中医护理的基本特点

中医护理的基本特点 一、整体观念 整体就是统一性完整性。中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体，构成人体的各个组成部分之间，在结构上是不可分割、功能上互相协调、为用，在病理上相互影响。同时也认识到人体与自然环境有密切关系，人体的生理和病理上的变化不断受到自然界的影响。这种内外环境的统一性，机体自身整体性的思想，称为整体观念。这一思想贯穿到生理、病理、辩证和护理等各个方面。 1、人体是有机的整体 人体是由若干脏器、器管和组织所组成、各脏器、器官和组织都有着不同的功能。如心主血脉、主神志，肺主气、司呼吸，主宣发和肃降，又有通调水道和朝百脉之功能等。但五脏各自的功能又都是整体活动的一个组成部分，从而决定了人体各脏器、器官和组织和生理上是互相影响，以维持其生理活动的协调平衡，在病理上是相互影响的。 人体局部和整体也是辩证的统一，人体某一局部的病理变化，往往反映全身脏腑气血、阴阳的盛衰。因此，我们在护理过程中，必须从整体出发，通过观察病人的外在变化，了解机体内脏病变，从而提出护理问和采用护理措施，使疾病早愈。如临床上见到口舌糜烂的局部病变，实质是心火亢盛的表现。因心开窍于舌，心又与小肠相表里，病人除口舌糜烂外，还可有心胸烦热、小便短赤等证候表现。在护理上除局部给药外，还须嘱病人保持情志舒畅，不食油腻煎炸辛辣等助热生湿之品，宜食清淡泻火之物，如绿豆汤、苦瓜等。以通过泻小肠之火而清心火，使口舌糜烂痊愈。 2、人与自然界的统一性 人类生活在自然界中，自然界存在着人类赖以生存的必要条件。同时，自然界的变化又可直接或间接地影响人体，而机体相应地产生生理性反应，若超越生理范围，则产生病理变化。 (1)季节气候对人体的影响:在一年四季气候变化中，有春温、夏热、秋凉和冬寒的气候变化规律。万物在这种气候变化的影响下就会有春生、夏长、秋收和冬藏等相应的变化。人体也不例外，必须与之相适应才能保持身体健康。 (2)昼夜黄昏对人体的影响:在昼夜黄昏的阴阳变化过程中，虽在幅度上不象四季气候变化那样 to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 明显，但人体也必须与之相适应。 二、辨证施护 辩证施护是中医护理的又一基本特点，是中医学对疾病的一种特殊的研究和护理。 所谓辨证，就是将四诊(望、闻、问、切)所收集的资料、症状和本征，通过、综合，辨清疾病的原因，性质、部位及邪正关系，概括、判断为某种性质的证。施护，则是根据辩证的结果，确定相应的护理方法。辨证是决定护理的前提和依据，施护理疾病的手段和方法。通过施护的效果可以检验辩证的正确与否。 辩证和施护，在护理过程中是相互联系不可分割的两个方面，又是理论联系实践的具体体现。 中医学认为，证和症有不同的概念。"症"，即症状，如咳嗽、头痛、失眠等。“证”则是机体在疾病发展过程中的某一阶段的病理概括。如感冒所表现的风寒证、风热证等。由于它包括了病变的部位、原因、性质及邪正关系，因而比症状状更全面、更深刻，从而也更正确地揭示了疾病的本质。但“证”与“病”的概念也不同，如《伤寒论》对伤寒病以六经分证，可分太阳病证、阳明病证、少阳病证、太阴病证、少阴病证和厥阴病证。《温热论》对温热病以卫分证、气分证、营分证和血分证。但中医认识和护理病人、是既辨病又辩证的。辨证着眼于证的分辨，如见一初起发热、恶寒、头身痛、脉浮的病人，初步印象为感冒病。但由于致病因素和机体反应性不同，又常表现有风寒感冒和风热感冒不同的证，只有把感冒病所表现的“证”是风寒证还是风热证辨别清楚，才能确定施护的方法。如属风寒感冒，根据“寒者热之”的护理原则，应采用避风寒保暖，室温宜偏高。饮食上可给豆豉汤、生妾红糖水等辛温解表之护法;苦属风热感冒，根据“热者寒之”的护则，应采用室温宜低而温度偏高，使病人感到凉爽舒适，减轻心烦、口干之不适感。饮食宜给绿豆汤、西瓜、藕汁、苦瓜等清热生津辛凉之品。 但在临床上有时可见到一种病包括几种不同的证，又看到不同的病在其发展过程中可以出现同一种证，在护理时可以在辩证施护原则的指导下，采用“同病异护”和“异病同护”的方法处理之。 所谓“同病异护”是指同一种病，由于发病的时间、地区以及病员机体反应性不同，或处在不同的发展阶段，所表现的证不同，施护的方法亦各异。以感冒为例，由于发病季节不同，施护方法也不 to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 同，暑季感冒，由于感受暑湿之邪(暑多挟湿)，护理应采用一些祛暑化湿的方法。如果是冬令时节感冒，宜采用中药温热服，给生姜红糖葱白汤等热饮料以助药力，服药后覆盖衣被，使其周身微微汗出，而达汗出表解之功效。 所谓"异病同护"，就时指不同的病，在其发展过程中，由于出现了相同的病机，因而也可采用同一方法护理。如用黄芪、党参炖母鸡，苡仁粥、茯苓粥等益气健脾之品;注意休息，避免疲劳，以培育中气;采用针刺百会、关元、长强穴，以补中益气;保持会阴部清洁，用五倍子、白矾煎水熏洗以促使回纳等。 所谓"证同护亦同，证异护亦异"实质是由于"证"的概念中包涵着病机在内的缘故。这种针对疾病发展过程中不同质的矛盾用不同的方法解决护法，就是辨证施护的精神实质。 微笑护理 点击数:185 【大 中 小】 一个真诚的微笑，一个关切的眼神，拉近了人与人之间的距离，增加了理解与包容，为沟通架起了一座稳固的桥梁。曾有人说过:拉开人生帷幕的人，是护士;拉上人生帷幕的人，也是护士。是啊，漫漫人生长路中，有谁不会有个头疼脑热，小灾小病的，有谁能不需要护士的细致关心，悉心照顾呢,各行各业都讲究服务质量，微笑服务更是重要。神话中天使的美丽在于她的纯洁与善良，而白衣天使的美丽在于她的温馨与微笑。 “三分治疗、七分护理”，做得越久，越可以感觉到护理在临床工作中所占的位置是多么重要而不可估量。人的感情都是有共鸣的，设想一下，当你独自一人在一个陌生的地方，很无助很迷茫的时候，看到一位微笑着的仁者，关心地问你遇到了什么麻烦，并愿意帮助你时，内心所感动的情怀，不用说你也能深刻地体会。每一个生病的患者，面对疾病，就如同在一个荒芜人迹的原野上，孤独无助，而 to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 医护人员就是他遇到的那位仁者。在任何时候都要让患者觉得不是只有他一个人在独自面对疾病，医护人员时刻都和他在一起，在关心帮助他。 其实做到这一点并不难，对一位首次来院治疗的患者，护士微笑地迎接，给他一句简单的问候，会给病人莫大的安慰，使病人消除陌生感，增强病人战胜疾病的信心和勇气。在日常治疗护理中，给患者一个自信而坚定的微笑，能使病人消除紧张，打消顾虑，更好地配合治疗。当患者病情好转和康复时，给予一个赞许的微笑，说一句鼓励的话语，能愉悦患者曾经伤痛的心。当面对处于临终或“回天无术”的病人时，除了做好必要的解释，坦诚自己的内疚和无奈之外，也不要忘记表达歉意与渴望谅解的微笑。 只要身穿护士服，头戴燕尾帽，工作在临床一线时就要面带微笑，这些微笑来源于护士健康积极的心态，来源于护士认认真真的社会责任和自身价值追求。这种微笑不仅是护士仁爱之心的自然流露，还是护士崇高价值追求的鲜明展现。微笑在护理工作中发挥着重要作用。 护士在维护人们的生命健康活动中扮演着重要的角色。她们在认真地执行医嘱，默默无闻地爱抚着、慰藉着一个个痛苦的身体和呻吟的心灵，和医生一起把健康和幸福带给千家万户。护士总是悄悄地站在医生的后面，没有医生那么多的风光和赞誉，但是她的位置是多么重要而不可或缺。任何时候，她都是忙忙碌碌、勤勤恳恳，即使口罩挡住了她的容貌，但她的微笑是挡不住的。难怪病人经常把护士们对错号，说戴上口罩都是一个样，那是因为护士们都是悄悄开放着的向日葵，有着阳光一样的微笑。 支气管哮喘(哮证) 点击数:319 【大 中 小】 【疾病慨述】 支气管哮喘简称哮喘，是一种在支气管反应性增高的基础上，由内在或外在过敏因素或非过敏因素引起以支气管发生可逆性阻塞为特点的疾病。属中医“哮病”范畴。 【疾病知识介绍】 1、病因 支气管哮喘发生的原因可由外源性过敏因素或内源性非致敏性因素引起，故可分为外源性哮喘 to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 和内源性哮喘两种类型。 (1)外源性哮喘:由过敏因素引起，也称为过敏性哮喘。常见的过敏源有: ? 吸人性(最多见)，如花粉、灰尘、动物皮屑及各种真菌。 ? 食入性，如鱼、虾、蟹、蛋、奶等。 ? 药物性，如阿司匹林、青霉素、消炎痛等。 (2)内源性哮喘:由非过敏因素引起。情绪波动、呼吸道感染、刺激性化学气体、冷空气，剧烈运动等均可引起哮喘发作。 中医认为本病是宿痰内伏于肺，复以外感邪气，或饮食失当，或情志所伤，或劳倦等因素，致痰阻气道，肺气上逆所致。 2、临床表现 外源性哮喘。常有发作先兆，如发作前出现鼻咽发痒，流涕，流泪。发作期出现喘息，胸闷，气短，平卧呼吸困难;缓解期喘息好转，咳出大量泡沫痰后缓解。内源性哮喘，常先有呼吸道感染，咳嗽，咯痰，低热。后逐渐出现喘息，胸闷，气短，多数病程较长。外源性哮喘病程中可合并呼吸道感染，致哮喘长期发作，不易缓解，称为混合性哮喘。哮喘持续状态，指哮喘严重发作，经常规治疗不能缓解，并持续24小时以上。表现为被迫坐位，张口抬肩呼吸，多汗，口唇指甲青紫。可致呼吸循环衰竭。 中医将支气管哮喘分为以下几种证型。 (1)寒哮证:表现为喘促气逆，喉中痰鸣，咳嗽，痰稀薄，面色晦暗，形寒怕冷，舌苔白滑，脉弦紧。 (2)热哮证:喘气气粗，痰鸣如喉，咯黄黏痰，面赤，口苦口渴，舌苔黄腻，脉滑数。 3、特殊检查 (1)痰液检查。 (2)呼吸功能检查。 (3)血气分析。 (4)胸部X线检查。 (5)特殊性变应原检测。 【健康指导】 1、生活起居指导 (1)室内保持适宜的温湿度。 to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the (2)病室内保持空气新鲜，每日定时开窗通风，室内禁止吸烟，居室内不应摆放可能诱发本病的花草。做晨间护理时，用湿式扫床法，避免尘土飞扬。 (3)观察哮喘发作有无诱发因素，是否与饮食不当、劳累过度、嗜酒、吸烟或异味刺激有关，应当设法避免或消除诱发因素。 (4)急性发作期绝对卧床休息，若气急喘促不可平卧者宜取半坐位，呼吸困难时及时吸氧。 (5)哮喘发作时患者如汗出较多，应及时用毛巾擦干，必要时更衣。 (6)呼吸道分泌物多，且咯痰困难者，要经常协助翻身、拍背，以利于排痰，或给予雾化吸入，稀释痰液，以利痰排出。 (7)病情缓解后，在喘息不重时可下床活动，活动量应根据患者的病情、体力制定。 2、用药指导 按医生嘱咐用药，尤其夜间及凌晨发作者要按医生要求临睡前或夜间按时用药。使用激素类气雾剂时应注意口腔护理，防止霉菌感染。使用气雾剂应掌握正确方法并严格掌握剂量。患者先吸气数妙，再缓慢呼气，每次吸入1-2口，每日3-4次。 3、心理情志指导 哮喘病实证患者常因起病急，症状重，喘促急迫，窒息等而产生恐惧心理。虚症患者因疾病延续日久，反复不愈而影响生活、工作，常出现悲观、焦虑、急躁情绪。这时医护人员要积极治疗，解除其痛苦，还应安慰、关怀、体贴患者。解释病情，让患者了解到哮喘是可以控制和缓解的，使患者增强治疗信心，消除恐惧心理，与医护人员密切配合，找出过敏源和诱发因素，遵循治疗，控制哮喘发作。 4、饮食调理指导 (1)饮食以清淡少盐、营养丰富易消化，忌食辛辣刺激、生冷、油腻为原则。哮喘发作时，应进半流或软食，喘息缓解后，可给普通饮食，多食补益肺脾的食品，如百合、莲子、大枣、山药等。对于某些易诱发哮喘的食物，如海鲜、奶、蛋等均应予以禁忌。 (2)根据不同证型选择不同食物，寒哮证可在饮食中加入豆鼓、生姜等调味品;热哮证可食丝瓜、冬瓜、黄瓜等。各证在恢复期可多选有补肺之功能的百合及有补肾之功能的食物，如松子、核桃等。 5、康复期指导 (1)本病应以预防为主。明确哮喘的诱发因素是预防哮喘复发的重要措施。主要诱发因素如下:?过敏源，特异性抗原如花粉、灰尘、尘螨;表皮致敏源(如狗、猫、马等动物的皮屑、羽毛制品)、霉菌、昆虫排泄物;非特异性因素包括工业气体、煤气、沼气、冷空气、硫酸等。?呼吸道感染。? to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 气候因素包括天气的突然变化、湿度过高过低、气压低等。?药物因素，如磺胺类、阿司匹林、青霉素等。?精神因素如精神紧张、恐惧、焦虑等均可诱发哮喘发作。?运动因素，因运动而诱发哮喘。 (2)患者应清楚哮喘发作的先兆征象，及时用药控制，以避免哮喘的发生。哮喘最常见的先兆为胸闷、咳嗽、过密性鼻炎、眼痒、流泪等症状为多见。出现胸闷时，可选用舒喘灵、异丙阿托品等气雾剂，应注意使用方法正确。 (3)一旦出现急性发作，应及时送医院。 (4)缓解期应加强身体锻炼，增强体质，如循环渐近的跑步、太极拳、气功、游泳等。保持情绪舒畅，起居有节，积极预防呼吸道感染对控制病情有积极作用。 (5)积极治疗哮喘前期疾病，目前认为过敏性鼻炎、过敏性咳嗽、儿童湿疹均有可能发展为哮喘，应积极治疗。 (6)缓解期应坚持进行巩固治疗，如脱敏疗法、注射哮喘菌苗等，必须长期坚持，才可见效。 【食疗】 1、饮食原则 (1)供给充足的蛋白质和铁。 (2)饮食中应多吃瘦肉、动物肝脏、豆腐豆浆等。 (3)宜多吃新鲜蔬菜和水果。 (4)一些新鲜蔬菜，不仅可补充各种维生素和无机盐，而且还有清痰去火之功能。一些果品类食物，不仅可祛痰止咳，而且能健脾补肾养肺。 (5)忌食海腥肥腻及易产气食物。 (6)鱼虾、肥肉、易助湿生痰;产气食物如韭菜、地瓜等，对肺气宣降不利，故均应少食或不食。 (7)饮食宜清淡，忌食刺激性食物。 2、食疗方 (1)豆腐500克，麦芽糖100克，生萝卜汁1杯，混合煮开，为1日量，分早、晚2次。此食疗方对肺热型的哮喘病十分有效。 (2)杏仁5克，麻黄6克，豆腐100克，混合加水煮1小时，去渣，吃豆腐喝汤。每天或隔天1服。此食疗方对哮喘病人也很有效。 (3)鲜嫩丝瓜5个切碎，水煎去渣后给予口服;或用丝瓜藤汁，每次口服30毫升，1日服3次，方法为取丝瓜藤离地面3,4尺处剪断，断端插入瓶中，鲜汁滴入瓶内，一天可集液汁500毫升。 (4)将干胎盘1只和干地龙100条共研细末，装入空心胶囊中备用，每次口服5,8粒，每天3 to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 次，空腹温开水送下，10天1疗程。 (5)核桃对哮喘有较好的疗效，可取核桃仁5克，杏仁5克，蜂蜜30克，将这3种物质混在一起蒸熟加生姜汁20滴，一次服完。每隔两日服上述药方一次，连服5,7次。或取核桃30克，生姜15克，猪肺250克。洗净猪肺加水放入核桃仁、生姜，炖熟。每日3次，在1,2日内服完。这样的食疗方适用于哮喘病日久不愈，反复发作的肾虚患者。 急性肠胃炎 点击数:260 【大 中 小】 1、疾病概述 急性肠胃炎是夏秋季的常见病、多发病。多由于细菌及病毒等感染所致。主要表现为上消化道病状及程度不等的腹泻和腹部不适，随后出现电解质和液体的丢失。本病属于中医“呕吐、腹痛、泻泄”等病症范畴。 2、疾病知识介绍 ? 病因 急性肠胃炎是由于进食含有病原菌及其毒素的食物，或饮食不当，如过量的有刺激性的不易消化的食物而引起的肠胃道粘膜的急性炎症性改变。在我国以夏、秋两季发病率较高，无性别差异，一般潜伏期为,,,,,小时。沙门氏菌属是引起急性肠胃炎的主要病原菌，其中以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、肠炎沙门氏菌、猪霍乱沙门氏菌、鸡沙门氏菌、鸭沙门氏菌较为常见。 ? 临床表现 主要表现为恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻;发热等，严重者可致脱水、电解质紊乱、休克等。病人多表现为恶心、呕吐在先;继以腹泻，每日3—5次甚至数十次不等，大便多呈水样，深黄色或带绿色，恶臭，可伴有腹部绞痛、发热、全身酸痛等症状。 ? 检查 大便常规检查、粪便培养; 血常规检查。 3、健康指导 ? 生活起居指导 to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 急性胃肠炎患者应卧床休息，注意保暖。 ? 用药指导 ? 西医治疗 一般治疗:尽量卧床休息，口服葡萄糖一电解质液以补充体液的丢失。如果持续呕吐或明显脱水，则需静脉补充5,—10,葡萄糖盐水及其他相关电解质。鼓励摄人清淡流质或半流质食晶，以防止脱水或治疗轻微的脱水。 对症治疗:必要时可注射止吐药:例如肌肉注射氯丙嗪25-100mg/l日。解痉药如颠茄合剂每次10ml，1日3次。止泻药如思密达每次1袋，1日2-3次。 抗菌治疗:对于感染性腹泻，可适当选用有针对性的抗菌素，如黄连素0.3g口服，1日3次或庆大霉素8万u口服，1日3次等。 ? 中医药治疗 【肠胃湿热】病起急骤，恶心频发，呕吐吞酸，腹痛阵作，泻下急迫，便行不爽，粪色黄褐而臭，口渴欲饮，心烦，尿短赤少，舌苔黄腻，脉濡数或滑数。 治法:清热化湿，理气止泻。 方药:葛根10克、黄芩10克、黄连6克、木香10克、茯苓12克、车前子10克、白扁豆10克、薏苡仁15克、荷叶10克、生甘草6克。 【寒湿阻滞】呕吐清水，恶心，腹泻如水，腹痛肠鸣并伴有畏寒发热，颈项或全身关节酸痛，苔薄白或白腻，脉濡。 治法:散寒除湿，和中止泻。 方药:藿香10克、大腹皮10克、白芷10克、紫苏10克、茯苓12克、清半夏10克、白术10克、陈皮10克、厚朴10克、生姜5克、甘草6克。 中成药:霍香正气液10ml，一日三次。 【食滞肠胃】恶心厌食，得食愈甚，吐后反快;腹痛，泻下秽臭，气迫不爽，泻后痛减，苔厚腻，脉滑实。 治法:消食化滞，和胃降逆。 方药:焦山楂10克、神曲10克、制半夏10克、茯苓12克、陈皮10克、莱菔子10克、大腹皮10克。 中成药:保和丸，香连化滞丸。 【脾胃虚弱】禀赋不足，素体脾虚，饮食稍有不慎即吐泻，大便溏薄，呕吐清水，且时作时休， to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 面色不华，乏力倦怠，舌淡，脉弱。 治法:健脾理气，和胃止泻。 方药:人参10克、白术12克、山药10克、茯苓12克、白扁豆12克、陈皮10克、砂仁3克、薏苡仁12克、甘草6克。 (3)饮食调节指导 ? 急性期患者常有呕吐、腹泻等症状，失水较多，在起病后8,12小时内,患者可吃流质食物,如大米粥、藕粉、鸡蛋面糊、细挂面、烩薄面片等。如腹泻严重或出汗较多,还应适当给病人多喝一些汤水,如米汁、菜汤、果汁、淡盐开水等,以补充体内水、维生素和电解质的不足。 ? 为避免胃肠道发酵、胀气，急性期应忌食牛肉喝牛奶和吃大量的糖,因这些食物进入肠道后容易发酵产生大量气体,引起腹胀腹痛,增加患者痛苦。另外,牛奶中等易产气食物，并尽量减少蔗、糖的摄入。应注意饮食卫生。忌食高脂肪的油煎、炸及熏、腊的鱼肉，含纤维素较多的蔬菜、水果，刺激性强的饮料、食物和调味品。 ? 肠炎恢复期:由于胃肠道尤其是肠道病理生理的改变,此时肠道对食物非常敏感,因此,要特别注意节制饮食,饮食上宜吃些清淡、软烂、温热的食物,避免过早地进食肥肉、油炸、生冷坚硬的食品以及多纤维食物,如芹菜、韭菜、蒜苔等。恢复期后2,3天左右,即可按正常饮食进餐。 (4)情志指导 ? 慢性泄泻患者常有焦虑、恐惧心理，给予安慰，消除疑虑。保持心情愉快。 ? 肝气郁滞者，忌恼怒，保持心情舒畅。 (5)康复期指导 ? 禁酒。 ? 禁止一切辛辣刺激性食物。 ? 禁食不干净食物。 ? 进餐前先洗手。 ? 注意锻炼身体。 中医护理的特色内容 4.1畅情志、调心理:中医认为喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊即所谓“七情”，是人的精神活动，是人体对外 界客观事物或现象的精神反映，也是脏腑生理功能的外在表现。适度的精神活动是身心健康的标志，过度 [1]或不良的精神活动则导致疾病衰老的重要因素。《素问?举痛论》:“怒则气上，喜则气缓，悲则气消，恐 则气下，惊则气乱，思则气结。”说明情志为病，一是直接累及相关脏腑，二是间接通过气和火的作用而致 [4]病，影响脏腑气机的正常运行，使五脏不能发挥正常的生理功能。由此可见，情志因素对疾病的发展、 转归有着重要影响。中医对情志的疏理根据五行理论，不同的情绪调节可用于疾病的治疗，正如《素问?阴 阳应象大论》:“悲胜怒、恐胜喜、怒胜思、喜胜忧、思胜恐”。在中医护理实践中，护士根据患者性格特 to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 征观察情绪的变化，努力使患者保持良好情绪状态，综合应用移情、疏导、相制的矫正方法，改变患者的感受、认识、情绪、态度和行为，使患者保持舒畅、宁静的心理环境，树立战胜疾病的信心。 4.2合理膳食:膳食是维持人体生命活动不可少的物质基础，是人体五脏六腑、四肢百骸得以濡养的源泉。合理膳食在提高治疗效果上与医疗、药物、护理起着同样的重要作用。对食物的选择要认真运用中药的四气(寒、热、温、凉)、五味(苦、咸、酸、辛、甘)、升降沉浮及药物归经等学说。如遇到热证或炎暑、湿热季节时，选择清热、泻泄的食物，达到“热者寒之”的作用;根据苦味能泻、能燥、能坚的作用，用来解除热证、湿证、气逆等病证;根据疾病的不同部位来选食，如病在表、在上可选升浮食物，如胡椒、姜等;病在里、在下，可选用沉降食物，如萝卜、卷心菜等。膳食的合理搭配，才使机体获得足够的营养平衡，促进疾病恢复。我国著名营养学家侯祥川在学习《内经》配餐和饮食原则之后的总结是“五谷为养，失豆则不良;五畜为益，过则害非浅;五菜当为充，新鲜绿、黄、红;五果当为助，力求少而数，气味合而 [4]服，尤当忌偏独，饮食贵有节，切切无使过”。在护理过程中，根据辩证结果，指导患者选择食物时，做 [5]到病食相宜，药食相辅，寒温相适，以促进病体康复。防止病食相违，药食相忤，寒温失当，气味过偏。根据不同的疾病，选择针对性的食物以提高疗效，如有透疹作用的香菇、胡萝卜、黄花鱼;有驱虫作用的大蒜、南瓜子、乌梅;有润燥通便作用的核桃仁、芝麻、香蕉、蜂蜜等。 4.3合理给药:传统的中药治疗是根据药物所具有的若干特性所决定的，所谓的寒、热、温、凉是药物作用于机体所发生的反应。辛、甘、酸、苦、咸是中药所具有的五味，味道不同，作用各异。升降沉浮是药物作用于人体后的四种不同趋向、性能。中药这种特性就要求我们在护理工作中即要注意中药的“十八反”、“十九畏”的配伍禁忌，又要注意药物的服用时间及方法。 4.3.1给药时间与人体时间节律同步协调:在服药时间上，滋补药宜在饭后服;驱虫药和泻下药大多在空腹时服用;健胃药和对胃肠刺激性较大的药物宜在饭后服;治疟药宜在发作前1-2h服;安眠药则应在睡前服[6];发汗药以每日午前服用为好;催吐药宜在清晨服。在中药的服药时间上，中医有丰富的内涵，护理人员要善于学习、总结以探索最佳的给药时间。 [7]4.3.2服药方法因病情、剂型不同各异:治疗寒证疾病药宜热服、温服;治疗热证疾病药宜凉服。对于解表发汗药要偏热服以助汗出;清热凉血、止血剂宜凉服;散剂、粉剂可用温开水冲服或胶囊装好吞服;膏剂用温开水冲服;危重病人要少量多次频服;昏迷、小儿、食道手术等不能口服时可采取鼻饲给药等。 4.4“治未病”:《素问.四气调神大论》中强调“是故圣人不治已病治未病，不治已乱治未乱，此之谓也。夫病已成而后药之，乱已成，而后治之，譬犹渴而穿井，斗而铸锥，不亦晚乎。”所谓治未病，一是指未病先防，无病先防，二是指既病防变。护理工作在疾病的预防保健上，具有非常重要的作用，以多种形式、多方位、多层面的健康教育提高患者的防疾意识和方法。通过饮食、运动、精神调摄等个人养生保健方法和手段来维系人体的阴阳平衡、调养正气，提高机体内在的防病、抗病能力，以达到“正气存内，邪不可干” [8]的疾病预防目的和维护“虚邪贼风，避之有时，精神内守，病从安来”的健康状态。 4.5指导患者建立顺应四时与动静结合的生活起居习惯:一年的四季表现为春温而生，夏热而长，秋凉而收，冬寒而藏的四季特点，但实质上又是不可分割的整体。没有温热，也就无所谓寒凉;没有生长，也就无所谓收获。这种相互依存、相互制约、相互转化是宇宙万物的固有规则。顺应四时，就要适应自然，避免外邪，使人体的内环境与外环境相统一，互相平衡。在一年中:春防风，又防寒;夏防暑热，又防因暑而至感寒;长夏防湿;秋防燥;冬防寒，又防风。要利用自然，促进健康。人类具有能动性，不仅可以适应自然，也可能动地改造自然，使之更适合于生存，促进健康。在护理工作中，我们要指导病人要有健康的生活方式，可以在空气清新、纯洁的溪流或瀑布附近进行空气浴;利用山地、海滨进行气候康复;温泉疗法、冷水浴、日光浴、森林浴、漫步、练气功、打太极拳等，根据不同的年龄、不同的病情及病症的不同阶段，采用动静结合、劳逸适度的生活节律。 为了弘扬中医文化～凸显中医特色～满足人民群众对中医药的需求～我院于5月28日成立了以顾平副主任及龚秀琴科护士长为核心的中医特to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 色护理组。本着“中医为本、福泽民生”的办院宗旨～我院护理部紧紧围绕中医护理这一特色优势～开展了一系列在中医理论体系指导下～体现整体观念、辨证施护特色～运用中医护理知识与技能～为病人提供优质服务的特色护理服务举措～中医特色护理组将在原有基础上逐步强化中医护理在临床科室中的应用～把中医技能操作、辨证施膳、情志调护、养生保健等贯穿于整个护理过程。 众所周知～中医在数千年的临床实践中～积累了丰富的诊治疾病和护养病人的经验～并形成了独特的理论体系。中医护理在祖国医学整体观、辨证观的理论指导下～已总结出一套从理论到临床的辨证施护方法和具有中医特色的操作技术。 随着国内外护理领域的发展趋势以及临床工作需求～我院护理部完善 了中医特色护理组的组织管理～构建了全院中医护理网络～由临床经验丰富的～在中医护理领域造诣较深的资深护士长组成核心组成员～部分中医特色浓厚的科室资深护师组成网络成员。小组制定了工作职责、发展规划、学习等,将采取逐级培训、护理部统一质量控制、专家指导等方法对全院的中医护理进行科学系统管理～提高护理质量～运用中医护理手段最大限度的降低病人痛苦。 我院大力开展中医护理～是与时俱进之举～是便民惠民之措～将会得到更多人的支持和热爱。我们坚信:“中医特色护理组”将会越办越好～中医护理事业将有更为广阔的明天: to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the 中医护理是中医学的重要组成部分，具有独特的理论体系和操作技术。中医护理技术是将中医传统疗法应用于护理工作中，这些技术易于普及，对减轻患者痛苦，提高患者生存质量以及治疗疑难病症方面具有显著的作用。中医技能操作是西医操作不可替代的，诸如穴位按摩、拔罐、刮痧、贴药、熏洗、艾灸等保健治疗项目，具有操作方便、适用广泛、疗效快捷、经济适用、容易接受等特点。 为了进一步在临床推广中医护理技能，使患者在住院期间接受更多的中医护理，使我们的民族瑰宝更加地发扬光大，我院护理部按照《中医医院中医护理工作指南(试行)》的要求，多次组织了中医护理技能的专题学习和操作演练。通过理论学习和相互的操练，护士不仅掌握了操作流程，对相关的中医理论知识如经络与腧穴等也有了更加深入的认识，也体会到了中医护理技能所带来的保健和治疗功能。 通过颈部的刮痧可以减轻颈椎病的症状，进行头部按摩(开天门)能够改善头昏失眠的症状。一些困扰患者多时的症状通过这些简单、安全的操作而迎刃而解，让住在中医院的患者真真切切地感受到了祖国医学的神奇，对弘扬祖国医学，加强中医护理内涵，起到了很大的促进作用。中医护理切合预防、保健、治疗、康复等方面的需要，因此获得了人们的喜爱。在人类追求返朴归真、尽享天年的今天，中医护理必将发挥越来越大的作用。( to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the to find solutions. Especially valuable is, these two missions took the city in Beijing, the considerable work in blue, from yinglaisongwang, provide services to invite businessmen and for major projects, micromanaging, hands-on, real offices full service, full service role. Hotel in Pingliang, Pingliang building and printingBrush factory service quality and service levels have also been further enhanced. Second, creatively work towards funding projects onto a new stage. The Beijing liaison office LAN from simple secure funding, and the shift to a more directly involved in the project, from the small projects to large projects to introduce change, strengthening project work. Liaison Office in Beijing, always put the report convergence and implementation, as reported to national construction projects, I work a top priority, take the initiative to strengthen contacts with national ministries and provincial authorities on contact and, from top to bottom convergence projects in advance, timely feedback on the city and the County (district). Liaison Office in Beijing this year, and cooperate with, or directly with item 8 of the interface implemented on the national, provincial, for State investment of nearly 20 million Yuan. The blue Office closely around the city's four pillar industries, large projects and more mature projects, brand focus and direction of the project as an investment. Grasp the