人工受精技术对母猪繁殖得影响

人工受精技术对母猪繁殖得影响 山东猪网 2013-10-28 09:33:16 作者: 来源: 文字大小:[大][中][小] 猪人工授精技术是人工的方法采集公猪的精液，经过精液品质检查、稀释、保存等一系列处理后，再将精液输入到发情母猪的生殖道内以达到受胎的目的配种方法。与自然交配相比，它具有提高优秀公猪利用率、提高商品猪整齐度、减少饲养公猪数量、节省开支、可以克服公母猪体格大小相差悬殊时造成的本交困难等优点。目前，猪人工授精技术的应用产生的经济效益已被我国养猪界共识，猪人工授精的使用正在迅速增加，据预计，我国猪人工授精技术3,5年内在大型猪场普及率可达30%左右(张守全，1998c)。推广猪的人工授精，其成败关键在于能否提高受胎率和产仔数，本文观察了某猪场的长白猪、大白猪、杜洛克猪采用人工授精技术和自然交配两种配种方式对其受胎率及产仔数影响，为更好地了解场内猪人工授精技术对瘦肉型猪场应用可行性，更好地推广猪的人工授精技术提供生产依据。 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料 1.1.1 试验动物:大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克 1.1.2 人工授精所需主要仪器 显微镜，猪精子密度仪，恒温水浴箱，17?精液保存箱，干燥箱，37?恒温板，保温杯，电子天平，一次性食品袋，输精瓶，输精管，纱布。 1.2 试验方法 1.2.1 自然交配 把适时发情母猪赶进配种栏内，用指定的公猪与其配种，采用重复配种方式，即母猪在一个发情期内，用同一头公猪相隔12小时先后配种两次的办法。配种过程中采用一些有助于自然交配的措施，如公猪爬跨后拉开母猪的尾巴，轻抬公猪腹部，辅助公猪阴茎插入母猪阴道等。 1.2.2 人工授精 1.2.2.1 采精与精液处理 按《猪人工授精站技术管理》(张守全，1998a)的要求做好采精前的准备工作，用手握法采集公猪精液的浓分精液，对采到的猪精液进行精液品质检查、计数，活力达0.7以上，畸形率在18%以下可以进行稀释，稀释倍数的确定，按每个输精量含40亿个总精子，输精量为80-100ml确定稀释倍数。稀释液与精液要求等温稀释，两者温差不超过1?，稀释后要求静置片刻再作精子活力检查，活力没有明显变化，进行分装。分装后置22-25?的室温1小时直接置17?精液保存箱保存。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, thereand cultural heritage, highlighting the cultural taste and shape characteristics of the city in Yibin. According to forecasts, vision 2050 population will reach 2.1 million people in the center of Yibin city, urban land is around 210km2. Figure 2.6-1 2050 figure 2.7 land use planning in the Center City, Yibin city development requires the development of bus rapid transit construction and socio-economic development trends, Yibin city coordination, supporting urban space layout and infrastructure networks, transport organized, internal and external traffic hub smoothly linking, realizing sustainable development of Yibin city integrated transportation system. Concrete can be summarized as, accessible, efficient, intensive and sustainable. Accessibility: Central built-up area road network density of about 7.0km/km2; bus line density of 3-4 km/km2, bus transfer 1.2.2.2 输精 得到母猪开始发情的后，根据母猪的年龄、发情开始时间和持续时间、外观变化等方面进行适时输精确定，一个发情期内输精三次，第一次是在发情母猪出现站立反应时进行，采用上午、下午、上午或下午、上午、下午三次输精方式。具体做法是:(1)在输精前对保存24小时以上的猪精进行显微镜检查，活力达0.7以上者才能用于输精;(2)输精时将母猪移至邻近公猪栏的栏;(3)用干净清水冲洗母猪外阴及尾根周围，用干净毛巾擦干;(4)从密封袋中取出无污染的一次性输精管，在其前端涂上精液作为润滑液，将输精管45度角向上插入母猪生殖道内，顺时针旋转，当感觉有阻力时，继续缓慢旋转同时前后移动，直到感觉输精管前端被锁定;(5)将猪精接到输精管上，开始进行输精，在输精时进行压背刺激母猪，提高输精瓶让精液依靠子宫收缩产生负压吸纳至母猪子宫内;(6)输精时间要求3-5分钟，输完一头母猪后，把输精管后端一小段折起，放在输精瓶中，防止空气进入和精液倒流，让输精管自由滑落(1998b)。 试验结果与分析 杜洛克母猪采用自然交配、人工授精两种配种方式对其受胎率和产仔数影响的比较。 讨论与结论 3.1 使用人工授精与自然交配效果比较 从统计结果与分析中可以看出，三个品种猪使用人工授精与自然交配的受胎率、窝平产仔数差异均不显著，但三个品种猪使用人工授精受胎率绝对值比自然交配低，虽然人工授精的窝平产仔数较自然交配高，但其变异程度大，窝产仔数不稳定，有的窝产仔数高达17头，有的仅4头，从中可以说明人工授精技术有待进一步提高。根据观察与调查，其中原因有:配种人员不固定、配种技术员水平有差异、暴露公猪不稳定以及发情鉴定不准确等(Flowers,1998)，要想人工授精取得理想效果，必须对上述原因加以改进。建议在推广人工授精时应对人工授精技术员进行技术培训，使其掌握一整套成熟的人工授精技术，为提高受胎率提供技术保障，这对于使用人工授精进行配种的养猪业的运转具有重要意义。 3.2 不同品种使用人工授精效果比较 从表4中可知，杜洛克、长白猪、大白猪使用人工授精配种的受胎率、窝平产仔数差异均不显著，但杜洛克窝平产仔数较低，是因为杜洛克本身繁殖性能较长白猪、大白猪低(郭有海，1997)。因此，这与人工授精无关，因而可以说明不同品种使用人工授精对受胎率、产仔数的影响是无差别的。 3.3 使用人工授精与自然交配成本比较 自然交配一头公猪每年可承担25头母猪的自然交配一头公猪每年可承担25头母猪的配种负荷，而采用人工授精理论上1年可配250头以上母猪。假如1年配1000头母猪，自然交配需40头种公猪，而人工授精仅需4头，以每头公猪全年耗料750kg，饲料成本大约1500coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, thereand cultural heritage, highlighting the cultural taste and shape characteristics of the city in Yibin. According to forecasts, vision 2050 population will reach 2.1 million people in the center of Yibin city, urban land is around 210km2. Figure 2.6-1 2050 figure 2.7 land use planning in the Center City, Yibin city development requires the development of bus rapid transit construction and socio-economic development trends, Yibin city coordination, supporting urban space layout and infrastructure networks, transport organized, internal and external traffic hub smoothly linking, realizing sustainable development of Yibin city integrated transportation system. Concrete can be summarized as, accessible, efficient, intensive and sustainable. Accessibility: Central built-up area road network density of about 7.0km/km2; bus line density of 3-4 km/km2, bus transfer 元，人工授精共节约饲料费用5.4万元。以每年淘汰1/3公猪计算，自然交配淘汰13头，人 工授精淘汰2头，以每头种公猪4000元计算，人工授精省去购买公猪费用4.4万元。使用 人工授精技术每头母猪输精每年大约需要成本费33元(包括一次性输精瓶、输精管、稀释 液、电费等费用)。配种1000头母猪需花费3.3万元，综合计算使用人工授精配种1000头 母猪可节约费用6.5万元，再加上节省建造公猪栏费用、劳工费用等，使用人工授精经济效 益是显而易见的。因而，在提高受胎率、稳定产仔数的前提下，人工授精技术值得推广。 coefficient not greater than 1.3; High efficiency: control 1 hour travel time between any two points within the various groups within the area up to half an hour, 1-hour access to the airport, 45min reached the city's main traffic hub, external highway for half an hour with the main channels connecting bus 1.5 hours between any two groups of core areas; Intensive: 2030 transit share rate of around 35%, 2050 bus sharing rate of 45% per cent. 3rd chapter, Yibin city, traffic situation and General ... 3.1.1 city traffic status 1, external transport passenger and cargo traffic in Yibin city, traffic at the present main railway, highway, waterway and air four modes of passenger and freight transport, thereand cultural heritage, highlighting the cultural taste and shape characteristics of the city in Yibin. According to forecasts, vision 2050 population will reach 2.1 million people in the center of Yibin city, urban land is around 210km2. Figure 2.6-1 2050 figure 2.7 land use planning in the Center City, Yibin city development requires the development of bus rapid transit construction and socio-economic development trends, Yibin city coordination, supporting urban space layout and infrastructure networks, transport organized, internal and external traffic hub smoothly linking, realizing sustainable development of Yibin city integrated transportation system. Concrete can be summarized as, accessible, efficient, intensive and sustainable. Accessibility: Central built-up area road network density of about 7.0km/km2; bus line density of 3-4 km/km2, bus transfer