初中英语语法精讲动词不定式用法

9Aunit3语法（一）动词不定式用法     动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的肯定形式是to＋do；其否定形式是not to＋do。 下面以动词不定式在句中的作用来予以详细说明。 1．作主语     可以直接作主语。如：  To see is to believe．     但在英语中，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如：     It's wrong to play tricks on other people．     It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy．     点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在It is ＋adj．（形容词）＋to do sth．或 It is ＋n．（名词）＋to do sth．句型中，it仅作形式主语。     2．作宾语     a．want，decide ，agree等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。如：           We agreed to start early．            She wants to be a doctor．     b．love，like ，begin，start，hate ，prefer等词后面可以接不定式。           点击规律：上述动词后面除接不定式外，还可以接动名词，意思无很大区别。           提示板：like doing指经常性动作，而like to do指一次性的动作。如：           I like swimming，but I don't like to swim now．我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。     c．stop，forget，remember，go on ，try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。           点击规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。           提示板：           1）stop to do sth．：停止一件事，去做另一件事。             stop doing sth．：停止正在做的事。   例句：When the teacher came in，the students stopped talking；when he came out，the students stopped to talk． 当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话；当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。           2）思考：forget，remember，go on，try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别？     d．在find／feel＋it＋adj．＋to do sth．句型中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如：       The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep．     I feel it easy to recite the text．   点击规律：某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语，又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分，如上面stop例句。     3．作宾语补足语     a．tell，ask，want，order，teach，invite，warn，wish，help，get，wish，help等词后面常接不定式作宾补。如：            I tell him not to go there by bus ．           Edison's mother taught him to read and write．     b．let，make，have，see，hear，feel，watch， notice后面接不带to的不定式作宾补。如：   The boss makes them work 16 hours a day． I heard her sing in the next room． 提示板：若变成被动语态，在上述结构中，不定式符号to要加上。如：     They are made to work 16 hours a day by the boss．     She was heard to sing in the next room．   4．作定语：放在被修饰的名词、代词后面       例句：I have a lot of work to do．       The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy．       点击规律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。       提示板：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉介词。如：       I have a small bedroom to live in．       Have you got some pens to write with？   5．表语：放在连系动词be后面        例句：His wish is to become a scientist．       The first important thing is to save the soldiers' lives．       当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。       点击规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。   6．作状语         a．目的状语：放在go，come，use，live，in order等词后面。如：            I come to see you．           He runs fast in order to get there in time．       b．原因状语：放在sorry，glad，surprised， disappointed，excited等词后面。如：           I am glad to see you here．           I am sorry to trouble you．       c．作结果状语。如：           Some of the apples are hard to reach．           The room is large enough to hold 1000 people．     7．与what，who，whose，when，where， how等疑问词连用，作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。如： I don't know what to do next．（宾语）       He taught us how to use the computer．（宾语补足语）       It's still a question how to get there．（主语） 1. Don't forget _________ the letter. A. to send      B. send      C. sending      D. being sent 2. The chair looks very old, but in fact it is very comfortable to _________. A. sit          B. sit on     C. be sat        D. be sat on 3. Is ______ necessary to return the book tomorrow? A. this         B. that       C. it           D. which 4. I'm afraid they would not allow him ________ here. A. to smoke     B. smoking   C. smokes      D. smoke 5. Mother told me ________ the water before I drank it. A. boiling       B. boiled    C. boil          D. to boil 6. On my way home, I stopped _______ some food. A. buy         B. to buy     C. buying       D. bought 7. John was made _______ the car for a week as a punishment. A. to wash      B. washing   C. wash        D. to be washing 8. The sitting-room needs _______, but it'll have to wait until Saturday. A. be cleaning    B. to be cleaned    C. clean      D. being cleaned 9. The first thing I want to do is __________. A. visit to him   B. to visit him    C. visiting him    D. visited him 10. Li Yang advised me _________ too much, otherwise I would have been drunk. A. not to drink    B. to drink    C. not drinking    D. drinking 一. 用动词不定式或ing分词填空 1. I enjoy_________.(sing)    2. What do you want________(do) next ? 3. I learnt ______(swim) when I was three years old.  4. I was very upset and started_____ (cry). 5. I hope _______(see) you again soon. 6. It is a fine day today, so I suggest_____(go) for a walk. 7. Have you finished _________ (mop) the floor.8. He was very angry and refuse __(say)anything. 9. Where is Lily ? I need ________(talk) with her. 10. I am too fat, so I have decided _________(do) more exercise. 二. 选出正确答案 (  )1. I usually go ________ with my mother at weekends.       A. shop        B. to shop      C. shopping (  )2. He is not old enough ________ to school.       A. to go        B. go        C. going (  )3. The man admitted _________the bank.       A. rob      B. to rob      C. robbing (  )4. People must stop ________down trees.       A. to cut    B. cutting      C. cut (  )5. I’d rather_______ a cup of coffee.       A. to have    B. having      D. have (  )6. Mike managed to give up _________.       A. to smoke    B. smoking      C. smoke (  )7. I am sorry to have kept you ________ for such a long time.       A. to wait      B. waiting      C. wait (  )8. She has a nice voice. I often hear her________ in the morning.       A. singing      B. to sing      C. sing (  )9. I don’t like traveling by boat, it always makes me ______sick.       A. to feel      B. feeling      C. feel (  )10. Let me_______ you around the city.       A. show        B. to show      C. showing (  )11. I put the flowers on the porch_______ from the rain.       A. protecting    B. to protect    C. protected  D. to be protected (  )12. Kathy decided ______ hard and make herself______ behind the others.       A. to work; not fall      B. working; not to fall        C. to work; fall        D. working; to fall (  )13. She forgot_______ the TV when she left home.       A. to turn off    B. turned off    C. turning off    D. turn off (  )14. My parents want me ________ good marks.       A. get      B. to get    C. getting      D. got (  )15. The doctor asked Mary ________the medicine three times a day.       A. not to remember taking    B. not to forget taking       C. not to remember to take    D. not to forget to take (  )16. His job is________ the students’ meetings.       A. organize    B. to organize    C. organizing    D. organized (  )17. What about_______ a letter to your friend on the Internet ?       A. try sending  B. try to send  C. trying sending  D. trying to send (  )18.Let him________ it by himself.       A. to do    B. doing      C. did    D. do (  )19. The customers watched the unusual bird_______ in the inn.       A. dance    B. to dance    C. danced    D. dancing (  )20. At the police station, the boy admitted _______ the necklace at last.         A. to steal    B. stealing    C. stole    D. steal (  )21. It is impossible ________.         A. for me to go to bed early      B. to me to go to bed early         C. for me go to bed early        D. to me go to bed early (  )22. I remember________ my wallet here. But I can’t_______ now.         A. putting; find              B. to put; finding  C. to put; be found            D. putting; be found (  )23. Could you tell me _______ work out the problem ?         A. how    B. how can I    C. how to    D. how will I (  )24. I saw a little boy________ a kite yesterday afternoon.         A. flew    B. fly      C. to fly    D. flying (  )25. His jokes made us all _________.         A. to laugh    B. laughing    C. laugh    D. laughing (  )26. It’s very kind of you_______ me with my English.         A. help      B. helping      C. to help    D. helps (  )27. He promised__________ me a nice car.         A. buy    B. to buy      C. bought    D. to have bought (  )28. Mother told me ________ walk along the river.         A. do not    B. not to      C. to not      D. not (  )29. Her ambition is ________ an engineer.         A. become    B. to become    C. be    D. / (  )30. You’d better ________a rest now.         A. to have    B. have    C. having    D. had (  )31. Thank you for ________me the secret.         A. telling    B. tell    C. to tell    D. told (  )32. I used to______ in the countryside, now I am used to_____ in the city         A. living; live  B. living; living  C. live; living  D. live; live (  )33. The detective is busy_______ clues and he has _______ some valuable proof.       A. looking for; find          B. finding; looked for       C. looking for; found        D. find; looked for (  )34. This film is worth ________.       A. to see    B. seeing      C. seen      D. saw (  )35. I was allowed to play football after_________ my homework.         A. do      B. did    C. doing    D. done (  )36. China is becoming __________.         A. strong and strong        B stronger and strong         C. stronger and stronger      D. strong and stronger (  )37. The population of China is larger than ________ of America.         A. those    B. that    C. it    D. this (  )38. Our city is getting _________ .         A. more beautiful and more beautiful          B. more and more beautiful         C. beautifuler and beautifuler         D. beautiful and beautiful (  )39. Taxis in Shenyang are cheaper than ________ in Beijing.         A. that    B. it      C. this      D. those (  )40. I prefer_______ basketball to _______ football.         A. playing; playing      B. playing; play         C. play; playing        D. play; play （二）句子的种类 可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 1. 凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或者表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句，它可以用肯定式和否定式，句末用句号“.”，通常用降调。 掌握陈述句的肯定式和否定式的构成及用法。 e.g. We live in Tianjin. （肯定句）我们住在天津。 We don't live in Shanghai. （否定句）我们不住在上海。 注意：（1）在一般现在时的肯定式中，主语是第三人称单数时，动词要改成第三人称单数形式。 e.g. John studies Chinese very well. （2）一般现在时和一般过去时的否定式要加助动词do （does）, did. e.g. I don't like swimming. 我不喜欢游泳。 He doesn't have lunch at home every day. 他每天不在家吃午饭。 They didn't play football yesterday. 他们昨天没有踢足球。  2. 掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句的构成、用法和答语。注意在一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句要加助动词do（does）, did. e.g. Do you often speak English at school ? 在学校你常讲英语吗？ Does she have a brother ? = Has she got a brother ? 她有兄弟吗？ Did it take you two hours to do your homework last night ? 昨天晚上做作业花了你2个小时吗？ What do you often do on Sundays ? 星期日你常常干什么？ When does your father get up every morning ? 你父亲每天早晨几点钟起床？ Why didn't your teacher come to school yesterday ? 昨天你们的老师为什么没来学校呢？  提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种，这种疑问句叫选择疑问句。结构是：“一般疑问句＋or＋一般疑问句”，但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。说明or前面部分用升调，后面部分用降调。 e.g. Is her brother an artist or a doctor ? 她的兄弟是一个艺术家还是个医生？ Would you like tea or coffee ? 你愿意喝茶还是喝咖啡？ Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on Sunday ? 我们是周六还是周日去电影院？ 反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见，但没把握，希望对方来证实。 注意反意疑问句的结构是：肯定的陈述句＋否定的疑问句（缩略形式） 或：否定的陈述句＋肯定的疑问句（缩略形式） 两部分的人称和时态要一致。 特别要注意否定的疑问句中的助动词必须缩写，主语（最后一个词）必须是代词而不能是名词。 e.g. Your sister has ever been to Shanghai , hasn't she ? 你姐姐曾经去过上海是吗？ The boys didn't find anything , did they ? 男孩子们什么也没找到/发现，是不是？ 在回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实而定，事实是肯定的要回答Yes , …，事实是否定的要回答No, …. e.g. He isn't going to the meeting , is he ? 他不去参加会，是吗？ Yes , he is . 不，他要去。 No , he isn't. 是的/对，他不去。 It didn't snow last week , did it ? 上周没有下雪，对吗？ Yes , it did. / No , it didn't. 不，下雪了。是的，没下雪。  3. 掌握祈使句的肯定式和否定式。祈使句没有主语。指让对方做某事，动词要用原形。表示请求，命令、建议等。 e.g. Go back to your seat , please. 请回到你的座位上去。 Don't make so much noise. 不要吵吵闹闹。 Let's go to school together ! 咱们一起上学去吧！ （let's是含有第一人称主语的祈使句） Let him help the child. 让他帮助那个孩子。（let him是含有第三人称主语的祈使句） 注意：否定形式是Let's （us , me）+not +动词原形 e.g. Let's not say anything about it. 对于这件事，咱们什么也不要说了。 4. 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句，理解由What和How引导的感叹句的语序和感叹句的使用方法。How和What与所修饰的词放在句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。在口语中谓语常省略。 （1）how作状语，修饰形容词，副词或动词 结构：How+形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语 How nice the flowers are ! 花多漂亮啊！ How hard he works ! 他工作的多努力啊！ （2）what作宾语，修饰名词（名词前可有其他定语），单词可数名词前要加不定冠词a（an）. 结构：What a （an）+形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语 e.g. What a clever girl （she is ）! 她是一个多么聪明的女孩啊！ What delicious food ! 多么好吃的食物啊！ 反意疑问句练习 1.My mom bought me a medium coke,______?  2.You went to your grandma's home,________? 3.He will go home,________?              4.She doesn't like to eat apples,_______? 5.Your room looks so big,_______?          6.You won't sleep early,_________? 7.Your are never late for school,_______?  8.You watched the football match last week,______? 9.My mother is cooking,__________? 10.Your father plays the computer very well,__________? 11.You were moved by your students,________?12.Jogging makes us healthy,______________? 13.The sewing machine can make the clothes,_____?14.My mother doesn't enjoy smoking,_____? 15.You don't want to bo a teacher in the future,________?16.You look so happy today,________? 三、把下列的句子改为感叹句。（答案不唯一） ⒈ A: Jill is drawing a beautiful picture.  B: ___________________________ ⒉ A: Mr Wang is a busy man.          B: ___________________________ ⒊ A: The cat is very happy.          B: ___________________________ ⒋ A: The tractor is going very slowly.  B: ___________________________ ⒌ A: He is very lucky              .B: ___________________________ ⒍ A: It is a wet day today.              B: ___________________________ ⒎ A: They started early.            B: ___________________________ ⒏ A: They waited a long time            .B: ___________________________ ⒐ A: He is wearing a large shirt.            B: ___________________________ ⒑ A: The dolphin is playing happily.              B: ___________________________ ⒉ A: Mr Wang is a busy man.          B: ___________________________ ⒊ A: The cat is very happy.          B: ___________________________ ⒋ A: The tractor is going very slowly.  B: ___________________________ ⒌ A: He is very lucky              .B: ___________________________ ⒍ A: It is a wet day today.              B: ___________________________ ⒎ A: They started early.            B: ___________________________ ⒏ A: They waited a long time            .B: ___________________________ ⒐ A: He is wearing a large shirt.            B: ___________________________ ⒑ A: The dolphin is playing happily.              B: ___________________________