais?WhatdoesaBritishdoorwaylooklike?ANoelCowardplayTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingWhatcanyoulearnabouttheauthorfromthesecomments?"Brysonisunparalleledinhisabilitytocutacultureoffatthekneesinawaythatissohumorousandsoaffectionatethatthosebeingridiculedarelaughingtoohardtotakeoffense." —TheWallStreetJournalonTheLifeandTimesoftheThunderboltKid"Brysonhasbecomeanenormouslypopulartravelwriterbycomingoffasthemostliteratetourguideyou'veeverhad."—TheNewYorkTimes TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingHaveyouheardoforreadanyofhisbooks?TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingHaveyouheardof“NotesfromaSmallIsland”?ItisahumoroustravelbookontheUnitedKingdombyAmericanauthorBillBryson,firstpublishedin1995.ThetextistakenfromthePrologueofthebook.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingaprefaceorintroductorypartofadiscourse,poem,ornovelpro logue beforediscourse,speechn.b.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingWhereisCalais?CalaisissituatedonthenorthcoastofFranceandistheclosestFrenchtowntotheUnitedKingdom–about90minutesbyferrytoDover,atownandmajorferryportinSouthEastEngland.ItissituatedonthemostfrequentedshippinglanesintheworldandhasbecomethebindingfactorfortradeandtourismbetweenFranceandEnglandviatheEnglishChannel.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingWhatdoesaBritishdoorwaylooklike?CanyouimaginehowtheAmericantrippedonastepofaBritishdoorwayinthedark?TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingaNoelCowardplayWhoisNoelCoward?(1899-1973)Englishplaywright,actor,andcomposer,knownforhislikablesophisticationandsharpsenseofhumor.Althoughhewrotesomeofthemostpopularplaysofhistime,hewasalsoknownforhisentertainingpersonalityandhisabilitiesasawittystoryteller.CowardwashonoredinrecognitionofhistalentsandservicetohiscountrywhenhewasmadeaknightbyEngland'sQueenElizabethin1970.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingWhatarehischaracterslike?ThecharactersandsettingsofmostofNoel’sworksareofthehighsociety.Hewasboththeepitomeofupper-classEnglishmannersandasatiristwhoexposedthefoiblesandhypocrisiesofhisage,althoughhewasborntoalower-middleclassfamily.Noel’sPrivateLivesTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingNotesfromaSmallIslandBillBrysonMyfirstsightofEnglandwasonafoggyMarchnightin1973whenIarrivedonthemidnightferryfromCalais.Fortwentyminutes,theterminalareawasaswarmwithactivityascarsandlorriespouredforth,customspeopledidtheirduties,andeveryonemadefortheLondonroad.ThenabruptlyallwassilenceandIwanderedthroughsleeping,low-litstreetsthreadedwithfog,justlikeinaBulldogDrummondmovie.ItwasratherwonderfulhavinganEnglishtownalltomyself.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingTheonlymildlydismayingthingwasthatallthehotelsandguesthousesappearedtobeshutupforthenight.Iwalkedasfarastherailstation,thinkingI’dcatchatraintoLondon,butthestation,too,wasdarkandshuttered.IwasstandingwonderingwhattodowhenInoticedagreylightoftelevisionfillinganupstairswindowofaguesthouseacrosstheroad.Hooray,Ithought,someoneawake,andhastenedacross,planninghumbleapologiestothekindlyownerforthelatenessofmyarrivalandimaginingacheeryconversationwhichincludedtheline,“Oh,butIcouldn’tpossiblyaskyoutofeedmeatthishour.No,honestly–well,ifyou’requitesureit’snotrouble,thenperhapsjustaroastbeefsandwichandalargedillpicklewithperhapssomepotatosaladandabottleofbeer.”TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingThefrontpathwaspitchdarkandinmyeagernessandunfamiliaritywithBritishdoorways,Itrippedonastep,crashingface-firstintothedoorandsendinghalfadozenemptymilkbottlesclattering.Almostimmediatelytheupstairswindowopened.“Who’sthat?”cameasharpvoice.Isteppedback,rubbingmynose,andpeeredupatasilhouettewithhaircurlers.“Hello,I’mlookingforaroom,”Isaid.“We’reshut.”“Oh.”Butwhataboutmysupper?“TrytheChurchill.Onthefront.”“Onthefrontofwhat?”Iasked,butthewindowwasalreadybangingclosed.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingTheChurchillwassumptuousandwelllitandappearedreadytoreceivevisitors.ThroughawindowIcouldseepeopleinsuitsinabar,lookingelegantandsuave,likecharactersfromaNoelCowardplay.Ihesitatedintheshadows,feelinglikeastreeturchin.Iwassociallyandsartoriallyill-suitedforsuchanestablishmentandanywayitwasclearlybeyondmymeagerbudget.Onlythepreviousday,Ihadhandedoveranexceptionallyplumpwadofcolorfulfrancstoabeady-eyedPicardyhotelierinpaymentforonenightinalumpybedandaplateofmysteriouschasseurcontainingthebonesofassortedsmallanimals,muchofwhichhadtobesecretedawayinalargenapkininordernottoappearimpolite,andhaddeterminedthenceforthtobemorecautiouswithexpenditures.SoIturnedreluctantlyfromtheChurchill’sbeckoningwarmthandtrudgedoffintothedarkness.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingFurtheralongMarineParadestoodashelter,opentotheelementsbutroofed,andIdecidedthatthiswasasgoodasIwasgoingtoget.Withmybackpackforapillow,Ilaydownanddrewmyjackettightaroundme.Thebenchwasslattedandhardandstuddedwithbigroundheadedboltsthatmaderecliningincomfortanimpossibility-doubtlesstheirintention.Ilayforalongtimelisteningtotheseawashingovertheshinglebelow,andeventuallydroppedofftoalong,coldnightofmumbleddreamsinwhichIfoundmyselfbeingpursuedoverArcticicefloesbyabeady—eyedFrenchmanwithacatapult,abagofbolts,andanuncannyaim,whothwackedmerepeatedlyinthebuttocksandlegsforstealingalinennapkinfullofseepyfoodandleavingitatthebackofadresserdrawerofmyhotelroom.IawokewithaTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadinggaspaboutthree,stiffalloverandquiveringfromcold.Thefoghadgone.Theairwasnowstillandclear,andtheskywasbrightwithstars.Abeaconfromthelighthouseatthefarendofthebreakwatersweptendlesslyoverthesea.Itwasallmostfetching,butIwasfartoocoldtoappreciateit.IdugshiveringlythroughmybackpackandextractedeverypotentiallywarmingitemIcouldfind—aflannelshirt,twosweaters,anextrapairofjeans.Iusedsomewoolensocksasmittensandputapairofflannelboxershortsonmyheadasakindofdesperateheadwarmer,thensankheavilybackontothebenchandwaitedpatientlyfordeath’ssweetkiss.Instead,Ifellasleep.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingIwasawakenedagainbyanabruptbellowoffoghorn,whichnearlyknockedmefrommynarrowperch,andsatupfeelingwretchedbutfractionallylesscold.Theworldwasbathedinthatmilkypre-dawnlightthatseemstocomefromnowhere.Gullswheeledandcriedoverthewater.Beyondthem,pastthestonebreakwater,aferry,vastandwelllit,slidregallyouttosea.Isatthereforsometime,ayoungmanwithmoreonhismindthaninit.Anotherboomingmoanfromtheship'sfoghornpassedoverthewater,re-excitingtheirksomegulls.Itookoffmysockmittensandlookedatmywatch.Itwas5.55a.m.Ilookedattherecedingferryandwonderedwhereanybodywouldbegoingatthathour.WherewouldIgoatthathour?Ipickedupmybackpackandshuffledoffdowntheprom,togetsomecirculationgoing.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingNeartheChurchill,nowitselfpeacefullysleeping,Icameacrossanoldguywalkingalittledog.Themannoddedagood-morningasIdrewlevel.“Mightturnoutnice,”heannounced,gazinghopefullyataskythatlookedlikeapileofwettowels.Iaskedhimiftherewasarestaurantanywherethatmightbeopen.Heknewofaplacenotfarawayanddirectedmetoit.“Verypopularwiththelorrydrivers.Theyalwaysknowthebestplaces,don’tthey?”Hesmiledamiably,thenloweredhisvoiceafractionandleanedtowardsmeasifabouttoshareaconfidence.“Youmightwanttotakethempantsoffyourheadbeforeyougoin.”Iclutchedmyhead—“Oh!”—andremovedtheforgottenboxershortswithablush.Itriedtothinkofasuccinctexplanation,butthemanwasscanningtheskyagain.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingThecaféwasoutstanding—livelyandsteamyanddeliciouslywarm.Ihadaplatterofeggs,beans,friedbread,baconandsausage,withasideplateofbreadandmarge,andtwocupsoftea,allfor22p.Afterwards,feelinganewman,Iemergedwithatoothpickandaburp,andsaunteredhappilythroughthestreets,watchingDovercometolife.ItmustbesaidthatDoverwasnotvastlyimprovedbydaylight,butIlikedit.Ilikeditssmallscaleandcosyair,andthewayeveryonesaid“Good-morning,”and“Hello,”and“Dreadfulweather—butitmightbrightenup,”toeveryoneelse,andthesensethatthiswasjustonemoreinaverylongseriesoffundamentallycheerful,well-ordered,pleasantlyuneventfuldays.NooneinthewholeofDoverwouldTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadinghaveanyparticularreasontoremember21March1973,exceptformeandahandfulofchildrenbornthatdayandpossiblyoneoldguywithadogwhohadencounteredayoungfellowwithunderpantsonhishead.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingWhatdoesthesentencetellyouabouttheconditionoftheauthor?Paraphrasethesentence.TheChurchillissuchaluxurioushotelthatitisonlysuitableforthoserichpeoplewhoaresociallyrespectableandwelldressed.Forme,apoormannotwelldressed,itisdefinitelynotsuitable.BesidesIdidnothavemuchmoneytospendandcouldnotafforditanyway.Iwassociallyandsartoriallyill-suitedforsuchanestablishmentandanywayitwasclearlybeyondmymeagerbudget.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingill-suited:notsuitableill:adv.badly,poorlyDoyouknowanyotherphraseswith“ill”?ill-treated,ill-conditioned,ill-advised,ill-prepared,ill-manneredTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingestablishment:n.theplacewhereabusinessiscarriedonTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingmeagerbudget:notenoughmoneymeager:a.deficientinquantityorquality;inadequate ameagersalary;ameagerharvest scanty,insufficient plentiful,sufficient,abundantWhatotherwordscanyouusetomodify“budget”?tight,small,reasonable,generouse.g.Syn.Ant.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingFurtheralongMarineParadestoodashelter,opentotheelementsbutroofed,andIdecidedthatthiswasasgoodasIwasgoingtoget.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?InthedistanceontheMarineParadeIfoundastructurewitharoofalthoughitwasexposedtonaturalforces.Idecidedthatitcouldservemypurposeandwouldbeasgoodasaroominaguesthouse.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingWhyisinvertedsentencesusedusually?1)toemphasizee.g.Onlyinthiswaycanweleadamorerelaxedlife.2)toachievevividnesse.g.Downcamethehammerandoutflewthesparks.3)tobalancepartsofthesentencee.g.SosaysDr.RobertS.Eliot,authorofanewbooktitledFromStresstoStrength:HowtoLightenYourLoadandSaveYourLife.4)toconnectwiththepriorinformatione.g.Thechurchisaveryattractivemodernbuildingcompletedjustbeforethelastwar.Attachedtoitisaresidentialhomeforoldpeople.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingAbeaconfromthelighthouseatthefarendofthebreakwatersweptendlesslyoverthesea.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingfar:a.1)beingatagreatdistance;remoteintimeorplace:afarcountry;thefarfuture2)extendingtoagreatdistance:thefarfrontiersofempire3)moredistantofthetwo:thefarsideTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingIsatthereforsometime,ayoungmanwithmoreonhismindthaninit.Whatistheyoungman’sstateofmind?TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReading－Ithoughtwemighteatouttonight.－Wheredidyouhaveinmind?tobethinkingaboutsthasapossibilitytohavesthinone’smindn.b.tohavesthonhismind:ifsthisonsb'smind,s/heisthinkingaboutitalotorworryingaboutit.I'msorryifI'vebeenabitirritablerecentlybutI'vegotalotonmymind(=I'mworryingalot)atthemoment.e.g.e.g.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingOtherphraseswith“mind”:Matchthefollowingphraseswiththeirmeanings. givesomeoneapieceofone'smind outofone'smind intwominds,oftwominds havehalfamindtodosth inone'smind'seye setone'smindatrest,putone'smindatrest atthebackofyourmind slipone'smind insane tocriticizesomeonefranklyorvehemently passoutofone'smemory inone'simaginationormemory notdefiniteorresolute undecided;wavering sthworryingyouisalwaysinyourmindalthoughyoudonotspendtimethinkingaboutit stopworrying,allayone'sanxietyTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingAfterwards,feelinganewman,Iemergedwithatoothpickandaburp,andsaunteredhappilythroughthestreets,watchingDovercometolife.Paraphrasethesentence.AfterthebreakfastIfeltlikeanewmanandwalkedoutofthecaféwithatoothpickinmymouthandburped.Iwanderedonthestreetleisurelyandhappily,seeingDoverbecomemorelively.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingPayattentiontothesentencestructure:…feelinganewman,Iemerged……saunteredthroughthestreets,watching…e.g.Thegirlleftthepalaceandwenttothelake,weepingbitterly.Shebeggedhimnottodrinktoomuch,remindinghimthathe'dhavetodrivehome.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingaswarm:a.filled,esp.inmotiontobeaswarmwithe.g.Thegardenisaswarmwithbees.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingswarm:n.1)alargegroupofinsects,especiallybees,movingtogetherinthesamedirectionaswarmofbees / locusts / flies2)alargegroupofpeople,especiallywhentheyareallmovingquicklyinthesamedirectione.g.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingswarm:v.(oftendisapproving)(ofpeople,animals,etc.)tomovearoundinalargegroupe.g.Touristswereswarmingallovertheisland.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingthreaded:a.interwovenorornamentedwiththreadsbethreadedwith…e.g.silkthreadedwithgoldstreetsthreadedwithfog(metaphor)TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingrather:ad.toasignificantornoticeableextente.g.Ididn’tfailtheexam;infactIdidratherwell!TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingdismaying:a.disappointingdismay:n.aworried,sadfeelingafteryouhavereceivedanunpleasantsurprisetoone’sdismaydismay:v.tomakesbfeelshockedanddisappointede.g.e.g.Thenewshasbeengreetedwithdismaybylocalbusinessleaders.Helookedatherindismay.e.g.Thenewlawdismayedsomeofthemoreconservative politicians.e.g.Shewasdismayedtolearnoftheirdisloyalty.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingshutter:v.tocloseorprovidewithshutterstoclose(astoreorbusiness operations)forthedayorpermanentlye.g.Sheshutteredthewindows.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingshutter:n.asolidorlouveredmovablecoverforawindowputuptheshutters:closedowntheirbusinessesbring/putdowntheshutters:stoplettingsbknowwhatyourthoughtsorfeelingsare;stoplettingyourselfthinkaboutsthTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingpitch:n.ablackstickysubstancemadefromoilorcoal,usedonroofsorthewoodenboardsofashiptostopwaterfromcomingthrough沥青e.g.Touchpitch,andyouwillbedefiled.近墨者黑e.g.pitchdark漆黑的Doyouknowothermeaningsof“pitch”?TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingpitch:n.-afootballpitch-ahighpitchofexcitement-salespitch-tomakeapitchtosb:tomakeadeterminedefforttogetsthortopersuadesbofsth-pitchinvasion:(BrE)anoccasionwhenacrowdofpeoplewhoarewatchingasportsgamerunontothefield,forexampletocelebratesthorprotestaboutsth TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingpitch:v.fall,throw,slope,encamppitchsth(atsb):toaimordirectaproductorserviceataparticulargroupofpeopleSyn.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingclatter:v.tomakealoud,rattlingsound,asthatproducedbyhardobjectsstrikingrapidlyoneagainstthe otherTheshuttersclatteredinthewind.e.g.e.g.Thenherememberedthatitwasnofunbeingangryunlesshehadsomeonetofrightenandmakemiserable,andherushedtohisbiggongandmadeitclatterasloudashecould.clatter:n.anonomatopoeiatheclatterofhorses'hoofsDoyouknowanyotheronomatopoeia?Whatmakethefollowingsounds?e.g.cling-clang;click;clank;clump;crack;bang;pop;quack;chirp;meow;grunt;mooTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingplump:a.(ofamountsofmoney)generous;ampleaplumpchequee.g.Othermeaningsof“plump”:1)havingasoft,roundbody;slightlyfat:ashort,plumpwoman,aplumpface2)bulging,aswithcontents;full:aplumpwallet3)lookingsoft,fullandattractivetouseoreat:plumpcushions,plumptomatoes4)v.todroporthrowheavilyorsuddenly(oftenfollowedbydown):Heplumpedhimselfdownandfellasleep.e.g.e.g.e.g.e.g.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingassorted:a.variousdifferentsorts:assortedflavors;assortedsizese.g.Themeatisservedwithsaladorassortedvegetables.e.g.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingbathed:a.bebathedin(literary)coveredwithlightThecastlewasbathedinmoonlight.e.g.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingrecede:v.1)tomovegraduallyawayfromsborawayfromapreviousposition2)(especiallyofaproblem,feelingorquality)tobecomegraduallyweakerorsmaller3)(ofhair)tostopgrowingatthefrontoftheheade.g.Thesoundofthetruckrecededintothedistance.Shewatchedhisrecedingfigure.e.g.Theprospectofbankruptcyhasnowreceded(=itislesslikely).e.g.amiddle-agedmanwithrecedinghair / arecedinghairlineTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingfraction:n.1)averysmallamount;alittlebitItwasonlyafractionawayfromcompletion.2)asmallpartoramountofsthafractionofsthIffractionisusedwithapluralnoun,theverbisusuallyplural.OnlyafractionofcarsintheUKuseleadedpetrol.Ifitisusedwithasingularnounthatrepresentsagroupofpeople,theverbcanbesingularorpluralinBrE,butisusuallysingularinAmE.Atinyfractionofthepopulationnevervote / votes.e.g.e.g.n.b.e.g.e.g.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingconfidence:n.(formal)asecretthatyoutellsb:Thegirlsexchangedconfidences.e.g.e.g.IcouldneverforgiveMikeforbetrayingaconfidence.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingbeinsb’sconfidence:tobetrustedwithsb’ssecretstakesbintoyourconfidence:totellsbsecretsandpersonalinformationaboutyourselfe.g.HeissaidtobeverymuchinthePresident’sconfidence.e.g.Shetookmeintoherconfidenceandtoldmeabouttheproblemsshewasfacing.TextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingconfidential:a.tobekeptsecret;nottobemadeknowntootherse.g.confidentialinformation / documentsYourmedicalrecordsarestrictlyconfidential(=completelysecret).toimpartsecretstrustfully;discussprivatemattersorproblems(usuallyfollowedbyin)Sheconfidesinnoonebutherhusband.e.g.v.confideTextIWarm-upBackgroundDetailedReadingahandfulofasmallamount,number,orquantityahandfulofmene.g.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingWhatcomestoyourmindatthementionofecotourismornaturetourism?CanyounameanyWorldHeritageSites?Whatareecologicalreserves?TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingWhatcomestoyourmindatthementionofecotourismornaturetourism?conservation,preservation,management,education,quota,wildlifeprotection,naturalresources,minimalimpact,sustainability,respectforlocalcultureTextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingCanyounameanyWorldHeritageSites?inChinatherearemorethan40:intheworld:e.g.theGreatWall,Mt.Taishan,PekingMan,AncientcityofPingYao,SummerPalace,YungangGrottoes,WestLakee.g.SharkBay,Australia;TajMahal,India;OldCityofAcre,Israel;DurhamCathedralandCastle,UK;DinosaurProvincialPark,Canada;RobbenIsland,SouthAfrica;CoffeeCulturalLandscape,Colombia,ThePalaceandParkofVersailles,FranceTextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingWhatareecologicalreserves?ecologicalreservesareareasoflandthatisprotectedandmanagedinordertopreserveaparticulartypeofhabitatanditsfloraandfaunawhichareoftenrareorendangered.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingTheThresholdofSustainabilityforProtectedAreasAndyDrummInspiteofthebumpsintheroadcreatedbywars,emerginginfections,andterrorism,internationaltourismtodevelopingcountrieshasincreasedenormouslyoverthelast30years.Oneinfiveinternationalflightsnowgoestoadevelopingcountry(manyofthosecountriesareintheSouthernHemisphere),anddespitehighfuelprices,theUNWorldTourismOrganizationexpectsinternationaltourismtogrowrapidlyfortheforeseeablefuture.ForSouthernHemispheredestinations,tourismisamajorsourceofforeignincomeaswellasamajoremployer.Naturetourismandecotourism,properlyharnessed,couldgoalongwaytowardclosingtheyawningfinancialgapsbetweencurrentbudgetsofprotectedareasindevelopingcountriesandtheminimumrequiredtoprovideeffectiveconservationandmanagementoftheirresources.Unfortunately,inmostprotectedareas,tourismisnotbeingadequatelyharnessedinthisway.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingTheironyisthatwealthynorthernerstravellargelyinsearchofthecultureandnaturethatAfrica,LatinAmerica,andSoutheastAsiahaveinabundanceintheirnationalparks,WorldHeritageSites,andecologicalreserves.ThinkofGalápagos,MachuPicchu,Serengeti,andKruger,whichdrawmillionsofvisitorseachyear.ThePeruviangovernmentreportsthatanimpressive71percentofthatcountry’sinternationalvisitorsin2007cametovisitaprotectedarea.Alltold,internationalvisitorslastyearinjected$800millionintothePeruvianeconomy.Tourismtodevelopingcountriesought,onitsface,tobegoodbusinessallaround,yieldinghappytravelers,increasedrevenuesforparksystems,andhigherinvestmentinconservation.Butparksystemsinmostdevelopingcountriesarefailingtoinvestatanywherenearthenecessarylevelstobuildcapacityformanagingthegrowthinparkvisits.Asaresult,tourismisnowathreattobiodiversityratherthanabenefit.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingItisnotjustthemegastarsofinternationalnaturetourismdestinationsthatarebecomingcrowded.VisitorsarecominginincreasingnumberstoparkssuchasGuatemala’sYaxhá,Bolivia’sEduardoAvaroa,Tanzania’sManyara,andIndonesia’sKomodo.Indeed,conservationscientistsattheNatureConservancyhaveidentifiedtourismasathreatin78internationalconservationareaplansithasproducedoverthepastsevenyears.Thefailureofdestinationcountriestobudgetadequatelyfortourismmanagementinparksiserodingtheverynaturalcapitalthatvisitorstraveltosee.Ifthecurrentlevelsofinvestmentcontinue,thetourismboomislikelytobefollowedbeforelongbyabust.Primehabitatswillbecomedegraded,wildlifewillbecomescarce,thequalityofthevisitorexperiencewilldecline,andeventuallypeoplewillchooseotherdestinations.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingInsomeplacesadeclineinthequalityofthevisitorexperienceisalreadyapparent.IntheGalápagosIslandsNationalParkandMarineReserve,forexample,thenumberofsitesthattouristsareallowedtovisithasbeenincreasedtoaccommodatethesurgeindemand.Additionalislandshavebeenopeneduptocruiseships.Evenso,managingvisitorsisstartingtolooklikecrowdcontrol,asguidestrytokeeptheirclientsonthenarrowmarkedtrailswhiletheysqueezepastothertouristgroups.Asrecentlyasthemid-1980s,itwaspossibletovisitoneoftheGalápagosislandsaspartofagroupofeightorfewerandnotrunintoanotherpersonduringawholeday.Today,itisunusualtobepartofagroupoffewerthan16,andyouarelikelytoencounteranother10groupsalongtheshorttrailsyouarepermittedtofollow.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingAdeclineinthequalityofthevisitorexperienceisnottheonlychangethathasfollowedinthewakeofthegrowthofGalápagostourism.Impactsonthefaunaandflorahaveincreased.Bothchangeshaveoccurredbecausetheindustrylacksadequatechecksandbalancesthataresensitivetoquality.Sofar,themarkethasexhibited,ineconomicterms,inelasticdemand:thenumberofvisitorscontinuestogrow.Butnobodyshouldexpectthistocontinueindefinitely.ThesituationformanyparksintheSouthernHemisphereislikethatofabusdrivermakingalivingfromsellingfares,butneverputtingoilintheengine.Forawhile,aslongasthedriverputsinthediesel,thebuskeepsgoingandoperatingcostsarelow.Butthebusinesswillcome,inevitably,toacatastrophicend.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingAsidefrommanagingthethreatstourismposes,conservationistsshouldalsofocusondevelopingthefinancialopportunitythatthegrowthintourismrepresents.RecentstudiescarriedoutbytheNatureConservancyinEcuadorandPeruindicatethatalthoughtourismisstillbyfarthebiggestsourceofself-generatedrevenueforthesecountries’parksystems,theparksystemscaptureonlyatinypartofcurrenttouristspending.Moreover,theyinvestmuchtoolittleinensuringbasictourismmanagementcapacityontheground.Yet--andthisisthegoodnewsthatgivesusconfidencethatasolutioncanbefoundbothinternationalanddomesticvisitorswouldbewillingtopaysignificantlymoretovisitEcuador’sandPeru’sparksthantheyarecurrentlybeingaskedtopay.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingSimplyboostingrevenueswillnotbyitselfsolvetheproblem,ofcourse.Therevenuesmustbereinvestedappropriatelyatthespecificsitesthatgeneratethem,atleastataleveladequatetopreventlossofnaturalcapital.TheNatureConservancyisproposinganewparadigmfortourisminprotectedareasindevelopingcountries.Werealizethatsimplydisapprovingoftourismisnothelpful,nordowewanttoallowthestatusquotocontinue.WorkingwiththeEcuadorianandPeruviangovernments,wehavethereforedevelopedtheconceptofthe“thresholdofsustainability”.Thisistheminimumlevelofinvestmentinthetourismmanagementcapacityofaprotectedareaneededtoensurethatthearea’snaturalcapitaldoesnotdecline.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingThethresholdofsustainabilityisreachedbyensuringadequateinvestmentineachoffivekeymanagementcapacityareas:impactmonitoring;basicinfrastructure;security;interpretationandinformation;andstaffsalariesandtraining.Theseelementsshouldbebuiltintoasustainablefinanceplanforeachprotectedarea,andmustbeanintegralpartofannualparkbudgetsaslongaspublicuseremainsauthorized.Wecanbegintodeterminewhatminimumtourismrevenuesshouldbeonlywhenweknowthefinancialcostofmanagingtourismsustainably.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingEntrancefees,tourismconcessions,andtouroperatorpermitsmustthenbepricedhighenoughtomitigatevisitors’impacts.Marketresearchindicatesthatinternationalvisitorsaregenerallywillingtopayappropriatefees,especiallywhentheprocessistransparentandthevisitorscanseereinvestmentinthepark.TheEcuadoriantourismindustryhasshownwillingnesstosupportsuchinitiativesafteranalyzingfinancialprojectionsthatshowedgreaterdemandresultingfromimprovedinvestment.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingOurinitialexperiencesinEcuadorshowthatmanagementdecisionsthatintegrateconservationneedsandfinancialrealitiescanbemadeiffinancialmanagementconceptsanddataarebroughttothefingertipsofconservationmanagers.Thisstartsavirtuouscycle:protectedareasaremoreclearlyperceivedasassetsforeconomicdevelopment,andinvestmentsaremadeinimprovedtourismmanagement,whichinturnleadstomorevisitsandlesspoverty.Ministriesoffinanceandeconomyandoftourismthenbringtheirresourcesintoplaytocomplementthoseoftheenvironmentalsector.Theresultisthatparksandbiodiversityarewidelyrecognizedfortheirecosystemservicevalue,inthiscasethroughtourismandrecreation.Thismakesinvestmentinparksawin-winsituation,andwecanbegintomakethecaseforprotectedareasascontributorstopovertyreductionandeconomicdevelopment.Itallstartswithensuringthattourismiscontributingadequatelytothefinancialsustainabilityofthepopulardestinationsthatsomanyparksinthedevelopingworldhavebecome.Conservationistsaroundtheworldwoulddowelltoconsidertheimplicationsfortheirownprotectedareas.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingNaturetourismandecotourism,properlyharnessed,couldgoalongwaytowardclosingtheyawningfinancialgapsbetweencurrentbudgetsofprotectedareasindevelopingcountriesandtheminimumrequiredtoprovideeffectiveconservationandmanagementoftheirresources.Whatcontributioncannaturetourismandecotourismmakeindevelopingcountries?Theygenerateincomethatcanbeusedtocovertheexpenditureonconservationandmanagement.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingCanyouparaphrasethesentence?Nowthereisahugegapbetweencurrentestimateofspendingonprotectedareaindevelopingcountriesandthelowestexpenditureneededtoprovideeffectiveconservationandmanagementoftheirresources.Iftourismisproperlycontrolled,naturetourismandecotourismcanhelpgreatlyinreducingthegap.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingButparksystemsinmostdevelopingcountriesarefailingtoinvestatanywherenearthenecessarylevelstobuildcapacityformanagingthegrowthinparkvisits.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?Inmostdevelopingcountries,parksareruninsuchawaythatinvestmentisfarbelowthenecessaryamounttomanagethegrowingnumberofvisitors.Whatdoes“anywherenear”meaninanegativesense?farfrom,notatalle.g.Thejobdoesn’tpayanywherenearenoughforme.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingThefailureofdestinationcountriestobudgetadequatelyfortourismmanagementinparksiserodingtheverynaturalcapitalthatvisitorstraveltosee.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?Thedestinationcountriesdonotinvestenoughinmanagingandpreservingtheparkssotheresultisthatthenaturalsceneriesthatattractthevisitorsandbringtherevenuearebeingdestroyed.Howdoyouunderstand“very”?“very”hereemphasizesthenaturalcapitalitselfandnoother.e.g.ThisistheverybookIwant!Atthatverymomentthephonerang.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingIfthecurrentlevelsofinvestmentcontinue,thetourismboomislikelytobefollowedbeforelongbyabust.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?Ifwecancontinuetoinvestinthepresentinadequatelevel,thetourismwillprobablyceasetoprospersoon.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingboom:n.asuddenincreaseintradeandeconomicactivitybust:n.asuddendeclineintheeconomicconditionsofacountry,markedbyanextremedropinstock-marketpricesn.b.Thisisanexampleofalliteration,wherebothwordsstartwithaletterB.Moreexamplestossandturn,busyasabee,windwhistles,prideandprejudice,publishorperishWhatdoesthephrase“boomandbust”meanineconomicscontext?characteristicofaperiodofeconomicprosperityfollowedbyadepressionTextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingAsidefrommanagingthethreatstourismposes,conservationistsshouldalsofocusondevelopingthefinancialopportunitythatthegrowthintourismrepresents.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?Ononehand,theconservationistsneedtodealwiththeenvironmentalthreatscausedbytourismdevelopment;ontheotherhand,theyshouldalsoconcentrateondevelopingtourisminordertobringmoreeconomicaldevelopment.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingTheEcuadoriantourismindustryhasshownwillingnesstosupportsuchinitiativesafteranalyzingfinancialprojectionsthatshowedgreaterdemandresultingfromimprovedinvestment.Whatdose“financialprojections”mean?Estimatesofthefuturefinancialperformanceofabusiness,partofformalbusinessplans.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?TheEcuadoriantouristbusinessesanalyzedtheirprospectswhichshowedanincreaseininvestmentwouldbringaboutabiggermarket,sotheyarereadytointroduceimprovedsystem,andatthesametimeincreasechargesonvisitors,whoarewillingtopayappropriatefees.Whatdoes“suchinitiative”referto?Itreferstotheprevioussentencesdescribingthesustainablefinanceplan.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingConservationistsaroundtheworldwoulddowelltoconsidertheimplicationsfortheirownprotectedareas.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?Allthepeopleinthisworldwhoadvocateenvironmentalprotectionshouldconsiderwhattheabovementionedactionswillleadtotheenvironmenttheyprotect;theyshouldbeawarethatitisawin-winsituation.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadinggoalongwaytowardtobeveryhelpfulinachievingsthe.g.Thefireinsurancewentalongwaytowardrepairingallthedamage.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingyawninga.tobeverywideandoftenfrighteninganddifficulttogetacrosse.g.ayawninggapbetweentherichandpoorTextIIBackgroundDetailedReadinggap:n.Syn.gulf,divide,difference,disparity,divergenceWhatverbscanyouusewith“gap”?bridge,close,fill,stop,narrow,widenTextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingalltoldcountingeveryoneoreverything;inalle.g.Alltold,theprojectwillcost$100million.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingonitsfaceonthefaceofit(informal)atfirstview,usedtosaythatsthseemstobegood,true,etc.butthatthisopinionmayneedtobechangedwhenyouknowmoreaboutite.g.Definingwhatconstitutesathreattoaperson'scomputersecuritymayappearonitsfacetobeaneasytask.e.g.Onthefaceofit,itseemslikeagreatdeal.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingbiodiversity:n.theexistenceofalargenumberofdifferentkindsofanimalsandplantswhichmakeabalancedenvironmentn.b.bio diversity livingthings varietyDoyouknowanyotherwordsthatstarrwithbio-?biography,bioengineering,biological,bionicTextIIBackgroundDetailedReadinghabitat:n.theplacewhereaparticulartypeofanimalorplantisnormallyfounde.g.wildlifehabitat,tropicalhabitat,habitatdestructionhabitation:n.theactoflivinginaplacee.g.Thehouseswereunfitforhumanhabitation.notcleanorsafeenoughforpeopletoliveinhabitable:a.suitableforpeopletoliveine.g.Thehouseshouldbehabitablebythenewyear.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingaccommodate:v.1）toaccommodatetosth:tomakesuitableorconsistent;adapte.g.toaccommodateoneselftocircumstances2）tohaveormakeroomfore.g.Willthiselevatoraccommodate10people?accommodating:a.willingtohelpanddothingsforotherpeople TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingsurge:v.1)tomovequicklyandwithforceinaparticulardirectione.g.Floodwaterssurgedintotheirhomes.2)tosuddenlyincreaseinvaluee.g.Thesurgeincarsaleswasregardedasanencouragingpointertoanimprovementintheeconomy.surge:n.1)asuddenincreaseintheamountornumberofsthe.g.asurgeinconsumerspendinge.g.2)asuddenincreaseofastrongfeelingShefeltasurgeofpain.TextIIBackgroundDetailedReadinginitiative:n.anewplanfordealingwithaparticularproblemorforachievingaparticularpurposee.g.agovernmentinitiativetocombatunemploymente.g.Shediditonherowninitiativewithoutanyonetellinghertodoitv.(formal)tomakesthbegine.g.toinitiatelegalproceedingsinitiateTextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingprojection:n.anestimateorastatementofwhatfigures,amounts,oreventswillbeinthefuturee.g.Saleshaveexceededourprojections.v.[usuallypassive]toplananactivity,aprojectetc.foratimeinthefuturee.g.ThenexteditionofthebookisprojectedforpublicationinMarch.“Itisprojectedthatinthenext15to20years,ofthefivemajoreconomiesoftheworld,threewillbefromAsia.”—AnandSharma,IndianCommerceandIndustryMinisterprojectTextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingerode:v.graduallydestroysthormakeitweakeroveraperiodoftimee.g.Herconfidencehasbeenslowlyerodedbyrepeatedfailures.n.e.g.soilerosion,erosionofconfidenceerosionTextIIBackgroundDetailedReadingwoulddowellto(dosth):tobesensibleorwisetodosthe.g.Youwoulddowellto(=Iadviseyouto)consideralltheoptionsbeforebuying.e.g.Hewoulddowelltoconcentratemoreonhiswork.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingHowdoestheword“holiday”originate?Whatarethemostvisitedcountriesandcitiesin2010?WhoisPhilipLarkin?DoyouknowanythingabouttheSeineinFrance?HaveyouheardofHoudinis?TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingHowdoestheword“holiday”originate?ItcomesfromOldEnglish("holyday")inthe14thcentury,meaningboth"religiousfestival"and"dayofrecreation".TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingWhatarethemostvisitedcountriesandcitiesin2010?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism#Most_visited_cities_by_international_tourist_arrivals Rank Country Internationaltouristarrivals(millions) City Internationalvisitors(millions) 1 France 76.8 Paris 15.1 2 UnitedStates 59.7 London 14.6 3 China 55.7 NewYorkCity 9.7 4 Spain 52.7 Antalya 9.2 5 Italy 43.6 Singapore 9.2 6 UnitedKingdom 28.1 KualaLumpur 8.9 7 Turkey 27.0 HongKong 8.4 8 Germany 26.9 Dubai 8.3 9 Malaysia 24.6 Bangkok 7.2 10 Mexico 22.4 Istanbul 6.9TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingWhoisPhilipLarkin?PhilipArthurLarkin(1922–1985)iswidelyregardedasoneofthegreatEnglishpoetsofthelatterhalfofthetwentiethcentury.Haveyoureadhispoem“ChurchGoing”?PhilipLarkininhispoem“ChurchGoing”(1955)depictsaboredcyclistwhovisitsadesertedchurch.Hecontemplatestheuseandpurposeofgoingtochurchandthesocialandpsychologicalfunctionsofthepractice.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingWhatwillbethefunctionofthebuilding?“Butsuperstition,likebelief,mustdie,Andwhatremainswhendisbeliefhasgone?Grass,weedypavement,brambles,buttress,sky.”Whowillgotochurch?“Someruin-bibber,randyforantique,OrChristmas-addict,countingonawhiffOfgown-and-bandsandorgan-pipesandmyrrh?”(historians,treasure-hunters,orChristmasaddicts)TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingDoyouknowanythingabouttheSeineinFrance?TheSeineisamajorriverandcommercialwaterwayinFrance.Itis776 km(486 miles)long,risingatSaint-SeinenearDijonincenter-easternFranceintheLangresplateau,flowingthroughParisandintotheEnglishChannelatLeHavre.Thereare37bridgeswithinParisanddozensmorespanningtheriveroutsidethecity.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingHaveyouheardofHoudinis?HarryHoudini(1874–1926)wasaHungarian-bornAmericanmagicianandescapologist,stuntperformer,actorandfilmproducernotedforhissensationalescapeacts.Heoftensaid,"Noprisoncanholdme;nohandorlegironsorsteellockscanshackleme.Noropesorchainscankeepmefrommyfreedom."TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingTheGreatEscapeRodUsherWhensteambuildstoacertainpointinapressurecookeranescapevalvecomesintoplay;withoutityougetanexplosion.Thesameprincipleappliestopeople:workaccumulatestothepointwhere,ifwedon’twantpsycho-steamcomingoutofourears,we’dbetteremptyourmindsoftheoffice,thedrearycommute,thehouserepairs,slidingstocksandgrindingstudy.Inshort,vacateordie.Hencevacations,theescapevalvenowcomingintoplayformillionsacrossEurope:familiespilingintostationwagonswiththekidsandthedog,teenssqueezingontotrainswithbulkybackpacks,bucklingintoairplanesintheirshortsandbaseballcaps.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReading“Holydays”transformedintothesacredinstitutionoftheGreatEuropeanVacation,themassiveJulythroughAugustexodusduringwhichEuropeansescapetoseekrestandrecreationinfriendlierclimes.Thesummerholidayisgoingthroughsomehardtimes,though.IthasbecomeapoliticalbattlefieldwiththerecentspatbetweenItalyandGermany,andatleastsomewould-betravelershavebeendeterredbyfearsofterrorism,infectiousdisease,cloggedroadandair(andleg)arteriesandtheContinent’sshakyeconomies.SomeevensuggestthatEuropecan’taffordsomanydaysoff.Americansvacationonaverage10.2daysayear,whereasinFranceworkersget30days,nottomentionanother11publicholidays.InGermanyit’s24daysplusupto15publicorreligiousholidays,whileinSpainthecombinedtotalis34days.“We’veundoubtedlyreachedthelimit,”saidGermanEconomicMinisterTextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingWolfgangClementinJune.“Thosewhocompareourcalendarofpublicholidayswiththoseofothercountriesmaywellstarttoruminate.”Notmanyhaveruminated,andfewareforegoingtheirgetaways.“Holidaytripsarearegularconsumergood,whichissacrificedonlyunderextremeconditions,”saysPeterAderholt,secretaryoftheGermanVacationandTravelResearchSociety.Andapparently,today’suncertaineconomicandgeopoliticalconditionsjustaren’textremeenough.“NottakingavacationwouldnotbeFrench,”explainsDianeHebert-Stevens,ayoungParisianadsaleswoman.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingWhileEuropeansarevacationingwithundiminishedfervor,thetripsthey’retakingnowcomeinseveraldifferentflavors.AclassicisstillS&M–sandandmasochism–thosewonderfulweeksofgettingburnt,stungbyjellyfish(andthelocaldoctorwhotreatsyou),losingyourwatchwhilemakingsandcastleswiththekids,eatingaprawnthathasgoneoffandhavingtoberescuedbyalifeguardwithanobscenelyflatstomach.Increasinglydrawingpeoplefromsuchcoastaldelightsareagritourism,whereyoupaytosmellwhatcowsdotograss,and“edge”trips,whereyouarechargedbigbuckstoriskyourlifescalingorjumpingoffsomething.There’salsothewellnessjaunt,whereyoutrytobuybackmisspentyouthinaspa.Andthenthereareexcursionsforculturevultures,thosetheEnglishpoetPhilipLarkincalled“ruin-bibbers,randyforantique”.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingWhateverformvacationtakes,wekeepondoingit–wemayevenwanttodoitmoretoescapeallthetalkofterrorandwar.Weareescapaholicsconvincedthatthistimewewilldefinitely“getawayfromitall”,returningtotheofficeslimmer,tannedanddesperatelykeentoreadaspreadsheet.TheGreatEuropeanVacationlivesonbecause,aswithsex,anticipationoftenbeatsact,allthatforeplaywithbrochures,bookings,tickets,servicingthecarandthechildren’sorthodontics,packingsuitcases,tryingtogetintolastyear'sbathingsuitand,aboveall,countingdownthedays.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingButescapingcanbestressful.AsurveypublishedthisweekbytheBritishrecruitmentfirmReedfoundthat22%of5,000BritishworkerssaidtheysufferasyndromeReedcalls“Pre-HolidayStress”,thatsenseofpaniccausedbytryingtogeteverythinginorderbeforeleaving.U.K.workersputinanaverageofninehoursextratryingtodothis.Only40%saidtheywouldtaketheirfullvacationentitlement,10%fewerthanlastyear—althoughtherecouldbemanyreasonsforthat,whichmightormightnotrelatetoPHS.Anddotheyrelaxwhilelyingonthebeach?Thesurveyshows47%ofworkersareafraidsomethingwillgowrongattheofficewhilethey'regone;10%evenfeartheywillbemaderedundant.Thegoodnewsisthattwo-thirdsofBritishworkerssaytheyarehappytotakeontheextraloadcausedbytheabsenceofacolleague.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingSomearguethatEuropeansarenotgoingasfarastheyusedto.RobertoPerrone,ofRome’sTuricamagency,says:“Maybeatwo-orthree-hourflight,butnomore.”Thiscouldbeduetomoneyandsafetyjitters,buttheyarenottheonlyreasonstheGreatEuropeanVacationischanging.ThetraditionalmonthsoffareJulyandAugust,butmorepeoplenowseemtobebreakingtheirtimedownintosmallerchunksinsteadoftakingonethree-tofour-weeklump.Travelagentsevenhaveanuglyneologismfortheshift.“It’scalleddeseasonalization,”saysMauraChicarella,ofRealizeTourinRome.ShesaysmanyItaliansnowoptfor,say,afortnightinsummer,aweekatChristmas,andashorttripinspringorfall.Otherssaytheyseeasimilarpattern,perhapsattributabletotheriseofdiscountairlines.HorstW.Opaschowski,whoheadsGermany’sLeisureResearchInstitute,says:“Asecondtravelmarketofshorttripsandshortdistancesiscomingintobeing.”TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingIsthisagoodthing?InSpain,wherethetrendissimilariflessmarked,MadridpsychiatristJoséLuisCarrascoPereraarguesthattouristswhosubstituteseveralshortbreaksforonesustainedvacation“donotdisengagesufficiently–theminddoesn’thavetimetoforgettheworkplace.”AlaindeBotton,authoroflastyear’sTheArtofTravel,agrees:“There’sahugeadvantageinalongholiday,reallygettingintoaplace,gettingunwoundandalsogettingbored.Yourealizethelimitsofleisure.”TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingAsideeffectoffragmentingvacationsisthatmanyofEurope’sbigcitiesarenolongersummerdeserts.MadridandBarcelona,forinstance,onlyadecadeagolookedneutron-bombedinAugust.Everythingshut,everyoneofftolaplayaorelpueblo.Today,manyMadrileñosandBarcelonesesarerediscoveringtheircitiesinsummer–andlovingthem.Noiselevelsplummet,thereareparkingspacestopickfromratherthanpullknivesover,manyrestaurantsandshopsstayopentocatertolocalsandpeopleavoidtheworstpartoftravel–thetravelingitself.InParis,they’vegoneasfarasfakingabeach.ParisPlagehasjustbegunforthesecondyearonthebanksoftheSeine,a3-km-longstretchwith3,000tonsofsand,300deckchairsand250umbrellas.O.K.,you’renotallowedtoswimintheSeine,buttherearewaterspraysandorganizedgamesforkids.LastyearParisPlagedrew2.3millionvisitors.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingEvenforthosewhoinsistonthetraditionallonggetaway—thosewhoeachsummerconfrontroads,airways,terrorism,disease,salmonella,stretchedbudgetsandlocalmaleswithstretchjeansandtmt(toomuchtestosterone)—theEuropeanvacationspiritisunconquerable.Thethingaboutvacationsisthatrecollectionofthebadbitsfadesindirectproportiontoexaggerationofthegoodbits.SaysGermanresearcherOpaschowski,“Touristshavechronicshort-termmemory.”Nosoonerarewebackatthedeskthanwestartdaydreaming,planninglikehordesofHoudinisournextescape.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReading“Holydays”transformedintothesacredinstitutionoftheGreatEuropeanVacation,themassiveJulythroughAugustexodusduringwhichEuropeansescapetoseekrestandrecreationinfriendlierclimes.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?”Holidays”isnomorereligious;ithasbecomeacustom,yetstillregardedwithreverencebytheEuropeans.Itisapopulartypeofrecreation,calledtheGreatEuropeanVacation,becauseagreatnumberofEuropeanschoosetogoonholidaysinJulyandAugust,toescapefromworkandpressure,andenjoyamorecomfortableclimate.Whichwordsareusuallyreferredtoinareligiouscontext?Whydoestheauthorusethemhere?holy,sacred,andexodus.ThepurposeistoshowhowimportanttravelingistoEuropeans;ithasbecomeastrongbeliefandawayoflife.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingIthasbecomeapoliticalbattlefieldwiththerecentspatbetweenItalyandGermany,andatleastsomewould-betravelershavebeendeterredbyfearsofterrorism,infectiousdisease,cloggedroadandair(andleg)arteriesandtheContinent’sshakyeconomies.IntherecentdiplomaticconflictbetweenItalyandGermany,travelingisoneofthetopics.Somepeoplewhoplannedtotravelhavechangedtheirmindbecausetheyfearterroristattacks,diseases,poortrafficconditions,longflightsandeconomicrecession.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?Whatdoes“spatbetweenItalyandGermany”referto?ItreferstothediplomaticrowbetweenItalyandGermanyinJuly2003whentheItalianPrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconilikenedaGermanMEPtoaNaziconcentrationcapguard.LaterGermanChancellorGerhardSchroderthreatenednottovisitItalyonholidayasplanned.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingAndthenthereareexcursionsforculturevultures,thosetheEnglishpoetPhilipLarkincalled“ruin-bibbers,randyforantique”.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?SomeEuropeansmaytravelforculturalpurposesjustlikethose“churchgoers”inPhilipLarkin’spoemwhoperuseancientrelicsrelentlesslyoutofdependenceonritualorantiquarianexcitement.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingNoiselevelsplummet,thereareparkingspacestopickfromratherthanpullknivesover,manyrestaurantsandshopsstayopentocatertolocalsandpeopleavoidtheworstpartoftravel–thetravelingitself.Howdoestheauthordescribetheparkingservice?Itusedtobeextremelydifficulttoparkowingtosomanytravelers.Peopleevenhadtothreatenotherswithaknifetogetaspace,whereasnowtheyhavemanytochoose.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?ItdescribesthesituationinMadridandBarcelonanow,differentfrompreviousyearswhenmanyMadrileñosandBarceloneseswereawayonholidaysandmanyEuropeanscametovisitthecities.Nowthereislessnoise,parkingismoreconvenient,manyrestaurantsandshopsareopentoservethelocalresidents.Allofthemwanttoavoidgoingfromplacetoplace.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingNosoonerarewebackatthedeskthanwestartdaydreaming,planninglikehordesofHoudinisournextescape.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?Assoonaswearebacktoworkfromholidays,westarttoplanournexttrip,anescapefromthepressuresoflife,asfascinatingastheescapeshowsbyHarryHoudini.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadinginstitution:n.establishedlaworcustom;awell-establishedandstructuredpatternofbehaviororofrelationshipsthatisacceptedasafundamentalpartofacultureTextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingexodus:n.1)agoingout;adepartureoremigration,usuallyofalargenumberofpeoplee.g.thesummerexodustothe countryandshore.2)theExodus,thedepartureoftheIsraelitesfromEgypt underMoses.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingclimes:n.(usu.pl.)(literaryorhumorous)acountrywithaparticularkindofclimatee.g.I’mheadingforsunnierclimesnextmonth.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingspat:n.(informal)ashortargumentordisagreementaboutsthunimportantTextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingwould-be:a.sbwhoishopingtobecomethetypeofpersonmentionede.g.awould-beactor,adviceforwould-beparentsTextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingclog:n.toblocksthortobecomeblockedcloggedroadandair:poortrafficconditionsontheroadanddelaysofflightscloggedlegarteries:poorbloodcirculationcausedbyarterialclogs下肢动脉堵塞TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingempty:v.(emptysthout / outofsth|emptysthofsth)toremoveeverythingthatisinacontainer,etcSheemptiedhermindofallthoughtsofhome.Theroomhadbeenemptiedofallfurniture.e.g.e.g.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingvulture:n.apersonwhohopestogainfromthetroublesorsufferingsofotherpeopleTextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingbibber:n.winebibber:asteadydrinkerTextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingcater:v.toprovidefoodanddrinksforasocialeventcatertosth/sb:toprovidethethingsthataparticulartypeorpersonwantsTheyonlypublishnovelswhichcatertothemass-market.catertopopulardemandcaterforsth/sb:toprovidethethingsthataparticularpersonorsituationneedsorwantsTheclasscatersforallabilityranges.e.g.e.g.e.g.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingcaterer:n.apersonorcompanywhosejobistoprovidefoodanddrinksatabusinessmeetingorforaspecialoccasionsuchasaweddingcatering:n.theworkofprovidingfoodanddrinksformeetingsorsocialeventsThatcateringcompanywasreferredtomebyagoodfriend.e.g.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadinghence:ad.(formal)forthisreasone.g.Wesuspecttheyaretryingtohidesomething,hencetheneedforanindependentinquiry.e.g.Theeggswereveryfreshandhencesatisfactory.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingruminate:v.(ruminateon / over / aboutsth)(formal)tothinkdeeplyaboutsthSyn.ponder,reflecta.(formal)tendingtothinkdeeplyandcarefullyaboutthings,thoughtfule.g.inaruminativemoodad.ruminativeruminativelyTextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingfervor:n.verystrongfeelingsaboutsthe.g.patrioticfervourtospeakwithgreatfervorSyn.enthusiasm,ardour,zealTextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingcharge:v.(charge(sb/sth)forsth)toaskanamountofmoneyforgoodsoraservicee.g.Whatdidtheychargefortherepairs?charge:n.(chargeforsth)theamountofmoneythatsbasksforgoodsandservicese.g.admissionchargese.g.Deliveryisfreeofcharge.chargeable:a.recharge:v.&n.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingOthermeanings:1)n.anofficialclaimmadebythepolicethatsbhascommittedacrimee.g.amurderchargeHewillbesentbacktoEnglandtofaceachargeof(=tobeontrialfor)armedrobbery.2)n.apositionofhavingcontroloversb/sthe.g.Hetookchargeofthefarmafterhisfather’sdeath.I’mleavingtheschoolinyourcharge.3)v.toaccusesbformallyofacrime;toaccusesbpubliclyofdoingsthwrongchargesb(withsth/withdoingsth)e.g.Theychargedhimwiththeft.OppositionMPschargedtheministerwithneglectingherduty.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReading4)v.tosupplywithaquantityofelectricalenergye.g.tochargeastoragebattery5)v.(usuallypassive)(literary)tofillsbwithanemotionchargesth(withsth)e.g.Theairwaschargedwithexcitement.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingredundant:a.1)(ofaperson)withoutajobbecausethereisnomoreworkavailableforyoue.g.tobemaderedundantredundantemployees2)notneededorusefule.g.Avoidredundantexpressionsinyourwriting.n.e.g.TherehavebeenalotofredundanciesatthelocalfactoryrecentlyredundancyTextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingchunk:n.(informal)afairlylargeamountofsthe.g.I’vealreadywrittenafairchunkofthearticle.Shecutthefruitintolargechunks.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadinglump:n.collection,totalitye.g.Itkeepsmyorderscominginasteadystreaminsteadofonelump.Theseller’sincometaxesarespreadoutoveralongperiodoftimeinsteadofonelumptaxononeyear.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadinglumpsum:asinglepaymentofmoney,asopposedtoaseriesofpaymentsmadeovertimee.g.Payingoffalargeportionofyourhomeloanwithalumpsumpaymentcansaveyouthousandsinthelongrun.likeitorlumpit:whetherornotyouwanttoe.g.Likeitorlumpit,wearestayinghomethissummer.TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadingopt:v.optfor/againststh:tochoosetotakeornottotakeaparticularcourseofactione.g.Aftergraduatingsheoptedforacareerinmusic.opttodosthe.g.Manyworkersoptedtoleavetheirjobsratherthantakeapaycut.optout:todecidetoleaveorwithdrawe.g.Whatmadeyouoptoutoftheproject?TextIIIBackgroundDetailedReadinggoasfarasdoingsth(todosth)tobewillingtogotoextremeorsurprisinglimitsindealingwithsthe.g.Iwouldn’tgoasfarastosaythathe’saliar.ButIthinkhemaybeslightlydishonest.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideoUsefulExpressionsSentenceTranslationLanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo1.充满着，拥挤着beaswarmwith2.漆黑3.在台阶上绊了一下4.奢侈的，豪华的5.不搭配，不合适6.各式各样的7.舒服、舒适地躺下8.秘密，心事9.可预见到的未来10.天壤之别，鸿沟11.总计，一共12.生态多样性pitchdarktriponastepsumptuousbeill-suitedforassortedtoreclineincomfortconfidenceforeseeablefutureyawninggapalltoldbiodiversityLanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo13.超级巨星megastars14.繁荣与萧条15.顺应高涨的需求16.制约，制衡17.无弹性的，无适应性的18.现状19.良性循环20.阻塞的街道，交通拥堵21.被解雇22.选择23.迎合，为…服务boomandbust accommodatethesurgeindemandchecksandbalancesinelasticstatusquoavirtuouscyclecloggedroadtobemaderedundanttooptforcatertosborsth24.逃离，突围getawayLanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo1.他走在昏暗的街道上，脚步沉重，不知道凭自己少得可怜的预算能在哪里过夜。Hetrudgedinthepoorly-litstreet,wonderingwheretostayforthenightwithhismeagerbudget.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo2.当世界还沉浸在黎明前的银色光线里，广场上已经开始车水马龙了。Theworldwasbathedinthatmilkypre-dawnlightyetthesquarewasalreadyaswarmwithpeopleandcars.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo3.不幸的是，在大多数发展中国家的自然保护区中，生态旅游没有得到足够的控制。Unfortunately,inmostnatureconservationareasindevelopingcountries,tourismisnotbeingadequatelyharnessed.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo4.从表面上看，在原始栖息地得到的旅游收入应该投放到这个地区的管理和保护上。Therevenuefromtourismintheprimehabitats,onitsface,shouldbeinvestedinthemanagementandprotectionofthedistrict.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo5.当人们的压力积累到一定程度时，就需要一个类似于高压锅汽阀的东西，旅游就起到这个作用。Whenpressurebuildstoacertainpoint,adevicelikeanescapevalveinapressurecookerisneeded;tourismiswhatcomesintoplayatthistime.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo6.一些人愿意把两周的假期分成几段，另一些人则选择休一个两周的长假，能让自己有足够的放松。Somepeopleprefertobreaktheirholidaytimedownintosmallerchunks,whileothersoptforasustainedvacationoftwoweekssoastodisengagethemselvessufficiently.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideoGroupAssignmentItisadvisedthatyoufollowthesuggestedstepsbelow.Step1:PriortothesurveyDecideonaquestionareas“Thepurposeoftheresearchwastofindoutaboutimportancetheyattachtovacation,theirfavoritewayanddesireddestinationtovacation,…”DesignthequestionsMakesureallthequestionsyouaskservethefinalgoaloftheresearch.Makesurethequestionsaredirect,clearandgrammaticallycorrect.ConductapilotsurveyandimproveyourquestionnaireChooseasmallnumberofpeopletotryoutthequestions.Leaveoutanyquestionsthatareirrelevant.Improvequestionsthatareambiguousormisleading.Decideonyoursamplegroupsamplesize:_______respondents;typeofrespondents:____________LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideoStep2:SurveyHandoutthequestionnaires,collectvaliddataandconvertthemintocharts.Piechartsaregoodforshowingproportionswhilebarchartsaregoodforcomparingdifferentgroupsofpeople.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideoStep3:GroupdiscussionDrawacomparisonmatrixtoillustratethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenChineseattitudeandEuropeanattitudeaboutvacationing,whichcanbeusedastheoutlineofawrittenreport.Thendrawconclusions.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideoStep4:ReportInteam,presentyourfindingsinclass.Youmightstructureyourreportinthisway. Introduction Method(Procedure) Results(Findings) ConclusionsandRecommendationsLanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideoItisadvisedthatyoufollowthesuggestedstepsbelow.Step1:Pickoutthebenefitsmentionedinthetextandcategorizetheme.g.tourism,socialwelfareStep2:Thinkofsomemorebenefits. Step3:Findoutabouttheeconomicandculturalbenefitsthe2008OlympicsbroughttoChina.Dividetheresearchworkamonggroups. Step4:Aftertheresearch,eachgroupsharesfindingsandpreparesforthepresentation.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideoLanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideoWatchthevideoclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.WhatplacescantravelersstayinItaly?Italyhasawiderangeofplacestostay,fromeconomicaltoextravagant.Travelersmaychoosetostayinruralcastles,designerhotels,medium-pricedhotelsorcheaphostels.Iftheydonotmindgettingupearly,theymayevenchoosetostayinaconvent.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo2.WhatdoestheItaliangirlsuggestonhowtoavoidaggressiveattentionfromItalianmenonthestreetinRome?IfyouareawomantravelinginRome,itishardtoavoidaggressiveattentionsoftheItalianmale.Thelocalgirlsuggeststhatthebestthingisjusttoignorethem,avoidanyeyecontact,speedupyourpacewhenyouarewalkingtomakethemrealizethatyouarenotinterested.Iftheycomeup,patyourshoulderorevengetinfrontofyourface,justpushthemoutofyourway.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo3.WhyisMilancalledthefashioncapitaloftheworld?ItalyisacountryfamousforitsfashionandstyleandMilanisthedesignandbusinesscapitalofItaly.ItisthebestplacetoseeItalyasthemostcosmopolitan.Everybodywalkingonthestreetisimpossiblystylish.Eventhepolicemen’suniformsaredesignedbyworldfamousdesigners.LanguagePracticeTestingWritingSkillsCaseStudyVideo4.WhatdoItalianpeoplefeelaboutItalianfood?Italianpeoplehaveapassionforfoodandfinewines.Theyallbelievethatthebestchefistheirmother.EveryItalianbelievesthattheregionhelivesinhasthebestfoodinthecountryandthecountryhasthebestfoodintheworld.单击此处编辑母版文本样式第二级第三级第四级第五级