《电脑关机蓝屏的原因分析解决》

《电脑关机蓝屏的原因解决》 电脑关机时蓝屏什么原因 蓝屏故障和其它故障一样，根据成因大致可以分为软件和硬件两个方面。现在还是遵循先软后硬的原则来看看故障的成因和解决办法吧～ 一、软件引起的蓝屏故障 1(重要文件损坏或丢失引起的蓝屏故障(包括病毒所致)。 实例:Win98中的VxD(虚拟设备驱动程序)或是(DLL 动态连接库 之类的重要文件丢失，情况一般会比较严重，会出现“蓝屏警告”。 解决方法一:记下所丢失或损坏的文件名 用Win98启动盘中的“Ext”命令从Win98安装盘中提取和恢复被损坏或丢失的文件，步骤如下: (1)用Win98启动盘引导计算机，在提示符下敲入“Ext”命令。 (2)在提示“Please enter the path to the Windows CAB files( a):”后输入Win98安装压缩包所在的完整路径，如“F ,Pwin98,Win98”，完成后回车。 (3)在提示“Please enter the name(s)of the file(s) you want to extract:”后输入你记下的丢失文件名，如“Bios(Vxd”，回车。 (4)在解压路径提示“Please enter path to extract to(„Enter‟ for current directory):”后输入文件将被解压到的完整路径，如“C ,Windows,System”并敲回车。 (5)最后出现确认提示“Is this Ok,(y/n):”，输入“y”后回车。“Ext”程序会自动查找安装盘中的CAB压缩包，并将文件释放到指定的位置。 (6)重新启动即可。 解决方法二:用杀毒软件杀毒。有的病毒可能会破坏注册表项 杀毒后注册表应恢复中毒之前的备份。 解决方法三:如果能启动图形界面，可以采取重装主板以及显卡的驱动程序，和进行“系统文件扫描”来恢复被破坏或丢失的文件。“系统文件扫描”的方法为 单击“开始/程序/附件/系统工具/系统信息/工具/系统文件检查器”，然后扫描改动过的文件即可。 2(注册表损坏导致文件指向错误所引起的蓝屏。 实例:注册表的擅自改动(包括人为地改动和软件安装时的自动替换) 其现象表现为开机或是在调用程序时出现蓝屏，并且屏幕有出错信息显示(包含出错的文件名)。 解决方法一:恢复备份。 (1)单击“开始/关机/重新启动计算机并切换到MS-DOS方式”，然后单击“是”; (2)进入Windows目录下。例如，如果你的Windows安装在“C ,Windows” 目录下，应键入以下内容 “CD C ,WINDOWS”后回车; (3)键入“SCANREG,RESTORE”后回车。 (4)按照上述步骤，可以将注册表恢复到最近一次启动计算机时的状态。 解决方法二:删除键值。 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 如果是在卸载程序后出现蓝屏的话，笔者断定故障是由于程序卸载不完善造成的。解决这类问非常简单，首先你要记下出错的文件名，然后再到注册表中找到以下分支“HKEY,LOCAL,MACHINE,System ,CurrentControlSet,Services,VxD”。在“查找”中输入刚才的文件名，把查到的键值删除即可。此时，千万不要忘记备份注册表哦～ 典型案例:笔者在删除金山毒霸时中途死机，重新启动后刚看到桌面的图标就出现蓝屏，并伴有错误信息出现。错误信息中提到Kavkrnl(vxd文件找不到，笔者首先根据文件名的前两个字符确定该文件不是Win98的系统文件，ka开头的应是金山毒霸的虚拟设备驱动程序。基本判断为文件指向错误，于是决定删除它在注册表中相应键值。在注册表编辑器的查找中输入“Kavkrnl(vxd”，将它在“HKEY,LOCAL, MACHINE,System,CurrentControlSet,Services,VxD”中的相应主键值删除，重启后故障消除。 3(System(ini 文件错误引起的“蓝屏”。 实例:软件卸载或是安装后未即时更新System(ini 文件所造成的错误。 解决方法:禁用注册表中该项或是重新安装相应的软件或驱动程序。 4(Win98自身的不完善造成的蓝屏。 实例:Win98的sp1和Microsoft的Vxd,fix(exe补丁程序对Win98的稳定性起着至关重要的作用。 解决方法:快去下载吧，如华军网站南京站 http //nj(onlinedown(net/Win98SP1(htm Win98sp1 及 http //nj(onlinedown(net/Windows98VxDpatch(htm Vxd,fix(exe 。 5(系统资源耗尽引起的蓝屏故障。 实例:蓝屏故障常常发生在进行一项比较大的工作时，或是在保存复制的时候，且往往发生得比较突然。这类故障的发生原因主要是与三个堆资源(系统资源、用户资源、GDI资源)的占用情况有关。 解决方法:打开你的资源状况监视器，看一下剩余资源，如果你的三种资源都在50%甚至更低，就很容易出现诸如“非法操作”、“蓝屏”或“死机”故障。为此，必须减少资源浪费，减少不必要的程序加载，避免同时运行大程序(图形、声音和视频软件)，例如加载计划任务程序，输入法和声音指示器，声卡的DOS驱动程序，系统监视器程序等等。 6(DirectX问题引起的蓝屏故障。 实例:(1)DirectX版本过低或是过高;(2)游戏与它不兼容或是不支持;(3)辅助重要文件丢失;(4)显卡对它不支持。 解决方法:升级或是重装DirectX。如果是显卡不支持高版本的DirectX那就说明你的显卡实在是太老了，尝试更新显卡的BIOS和驱动程序，否则，只好花钱升级显卡了。 二、硬件引起的蓝屏故障 1(内存超频或不稳定造成的蓝屏。 实例:随机性蓝屏。 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 美国伟哥:www.weigecheng.com 解决方法:先用正常频率运行，若还有问题。找一根好的内存条进行故障的替换查找，一般可以解决。再就是应当注意当CPU离内存很近时内存的散热问题。 2(硬件的兼容性不好引起的蓝屏。 兼容机好就好在它的性价比较高，坏就坏在它在进行组装的时候，由于用户没有完善的监测手段和相应的知识，无法进行一系列的兼容性测试，从而把隐患留在了以后的使用过程中。 实例:升级内存时，将不同规格的内存条混插引起的故障。 解决方法:注意内存条的生产厂家、内存颗粒和批号的差异，往往就是因为各内存条在主要参数上的不同而产生了蓝屏或死机，甚至更严重的内存故障。也可以换一下内存条所插的插槽位置。如果内存条还是不能正常工作，那就只好更换了。此处，提醒各位:内存在整个微机系统中起着非常重要的作用，它的好坏将直接影响到系统的稳定性，所以在内存的选购时要注意，最好是有内行人陪伴，避免买到Remark过的条子或频率过低的条子。 3(硬件散热引起的“蓝屏”故障。 实例:在微机的散热问题上所出现的故障，往往都有一定规律，一般在微机运行一段时间后才出现，表现为蓝屏死机或随意重启。故障原因主要是过热引起的数据读取和传输错误。 解决方法:采取超频的应降频，超温的应降温。其实不一定所有的故障都那么复杂，有时候从简单的方面考虑，也能很好地解决问题 要学会触类旁通。 4(I/O冲突引起的蓝屏现象。 解决方法:这种现象出现得比较少，如果出现了，可以从系统中删除带～号或,号的设备名，重新启动计算机进行确认，或者请高手手动分配系统资源。 凡事要防患于未然，下面是笔者总结出来的一些经验，可供大家参考: 1 定期对重要的注册表文件进行手工备份，避免系统出错后，未能及时替换成备份文件而产生不可挽回的错误。 2 尽量避免非正常关机，减少重要文件的丢失。如(VxD (DLL文件等。 3 对普通用户而言，只要能正常运行，没有必要去升级显卡、主板的BIOS和驱动程序，避免升级造成的危害。 4 定期检查优化系统文件，运行“系统文件检查器”进行文件丢失检查及版本校对。检查步骤参见前面相关介绍。 5 减少无用软件的安装，尽量不用手工卸载或删除程序，以减少非法替换文件和文件指向错误的出现。 6 如果不是内存特别大和其管理程序非常优秀，尽量避免大程序的同时运行，如果你发现在听MP3时有沙沙拉拉的声音，基本可以判定该故障是由内存不足而造成的。 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unifie伟哥价格:www.weigecheng.com d deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.