高中定语从句的终极讲解

第十一讲  定语从句 1. 定语从句仍然是近年来高考的考查热点，主要考查： （1） 关系代词和副词的使用； （2） 非限制性定语从句（尤其是先行词指整个句子时）； （3） 介词+关系代词（考查介词的确定）以及其衍生结构：名词/数词/代词+介词+关系代词 （4） 非限制性定语从句关系关系代词as和which的区别 （5） 注意where引导定语从句修饰模糊化地点（situation, case….）的用法 （6） 弄清定语从句与其他从句的区别，以及定语从句与同位语从句和强调句的混合使用。 2.  定语从句的引导词。 定语从句的引导词分为两类，关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose ）和关系副词（ when, where, why ），引导词在先行词和定语从句之间，既起连接作用，即连接先行词和定语从句，更重要的是，它又在定语从句中作一个成分。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语或定语；关系副词在从句中作状语，有时相当于介词+which，其中which指代先行词不可以指示整个句子。 （一）关系代词的特殊用法 （1）关系代词指物时, 用that而不用which的情况: 1，先行词为something ,anything ,nothing ,everything以及all , much , little , a lot ,       none , few 等不定代词时。 My mother was so proud of all that I did 2，先行词有the last , the very , the only以及all , much , few , no , any ,little等修饰时。 This is the very book that I’m looking for . 3，先行词为序数词、形容词最高级(或所修饰)时。 This is the most exciting film that I’ve ever seen . When people talk about Hangzhou , the first that comes to their mind is the West Lake . 4，the same 修饰先行词时 , 定语从句要用that 或as引导 , 但意义不同。 This is the same watch as I lost last Sunday .  (表示相同但并非同一) This is the same knife that I used yesterday .  (表示就是那个) 5，先行词既有人又有物时, 只能用that。 Do you remember the book and its author that appeared on TV last Sunday 6，There be 后面的定语从句多用that引导 , 不用which 。 There’s a seat in the corner that is still free . 7，句子前面出现了who , which 时 , 后面的定语从句用that引导。 They built a factory which made some new products that had never been seen before . Who is the man that you were talking about just now ? 8，关系代词在定语从句作表语时, 常用that , 而不用which 、who 。 My home town is not the small village that it was 10 years ago . Tom isn’t the man that he used to be （2）关系代词用which而不用that的情况: (3)  关系代词指人时, 有时只用who ,而不用that。 (4)  关系代词whose的用法： 1. whose 在从句中作定语 ，表示“先行词的…” ，既可指人，也可指物。 John is my best friend , whose father is a scientist . The old man lived in the house whose window was broken . The boss , in whose company my father worked , was very friendly to the workers . 2. whose 可以转换为of which（物）和of whom（人） 。 1)  The dictionary whose cover is missing is mine . ( 划线部分可改为the cover of which或of which the cover ) 2)  They also invited Mr Wang , whose car was stolen last Sunday . ( 划线部分可改为 the car of whom 或 of whom the car ) (5)  关系代词which的特殊用法： 1. 关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句 , 有时不是修饰某个先行词 , 而是指代主句的全部或部分 。特别注意，非限定定语从句中prep+which 时，which 只能指代先行词，不可以指代句子。 1）In China , you sometimes get a hot damp cloth to clean your face and hands , which ,however , is not the custom in western countries . 2）Helen often came late , which made the class teacher angry . 2，which 有时可在定语从句中作定语 , 含义上相当于指示代词this / that 。 1)  He stayed in England for 5 years , during which time he learned English well . 2)  It may rain hard tomorrow , in which case I won’t go fishing . 【注】：  which的这种用法与whose 作定语不同 。whose 表示“ 先行词的… ”。 They’re talking about a film , whose name I have forgotten . 3，以介词结尾的动词不定式作定语时 , 可借助关系代词which把介词前置。 1）Tomorrow would be Christmas Day , and she had only $ 1.87 with which to buy Jim a present . 2）Those poor people had no houses to live in / in which to live . 【注】    如果先行词指人，关系代词用whom 。 I want to find a person to travel to England with / with whom to travel to England . (6) 关系代词as的用法： 1. 引导限制性定语从句： 当先行词有such , so , the same等修饰时, 关系代词要用as ； as在从句中可作主语，宾语和表语。 1) . I have never seen such a kind girl as she is . 2) . He is such a good teacher ( so good a teacher ) as every student respects . 比较：He is such a good teacher ( so good a teacher ) that every student respects him . ( 此句为such / so … that引导的结果状语从句 ) 3) . Such a student as often studies hard is sure to pass this exam . 4) . He bought the same bike as I did last week . (同名异物) 区别He bought the same bike that I did last week （同名同物） 2.  引导非限制性定语从句： as不修饰某个先行词，而是指代主句的全部或部分内容 ，可译为“这一点，此事；正如” ，或不译。这种从句可位于句首、句中或句尾 。（注：which只能放在主句后。） as we all know ，as has been said above ，as is usual，as is often the case ， as everybody can see，as is known to us all等结构。 1) . He has passed the exam , as is a pleasure to us . 2) . As we all know , the earth moves around the sun . 3) . This experiment , as you had expected , succeeded at last . （二）关系副词的特殊用法 (1) 关系副词在从句中作状语，常可转换为“介词 +which”。 1)  Do you remember the day which / that we spent in the mountain village ? Do you remember the day when (= on which ) we visited the mountain village ? 2)  This is the factory which / that we visited last year . This is the factory where (= in which ) he worked last year . 3)  We don’t believe the reason which / that he gave for his coming late . We don’t know the reason why (= for which ) he has changed his mind . (2) 关系副词where的从句还可以修饰point，situation，case，activity , scene , stage等地点意味不明显的先行词。关系副词when的从句可以修饰occasion , stay等时间意味不明显的先行词。关系副词why只修饰reason 这一个先行词。 1)  Now you can see we’ve come to the point where a change is badly needed . 2)  Today we’ll discuss some cases where beginners of English fail to use it properly . 3)  There are few occasions when my students can’t understand what I teach in class . (3). when和where 在少数情况下可作介词宾语。 1) .  The naughty boy was hidden behind the door , from where he saw his mother walking into the house .（ where 指代behind the door 。不能换为which ，因为which只能指代the door ） 2) .  They went to American three years ago ，since when they have lived there . ( when指代three years ago 。不能换为which ，因为which只能指代three years =and since then) 3. 定语从句有关要注意的问题 (一)    关系代词作主语时,要注意从句中谓语动词的单复数。 1 .  先行词只有one of 修饰时 , 从句谓语用复数。 He is one of the students in our class who have been to Hainan . This is one of the best books that were written by the writer . 2 .  one of 前有the，the only ，the very ，the first时 , 从句谓语用单数。 Tom is the only / very one of the boys who knows the truth . (二)      定语从句的隔离现象： 1  定语从句和先行词之间有时会被状语, 定语或者其他成分隔开, 要注意找准先行词。 The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that village . Is there a restaurant around where we can have lunch ?  ( around  adv. 在周围 ) The days are gone when we used foreign oil .   (主句谓语较短, 隔开先行词与定语从句) 2 .  定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的后面有时会出现插入语。 1)  He is the man who I think is fit for the job . 2)  --- Is that the small town you often refer to ?  --- Right , just the one where you know I used to work for years . (三)  定语从句中有时会使用倒装语序： Three days later , we found an old house , in front of which stood a big tree . Finally they climbed up the mountain , above which appeared a beautiful rainbow . (四)    注意区别定语从句和其他从句： 1 .区别where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句。(最明显的区别是定语从句一定有先行词) After the war , a new school was put up where there had once been a theatre . (状语从句) A new school was put up at the place where there had once been a theatre .  (定语从句) 2 .  区别“介词+which”的定语从句和“介词+what”的宾语从句。 1)  This is the company in which he worked three years ago .  ( which 引导定语从句 ) 2)  A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago .  ( what宾语从句) 3 .  区别that的定语从句和同位语从句。 The news that he won the match made us excited .  ( 同位语从句 ) The news ( that ) he told us made us very excited .    ( 定语从句 )  【注】：同位语从句中that不作句子成分, 但不能省略，去掉that从句仍然完整。定语从句中that是关系代词，可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。 近三年高考真题: 1.(2011全国卷I) The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.   A. that        B. which      C. whose        D. what 2.（2011全国卷II）Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt,   ____ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.   A. this          B. that          C. what            D. which 3.（2011北京卷） Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make all the others upset.   A. who            B. which            C. what                D. that 4.(2011上海卷) You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.      A. which            B. where            C. when                D. as 5.（2011山东卷）The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.        A. they            B. where            C. what                D. that 6.（2011江西卷）She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken more than three years. A. for which        B. with which        C. of which        D. to which 7.（2011江苏卷） Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream. A. when          B. where      C. that          D. which 8.（2011安徽卷）Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks. A. when        B. which        C. where          D. while 9.（2011浙江卷）English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ____ uses it somewhat differently. A. which             B. what             C. them                 D. those 10.（2011浙江卷） A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.   A. when             B. that             C. where             D. there 11.（2011福建卷） She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other. A. which          B. where        C. what        D. who 12.（2011四川卷）The school shop,  ________ customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.     A. which        B. whose      C. when      D. where 13.（2011天津卷）The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. A. when          B. that        C. where      D. which 14.（2011陕西卷）I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend,  __________ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A. which        B. where        C. who        D. that 15.(2011湖南卷)Julie was good at German, French and Russian , all of _________ she spoke fluently. A. who          B. whom        C. which          D. that 16. （10福建24） Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet       life has developed gradually. A. that      B. where        C. which        D. whose 17. （10湖南28）I've become good friends with several of the students in my school         I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who    B. where        C. when    D. which            18.（10江西31）The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ______ she would stay for an hour. A where        B who          C which            D what 19. （10山东24）That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.     A. that        B. which        C. whose      D. What 20. （10山东38）Wind power is an ancient source of energy       we may return in the near future. A. on which        B. by which          C. to which          D. from which 21.（10天津8）Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? You should try the barber’s        I go. It’s only 15. A. as          B. which    C. where      D. that 22．（10四川10）After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，      turned out to be a wise decision．     A．that            B．which        C．when          D．where 23. （10全国Ⅰ24） As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_____ is named after his grandfather. A. which  B. where    C. what    D. that 24. （10江苏32）The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work. A. that    B. it    C. what    D. which 25. （ 陕西11）The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.  A. where    B. which    C. its    D. Whose 26. （10全国Ⅱ16）I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault. A. who  B. that  C. as  D. what 27. （北京27） Children who are not active or       diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.   A. what          B. whose    C. which        D. that 28.（重庆28）In china, the number of cities is increasing ________development is recognized across the world. A. where          B. which      C. whose          D. that 29．（10浙江3）The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of       left their village homes for a better life in the city. A．whom          B．which      C．them        D．those 30. (09山东24) Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.  A. who              B. which            C. when            D. that 31. (09宁夏海南28) She brought with her three friends, none of           I had ever met before. A. them          B. who    C. whom          D. these 32. (09江苏23) Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _  _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. A. if                  B. when            C. which            D. since 33. (09天津5) A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails. A. who              B. whom            C. whose            D. whoever 34. (09陕西11) Gun control is a subject     Americans have argued for a long time.  A. of which          B. with which        C. about which        D. into which 35.(09上海34)  Mozart’s birthplace and the house ______ he composed ‘The Magic Flute’ are both museums now . A. where          B. when          C. there          D. which 36.(09江西26) The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. A. in it      B. in      C. in that      D. in which 37.(09四川20) She’ll never forget her stay there _      _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A. that                 B. which                C. where             D. when    38.(09辽宁23) They’ve won their last three matches. ________I find a bit surprising  A. that              B. when            C. what              D. which  39.(09福建24) It’s helpful to put children in a situation        they can see themselves differently. A. that              B. when              C. which            D. where 40.(09浙江14) I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. A. which                B. where            C. how             D. why 41.(09重庆34) Life is like a long race _____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. A. why              B. what            C. that              D. where 42.(09湖南26) I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city       name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. A. which           B. of which           C. that           D. whose 43.(09全国Ⅱ17) My friend showed me round the town,       was very kind of him.  A. which            B. that              C. where            D. it  44.(09北京26)  —What do you think of teacher ,Bob？ —I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___  you are doing something serious but interesting . A. where            B. which            C. when              D. that