译林牛津版高二英语必修五unit1-知识点及语法总结

译林牛津版高二英语必修五unit1 及语法总结 Welcome to the unit &Reading I. 重点单词 1. betray. vt. 1) 出卖；背叛 He would rather die than betray his country to the enemy. 2) 显露；泄露 The expression on her face betrays her anger. 2. pretend. vt/vi 1)vt. 假装，佯装, 后接不定式和从句做宾语。 She pretended to be reading. 她假装在看书。 2）vi. 假装 She wasn’t really crying, she was only pretending. 3. admit. vt 1) 承认；供认 admit doing sth. 承认做某事 admit to sb. 向某人承认 He admitted his crime. 2) 许可进入，准许进入 admit sb. to/into--- 接纳某人进入...; 吸收某人参加... He is admitted to Nanjing University this year. 3) 容纳, 容许 The cinema admits about 2000 people. 4) admit of 容许有; 有...可能; 容有...的余地 His illness admits of no delay. 4. swear. vt/vi 发誓；郑重；咒骂 swear to sb. / swear that 从句 向某人承诺发誓 swear—swore ---sworn 5. focus. n/vt/vi 1) n. 焦点，注意力 put focus on 集中注意力于….. 2) vi/vt focus on集中注意力于…. 近义词组： concentrate on pay full attention to devote … to 6. guilty. adj 有罪的 1) be guilty of “犯了……罪” In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. 2)be found guilty 被判决有罪 Maggie could be sentenced to up to three years in prision if (he was) found guilty. 7. remark. Vt / n 评论 make remarks on sth = make comments on sth 对…作出评论 8. apologize. vi 道歉 apologize to sb=make an apology to sb 向某人道歉 9. sensitive. adj 敏感的;体贴的 be sensitive to 对…体贴，敏感 10. blame. n/vt 责备 1) n. put blame on sb 责备某人 2) vt. blame sb for sth 因某事责备某人 blame sth on sb 把某事归咎于某人 He blamed his faiure on his teacher. sb be to blame= sb should be blamed 主动形式被动 You are to blame. 你应该受责备。 11. gifted. adj = talented 有天赋的 1) be gifted for/as 有…天赋 2) have a gift for有…天赋 II. 重点词组 1. beg sb to do sth 恳求某人做某事 2. stare at 凝视 glare at 怒视 gaze at 瞪眼看 3. keep one’s word 守诺言 break one’s word 食言 have a word with 与…交谈 have a words with 与…吵架 4. feel like doing 想要做某事 sound like 听起来像 5. go straight to 径直去… 6. spy on 监视 watch over 看管 7. keep pace with 与…协调一致 keep up with 跟上 8. as a result of 由于 because of= due to=owing to 由于 as a result 结果 result in 导致 result from 源于，由于 9. turn into 转变成 turn up 出现，出席 turn out 结果是 turn sb down 拒绝 turn around 转身；逆转 turn to 转向 10. as well as 和 as well 也 may as well 不如不妨 11. shout at 朝…大喊( 生气，愤怒) shout to朝…大喊（指远处） 12. make some cruel remarks 咒骂某人，说坏话 13. even though 即使 14. can not help doing sth 禁不住做某事 can’t help but do sth 只好做某事 can’t help to do sth 不能帮助做某事 15. accuse sb of sth 指控某人某事 inform.. of… 告知 approve… of 同意 warn… of… 警告 III.重点句式 1. I must have sounded very proud of myself after the quiz, saying how easy it was and how I was sure to get a good mark. （page 2） （1）“must+完成时”表示对过去事情语气比较肯定的推测。对现在推测，用must be. They must have been laughing behind my back. (page 2） 他们在我背后一定是笑得合不拢嘴。 ① “must+完成时”结构的反义疑问句，疑问部分应根据must后的动词形式采用相应的形式，可用have (has)，也可用did。但若句中出现了过去时间状语，则只能用did。 He must have read it, hasn’t /didn’t he? 他一定读过它，是吗? He must have left yesterday, didn’t he? 他昨天一定走了，是吗? ② 表示推测的否定结构要用“can not /can’t”, 或者是can +其他具有否定意义的副词。例如： You can’t be tired — you’ve only been working for an hour. 你不可能疲倦，你只工作了一小时。 （2）….., saying how easy it was and how I was sure to get a good mark 是非谓语动词doing做原因状语；how easy it was and how I was sure to get a good mark 是how 引导的名词性从句做say的宾语。 2. I thought that Hannah must have told everyone about my grades after promising me not to.（page 2） 1) must have told 表示对过去推测； 2）after promising me not to=after she promised not to tell anyone. a. after引导的状语从句，当从句的主语she与主句的主语Hannah 一致时，从句的she 可以省略，同时从句的谓语动词promised 要变成非谓语形式promising; b. promising me not to 属于 to do 不定式省略动词do 的情况，在某些动词后，如：promise, like, hope, want 等，为避免与上一句to do中的动词重复，可省略to后的动词。 3. I cannot help wondering if he wants Peter to be his best friend instead of me. （page 3） 1）if he wants Peter to be his best friend instead of me为wonder 的宾语从句 2）wonder vt. (对)...感到奇怪; 想知道，不知道 ① I wonder if/whether you… 可用来客气地提出请求；wonder后可接其他连接词引导的宾语从句。例如： I wonder if you’d give me some advice. I wonder who he is, where he came from and why he came. ② wonder后可接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语：例如： They waited and wondered what to do. ③ there is no wonder that 从句 ： 难怪……. There is no wonder that you were late for school, for your bike broke down. 4. He accuse me of some bad things just to hurt me. (page 3） 1) accuse sb of sth= charge sb with sth 指控某人…. 2）just to hurt me属于非谓语to do形式，在句中做目的状语，类似的词组还有：only to (表示出乎意料的结果)，in order to/ so as to (表示目的) 5. If so, the problem lies with you, not her.（page 5） (1) If so是个条件从句，so代替上文内容。not也有同样用法，构成省略句式：if not。又如： —She may not be free today. 她今天可能没空。 —If so, we’ll have to put the meeting off. 如果是这样，这会就得延后了。 Get up early tomorrow, if not (you don’t get up early), you will miss the first bus. 明天你得早起，否则（你不早起），你会错过首班车。 (2)lie with“是……的责任；取决于”。例如： The solution to the problem lies with you. 解决该问题的落在你的肩上。 7. I have no doubt he will succeed.（page 7） doubt作名词常用句型 ① have no doubt意为“毫无疑义；毫无疑问”，其中doubt是名词。例如： I for one have no doubt that he’s lying. ② There is no doubt that…“毫无疑问……”, that从句是同位语从句。例如： There is no doubt that Mary is qualified for the job. ③ no/without/beyond doubt“无疑地；必定” The truth of the report is beyond all doubt. He was without doubt the very worst kind of reporter. Those who left were attracted, no doubt, by higher pay. Task &Project I. 重点单词 1. acquaintance. n 泛泛之交 make acquaintance with sb 结识某人 2. anchor. n. 锚；vt. 扎根于 be anchored in=be based on 根植于 3. attitude. n. 看法，态度 have positive attitude towards sth/sb 4. cautious. adj 小心谨慎的 be cautious about=be careful about caution. N 小心 5. eager. adj 急切的 be eager to do =be dying for = long for= look forward to eagerness. N 6. respond.vi 回应，回复 respond to 回复 reply to 回应 react to 回应 response.n 回复 in response to sth 对…做出回复 7. mercy. n 仁慈 at the mercy of 在…的支配下 8. committed. adj 尽心尽力的 be committed to doing sth= be devoted to doing=be absorbed in doing=concentrate on doing=be bent on doing=be occupied in doing 投入做某事 commit. Vt 致力于 commit to doing sth 致力于做某事 commit to sth 致力于某事 commit suicide 自杀 commit crime犯罪 9. regardless. Adv不管，不顾 regardless of = in despite of= despite +名词或名词性从句，意为“ 尽管” regard. Vt 看做 regard…as = think of … as= look on… as= consider…as II. 重点词组 1. get through 接通电话；渡过 get on/along with 与…相处 get over 克服 get across 使…明白 2. be anchored in 根植于 3. be based on 以…为基础 sb base…on… 某人把…基于…之上 on the basis of 在…的基础上 4. regardless of 不管不顾 5. end up 结果 end up+形容词/ done/ doing/ 介词短语，表结果是…… end in 结果是 in the end 最后 6. rely on 依赖 depend on 依赖 依靠 7. thanks to 幸亏 but for = thanks to +名词 表示与事实相反时，主句用虚拟语态，例如： Thanks to your help, we would not have finished the task. 8. get along with 与…相处 get along with sb 与某人相处 get along with sth 某事进展 9. have different attitudes towards 对…有不同的看法 10. be cautious about 对…小心谨慎 11. be eager to 急切盼望…. 12. on the way to sp 在去…的路上 on the way to doing 即将…. in this way 如此一来 in the way 挡道，碍事 13. have a quarrel with 与某人争吵 quarrel with sb与某人争吵 14. make an apology 道歉 apologize to sb道歉 15. in conclusion 总结 in a word总之 in short 简言之 in all 总共 in brief 简言之 16. look back on 回顾 look through 看穿；浏览 look down upon 小看，瞧不起 look up to 敬仰 look into 调查 III. 重点句式 1. They are still sitting on the sofa, continuing the same conversation on the same topic. continuing the same conversation on the same topic,在句中作伴随状语，主句主语they与continue是主谓关系，故用doing非谓语形式。 2. When asked, they usually hesitate before responding. 此句完整形式为 When they were asked, they usually hesitate before they respond. 属于状语从句的省略，当状从的主语与主句的主语一致时，从句的主语可省略，从句的谓语动词变为非谓语动词形式。 3. We have to realize: boys share activities, while girls share feelings. 1） while 意为“然而”，并列连词表对比转折。 2） while还可意为“尽管”，引导让步状语从句=though, 例如： while the weather is terrible, they still arrived here on time 4. The qualities that boys and girls consider important in a friend seem to be the same, regardless of the basis of these friendship. 1） that boys and girls consider important in a friend 是定语从句，先行词是qualities; 2） seem to do 表示“似乎，好像”，属于to do 非谓语形式，其形式还有：seem to be doing( 表进行时态)/ seem to have done(表示过去已完成) 3） regardless of 表示尽管，做让步状语。 5. I end up returning to the train station and spending the rest of the day in the waiting room. end up+形容词/ done/ doing/ 介词短语，表结果是……,例如： 1） He ends up successful after years of efforts. 2） He ends up in prison because he was charged with robbery. 3） He ends up finishing the task ahead of time. 4） His efforts end up paid off. 6. Friendship means being committed to others. 1) mean. vt.意谓, 想要, 预定 vi.用意, 有意义 mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 I meant to give you this book today, but I forgot. He means this house for his daughter. 习惯用语： be meant to do照道理，照规矩；应该，必须；得要； He was meant for /to be a doctor. mean sb. for准备让某人干某工作 mean much to sb. 对某人很重要; 对某人很可贵 mean a great deal mean. adj.低劣的, 卑鄙的, 普通的, 吝啬的, 简陋的,不舒服的 Peter's father was very mean; he never gave Peter any new clothes. 2) be committed to sb 表示对某人很投入，真诚 7. The best way to have a friend is to be a friend. to have a friend系to do 非谓语形式做后置定语；to be a friend 是to do 非谓语形式做表语。 Grammar: to do/ doing 语法知识 :非谓语动词 一、动词不定式 The Infinitive Form of Verbs 动词不定式是非谓语动词形式之一，它不能充当谓语，但具有谓语动词的主要特征，即时态和语态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成不定式短语。 1. 不定式的形式 肯定式 to do sth. He’d like to play basketball this afternoon. 否定式 not to do sth. No one likes to be looked down upon. 进行体 to be doing sth. He pretended to be reading when the teacher came in. 完成体 to have done sth. He seemed to have known the result. 被动式 to be done He certainly deserves to be sent to prison. 完成被动式 to have been done He seems to have been elected a model worker. 2．不定式的用法 不定式可以用来做主语、表语、定语、状语、宾语、独立成分，表示比较具体的意义。 （1）做主语 ① 动词不定式短语 To master a foreign language is no easy job. To see this film is to waste time. To solve this problem is out of the question ② 为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如： 1）谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词或名词。例如： It is foolish to act in this way. It sounds reasonable to do it this way. It appears likely for them to arrive. It is a good idea to think this way. 2）某些动词做谓语时。例如： It took much time to do this. It makes us excited to think about that. It needs hard work to finish the job. It does no good to say like that. (2) 做表语 表示打算、计划、命令和要求，有时可见用appear, seem, happen等做系动词，常做主语的名词有：wish, aim, duty, hope, idea, mistakes, plan, purpose, suggestion.等抽象名词，也可以是what引导的主语从句。例如： Such questions are to be avoided. What he said proved to be true. He seems to be ill. (3) 做定语 做定语时不定式一般紧跟其所修饰名词或代词后面。例如： He kept on saying really mean thing to hurt me. He was the first one to come this morning. He didn’t have the chance to go to school in the past. 如果不定式是不及物动词时，应注意其相应介词的搭配。例如： He has nothing to worry about. She is a very nice person to work with. There was only a small cold room to live in at that time. (4) 作状语 不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因和结果。 ① 表目的常用in order to, so as to, so+形容词/副词+as to，such+名词+as to等结构但so as to只能放在主句之后。 Check your homework so as to avoid mistakes. She goes home (in order) to see her grandmother every week. ② 表结果常用only to do, enough to do, too…to do等句型，不定式短语作结果状语具有“意料之外”之意。 He is too excited to speak anything. I hurried to his house, only to find him out. ③原因 She seemed surprised to see us. He is sorry for what he did to think of his past. ④不定式作条件状语时谓语动词通常含有will, shall, should, would, can, must等。 You will do better to get her support. You must get up early not to miss the train. ⑤ 不定式作方式状语时，通常采用as if 或 as though + to 的结构，其意为“好像要……”。 He raised his hand as if to hit me. She took out a pen and a piece of paper as though to write something. (5) 做宾语 ① 某些及物动词要用动词不定式作宾语, 以下及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语： agree, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, continue, decide, desire, determine, expect, forget, hate,hope,,intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, offer, prefer,pretend,,promise, refuse, start, try, want, undertake,  wish等。例如： I want to tell you about Zhao Jie. (page 7) We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. Mary begged to go with us. ② 动词不定式作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语it作形式宾语，而将真正宾语动词不定式后移，用于该形式的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, guess, imagine, judge, know, make, prove, realize, report, see, show, suppose, think, understand, find等。例如： I felt it useless for us to say anything further. I made it a rule to get up early, take a cold bath, and then do some running. I consider it better not to go. (6) 做宾语补足语 ① 带to的不定式做宾补 有相当数量的及物动词或短语可以接带to的不定式做宾补。例如： I shall try to persuade her to see the doctor. The villagers didn’t allow them to do this. I will ask them to leave the company. I shall persuade him to take the medicine. He called on his friends to help him. ② 不带to的不定式做宾补 也有一些及物动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，常见的有使役动词类：make, let, have；感官动词类：see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel等。但在被动结构中要带to (let除外)。例如： Someone saw him enter my room. He was seen to enter my room. The boy made the baby laugh by making a face at him. The baby was made to laugh by making a face at him. (7)“疑问词+不定式”相当于这些疑问代词和副词引导的名词性从句。常见引导该形式的动词有：decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, remember, see, settle, think, understand, wonder等，在句子中可以做主语、宾语或表语。例如： What to do next has not been decided. = What will do next has not been decided. What worries me most is how to do it. = What worries me most is how we will do it. I don’t know when to leave. = I don’t know when we will leave. It is not yet decided whether to discuss this.= It is not yet decided whether we will discuss this. (8) 不定式的省略 动词不定式中再次出现与前面相同的动词只留下不定式符号to, 省略其他以避免重复。例如： I thought that Hannah must have deliberately told everyone about my mark after promising not to (tell everyone about my mark). We won’t tell anyone about your call unless you want us to (tell anyone about your call). —Will you join us?  —I should love to (join you).   The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him not to (ride his bicycle in the street). (9) 不定式的主动形式表被动意义 ① 不定式作定语时，若其逻辑主语是句子主语或宾语时，则可以用主动式表示被动。 …the important thing to remember is that both of them are friendships. (page 18) ② 但有时既可用主动形式也可用被动形式，意思不太一样。比较： Have you anything to send? (to send 的执行者是“你”。) Have you anything to be sent? (to be sent的动作执行者是 “他人”。) ③ 形容词easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，nice，dangerous，comfortable， exciting, funny, heavy, important, good, interesting等后面接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表被动意义, 可用it做形式主语的句型替换。 This book is easy to read. = It is easy to read the book.（这本书很容易读。） We found the man difficult to deal with. =It is difficult for us to deal with the man.（我发现这个人很难对付。） ④ 在too…to…中, 不定式的主动式可以表示被动意义。 The plane is too far away to see. (10) 动词不定式的复合结构 ① 不定式的复合结构“for sb. to do sth.”可充当多种句子成分。一般情况下，不定式动作的执行者就是句子的主语。有时不定式的动作执行者不是句子的主语，此时不定式for sb.来充当不定式to do sth.的逻辑主语。例如： I don’t think it advisable for him to learn medicine. (宾语) This is for you to decide. (表语) She waved the red flag for the car to stop. (状语) The article is too difficult for a child of ten to understand. (状语) The order for them to climb the mountain was given. (定语) For a child to learn everything is impossible. (主语) ② 不定式的复合结构做主语时，常见用两种特定句型: “It is + adj. for / of sb. to do sth.” 和 “It is + n. of sb. to do sth”。 1) 在 “It is…for /of sb. to do sth.”句型中，for sb.和of sb. 有区别。for sb.前应是表事物性质的形容词如easy, important, necessary, possible等，sb和这些形容词逻辑主谓关系不能成立。而of sb. 前应是表性格特征的形容词如good, kind, nice, brave, clever, careless, foolish, silly, stupid等，其逻辑主谓关系能够成立。例： It is easy for us to understand the sentence. We are easy逻辑主谓关系不能成立故用介词for。 It is clever of you to do that. You are clever逻辑主谓关系能够成立故用介词of。 It is right/wrong for/of you to do that. 形容词right, wrong后接for sb和of sb都对。 2) “It is + n. of sb. to do sth”句型中常见名词多是抽象名词如pleasure, pity, mistake, honor等，不定式的复合结构其实对抽象名词做了细节说明。例如： It is a great mistake for them to agree with you. It is a matter of honor for us to keep our standards as high as possible. It is a great pleasure for me to live with you. (11) 不定式的时态和语态 ① 动词不定式有不同的时态。 一 般 式 说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后，多数是那些表愿望的词：want; hope; expect等。 I want to go home. I hope to see you. 说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同时发生，多数是些省略不定式符号的词，一般是复合宾语。 I saw him come in. He helped him (to) carry things. 完 成 式 说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前发生。 I'm sorry to have troubled you.  He is said to have come here. He seemed to have known it. 进 行 式 不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。它强调不定式动作正在进行或持续进行。 They seemed to be getting along quite well. = It seemed that they were getting along quite well. 二、动名词 动名词是一种非谓语形式，起名词的作用，但带有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。 1. 动名词的形式： 肯定式 doing sth. It will be nice getting scholarships to the university. 否定式 not doing sth. I am sorry for not having kept my promise. 完成体 having done sth. I remember having asked her to wait us. 被动式 being done I don’t like being left at home in the evening. 完成被动式 having been done The house showed no sign of having been damaged. 2. 动名词的用法 动名词句法作用表 句 子 成 分 例 句 主 语 Swimming is a best sport in summer. There is no telling what will happen. 宾语 直接宾语 We enjoyed seeing the film. 短语动词宾语 I am thinking of taking over the job. 介词宾语 After having finished his work, he went home.  表 语 What like best is swimming in the sea. 定 语 He looked me with questioning eyes. (1) 做主语 ① 动名词做主语表示比较抽象、习惯性和经常性的意义，在传统语法上和不定式做主语表具体意义有区别, 随着语言不断进步, 这种区别正在逐渐消失。例如： Moving to a new town or area can be a trying time. (page 12) Saying is easier than doing. Collecting stamps is a good hobby. ② 为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如： 1) 谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词。例如： It’s interesting planning a holiday. It’s rather tiring walking around in a city. 2) 当use，good，waste，bore，fun，shame，encouragement，等名词作表语时，通常用it作形式主语，把作为真正主语的动名词后置。例如： It’s no use talking to him again. = There is no use talking to him again. It’s no good refusing to do it. = There is no good refusing to do it. It is a waste of time trying to reason with him. It’s fun having guests for the weekend. It’s such an encouragement being able to pass all the exams. ③ 在“There be no+主语”这种结构中，通常用动名词做主语，而不用不定式。这种结构表示“不可能、无法”，相当于“It is impossible to do sth”。例如： There is no getting along with him. =It is impossible to get along with him. (2) 作宾语 某些动词或短语动词后面可以接动名词,见下表： 特定动词 + doing 短语动词 + doing 惯用语或短语动词中含介词 to + doing avoid, admit, advise, allow, permit, bear, stand, delay consider, complete, finish, risk, dislike, escape, mind, excuse, miss, imagine, enjoy, excuse, practise, suggest 等 be worth, can’t help, can’t stand, feel like, insist on, succeed in, give up, spend / waste time / money (in), have / find difficulty / trouble/ time (in) 等 pay/draw/get/attract(one’s) attention to, lead to, contribute to, devote oneself to, look forward to, appeal to, be / get used to, be related to, be available to, be similar to等 ① 表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如： What do you think the proverbs tell us about friendship and getting along with others?(page 1) If you can buy a person’s friendship, it’s not worth having. (page 1) I was so upset that I felt like crying. (page 2) It seems you need to apologize quickly to avoid losing a good friend. (page 5) ② 有些动词如remember, forget, regret等或明确表示时间先后的介词on; upon，after等，用动名词的一般式代替动名词完成式，表示动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如： I remember seeing him before. I regret selling the house. On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend. After standing in the queue for hours, we got good seats. ③ 有些后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别不大。常见的动词有：start, like, hate, love, continue, prefer, attempt, intend, propose等。 Then we both started shouting (to shout) at each other and it turned into a horrible argument. (page 3) He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five. ④有些动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别大。见下表： try to do sth. （努力去做） try doing sth. （试着、尝试做） remember to do sth （记得要做） remember doing sth.（记得做过） forget to do sth. （忘记要做某事） forget doing sth. (忘记做过某事） mean to do sth. （打算做某事） mean doing sth. （意味着） can’t help to do sth. （不能帮助做某事） can’t help doing sth.（禁不住做某事） stop to do sth. （停下来去做另一件事） stop doing sth. （停止做某事） go on to do sth. （接下来做另一件事） go on doing sth. （继续做同一件事） regret to do sth （遗憾要做某事） regret doing sth （后悔做过某事） (3) 作表语 相当于名词，说明主语动作的情况和状态。例如： My job is teaching English. Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. Our duty is serving the people. = Our duty is to serve the people. (4) 作定语 说明所修饰词的性质，具有名词的性质，它同所修饰的名词间不存在主谓关系。 a living room = a room for living a sleeping car = a car for sleeping a swimming pool = a pool for swimming a waling stick = a stick for walking (5) 动名词的复合结构 动名词之前的名词，如果是有生命的，通常用所属格表示，如果是无生命的，则用通格表示，现在有一种趋势用名词和代词代替所有格。 His coming won’t help much. I don’t mind your (you) smoking. They insisted on our staying there. We are happy about his coming to see us. Do you remember Mary coming to see you? He insisted on being sent to the hard area. (6) 动名词的主动形式表示被动意义 ① be worth 后接动名词时。 This book is well worth reading. =The book is worth to be read. ② need，want，require，bear，stand等动词后面可用动名词的主动式表被动意义，但用不定式时则只能用被动形式。 The old man needs looking after / to be looked after. ③ 在介词past, beyond 之后, 动名词的主动形式表被动。 The old watch is past repairing. The beauty of the West Lake is really beyond describing. (7) 动名词的时态和语态 动名词也有其完成时态和被动语态，常见动名词做宾语时，说明动名词表示的动作先发生和逻辑被动主谓关系。例如： I don’t remember having been given a chance to have a try. Do you mind Jam’s being left alone at home? He has insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.