西方婚姻沟通研究进展述评_

西方婚姻沟通研究进展述评_ *西方婚姻沟通研究进展述评 何莞婷 寇彧 (北京师范大学发展心理研究所，北京100875) 摘要 目前西方婚姻研究领域的主流——婚姻沟通研究表现出三大进展:从个体研究视角转向互动视角;从单一维度划分沟通类型转向功能性的划分;从人格影响因素的探索转向权力结构的探索。该领域未来的研究趋势应集中在关注积极互动、扩展研究范式、探索调节或中介机制、探讨夫妻权力的不同层面以及重新评价人格因素的影响等方面。 关键词 婚姻沟通;沟通模式;夫妻情感;要求-退缩;社会结构假说 1 引言 1950年代以前，婚姻研究者一直遵从人格理论的观点，认为幸福婚姻取决于夫妻双方的人格特质。早期研究者试图运用被试自我的方法探索与成功婚姻相关的人格变量。但这一研究取向却走入困境，原因有两方面:首先，单一的自我报告法在很大程度上影响了研究结果的生态效度;其次是光环效应，多变量测量的结果发现，不幸福夫妇几乎报告了所有消极的人格特质，而幸福的夫妇几乎报告了所有积极的人格特质(Gottman, 1998)。 人格研究的缺陷使研究者意识到研究行为更重要。但为了使研究具有生态效度，就必须实际观察夫妻双方的沟通和互动。1970年代以后，随着行为观察技术与各种观察编码系统的发展成熟，婚姻沟通研究才得以累积丰富的成果，也因而成为婚姻研究领域的主流。许多研究者提出复杂的假设，来确定夫妻间功能不良的沟通行为。大量观察数据发现:不快乐夫妻间有更多的消极沟通和更少的积极沟通，也存在更多的消极情感互动(Gottman, 1998; Gottman & Notarius, 2002)。 目前，婚姻沟通研究已不再局限于从积极和消极两大类来划分行为。研究的进展主要表现在三个方面:1)在研究视角上，从个体视角转向互动视角;2)在沟通类型划分上，从单维度转向功能性的划分;3)在影响因素的探索上，从人格因素转向权力结构。 2 从个体视角转向互动视角 个体视角的研究将单个个体的行为作为分析单元，以传统的行为理论为基础，并结合了社会心理学中社会交换理论的某些要素(Karney & Bradbury, 1995)。该研究取向认为，行为通过学习而获得，学习过程是“刺激-反应”序列的累积，婚姻关系中一方的行为会受到另一方反应的强化。积极互动具有奖赏作用，消极互动具有惩罚作用。婚姻满意度就取决于互 * 收稿日期:2010-05-08 北京师范大学创新研究群体发展资助;2009-2010年度北京市教委重点实验室规划项目。 通讯作者: 寇彧，E-mail: kouyu455@163.com development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 动过程中奖赏与惩罚的交换结果。在测量方面研究者通常运用MICS(Marital Interaction Coding System, 婚姻互动编码系统，Heyman, Weiss, & Eddy, 1995)或SPAFF(Specific Affect Coding System, 具体情感编码系统，Gottman, Coan, Carrere & Swanson, 1998)等编码系统，从积极和消极两个维度对夫妻沟通行为进行编码。 但是，个体视角的研究对夫妻行为进行单独分析，忽略了沟通过程的互动性。早在1967年，有研究者就提出“互动过程可以被看作为一个系统”的观点(Caughlin, 2002)。八十年代后，研究者逐渐从互动的视角来探讨婚姻沟通。研究大致可分为两类:在研究单个行为的基础上分析双方行为的交互性，以及研究双方沟通模式。 2.1 行为交互性的研究 行为交互性的研究采用传统的行为观察实验或问卷来测量个体的行为，在统计上运用时间序列或主客体相倚模型(Actor-partner interdependence model)分析双方行为的互动关系。婚姻研究先驱Gottman等人(1998)在考察夫妻消极情感交互序列对婚姻稳定性和幸福感的影响时发现，消极情感序列分为发起、交互、升级和降级四种。“发起”指以消极情感回应伴侣的中性情感;“交互”指以相同程度的消极情感回应对方的消极情感;“升级”指以高消极情感回应对方的低消极情感;“降级”指以低消极情感回应对方的高消极情感。这项研究和Kim & Deborah(2007)的研究都发现，消极情感的交互能够预测夫妻是否离婚;丈夫对妻子消极情感的升级、妻子作为消极情感的发起者等变量都能预测6年后的离婚。这表明双方情感交互与单独的情感表达同样对夫妻离婚有显著影响。 Schoebi(2008)采用结构化日记的方式收集了166对夫妻一周的连续数据，并运用主客体相倚模型分析夫妻日常生活中的情感共鸣(coregulation)。结果发现观点采择水平高的丈夫能更好地回应妻子的软情绪(伤心、难过等情绪)，而夫妻双方的安全感越低，双方硬情绪(生气、愤怒等情绪)的相互影响也越大。这充分说明了沟通过程的互动性质。 2.2 沟通模式的研究 沟通模式研究以系统理论为基础，认为系统内各要素相互依赖，夫妻双方的行为会互相依存和强化。研究者将夫妻看作一个整体，强调以双方共同的行为模式作为分析单元，而不是仅仅去某一方单独的行为(Christensen & Shenk, 1991)。研究者提出，夫妻沟通中存在三种典型的行为模式:建设性沟通(mutual constructive communication)，指夫妻双方共同讨论、互相理解和协商解决问题;相互回避沟通(mutual avoidance)，指双方都回避讨论问题;要求-退缩沟通(demand-withdraw)，指一方(要求者，demander)抱怨、批评、指责另一方，要求对方改变或试图与对方讨论婚姻中存在的问题，但另一方(退缩者，withdrawer)则沉默、回避冲突、试图终止讨论或转移话题、甚至离开冲突现场。Klinetob & Smith(1996)的研究发现，一方的要求行为容易引发对方的退缩行为，这种退缩又进一步引发前者的要求行为。这一结果支持了系统理论关于“沟通是互倚的”观点。 y to start building connected to the venue and the city centrertunitapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an oppoent of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the relopmelopment process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the dev1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban dev r, inof 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial cente o, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a populationJapan Sappor-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-ority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1ance, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priis, Frffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Parshington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban tra5 figure 5.1.4 Wa-he downtown area. Figure 5.1development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of t2 个体视角的研究只测量单个行为，其研究逻辑是婚姻结果只与个体有关，而忽略了伴侣对其的影响以及这种影响对婚姻的预测作用。沟通模式概念的提出，表明婚姻沟通研究者意识到了互动在沟通中的重要性。从这个意义上说，沟通模式体现的是每对夫妻之间的沟通过程。 3从单维度转向功能性划分 许多编码系统都是从积极和消极的单一维度来对夫妻沟通行为进行分类，并以合成分数来预测婚姻结果(如MICS和SPAFF)。但是，单维度研究的结果发现，夫妻消极情感能够稳定地预测婚姻稳定性(Gottman et al., 1998; Kim & Deborah, 2007)，但是对婚姻满意度的影响，各项研究结果却并不一致。这其中一个重要原因是各研究者所测量的具体情感类型不同。有的研究者将所有编码合成为一个消极分数(Gottman et al., 1998; Kim & Deborah, 2007)，而有的只考察了其中一种或两种消极情感(Johnson, 2002)。因此，婚姻沟通研究越来越趋向于对沟通行为或模式进行再分类，考察具体行为或模式的作用。研究者试图淡化这些行为的“积极”或“消极”色彩，从功能性的角度探讨不同沟通类型对婚姻的影响。 Sanford & Rowatt(2004)将消极情感进一步分为硬情绪(hard emotion)和软情绪(soft emotion)。硬情绪指生气、恼怒等程度激烈的情绪。当个体知觉到被伴侣忽略和伤害时，硬情绪的表达具有自我保护功能。因此，硬情绪实际上主张对关系的控制和权威，更容易引发冲突和敌对反应。软情绪指悲伤、受伤害等表达自身脆弱感的消极情绪，反映个体对双方关 能修复关系，避免夫妻冲突因升级而走向系的重视和关心，是关系取向的情绪感受。因此它 极端(Sanford, 2007a)。对两种情绪不同功能的研究发现，硬情绪与低关系满意度、高冲突、消极沟通等正相关，软情绪与较高的关系满意度、较低的冲突以及积极沟通呈正相关(Sanford, 2007a; 2007b)。 要求-退缩是常见的造成婚姻失调的因素，能够预测夫妻间的满意度下降(Heavey, Christensen & Malamuth, 1995)以及是否离婚(Gottman & Levenson, 2000)。但Caughlin(2002)分析了以往研究中要求-退缩预测婚姻满意度的不一致结果，在其纵向研究基础上，提出有两种要求-退缩模式。在那些婚龄较长、已相互适应了的夫妻身上，存在“问题解决型”(problem-solving style)的要求-退缩模式，其退缩行为可能意味着允许对方表达不满，从而避免冲突升级，从长远来看，这有利于婚姻满意度提高。另一些夫妻之间则存在“性别角色刻板型”(gender role rigid style)的要求-退缩，往往女性为要求者角色，男性为退缩者角色，性别角色差异明显。这种模式最具破坏性，容易导致离婚(Gottman & Levenson, 2000)。 Roberts(2000)认为，在不同的夫妻互动情境下，存在三种不同功能的回避行为:(1)愤怒回避(angry withdrawal)，以带有敌意、拒绝等消极情感和防御性质的方式回应伴侣的批评指责;(2)回避冲突(conflict avoidance)，以转移话题或开玩笑的方式回避冲突及问题讨论，这种回避行为并不含有消极情感;(3)回避亲密(intimacy avoidance)，回避伴侣的development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 亲密行为。Roberts(2000)采用自编的反应模式问卷，测量个体对待伴侣行为的可能反应，发现妻子回避亲密对丈夫的满意度有单独的预测作用，丈夫回避冲突则能够缓和敌意反应对妻子的消极影响。 4 从人格因素转向权力结构 许多研究发现，夫妻间的要求-退缩沟通表现出明显的性别差异，女性表现出更多的要求行为，男性表现出更多的退缩行为(Christensen & Shenk, 1991; Eldridge, Sevier, Jones, & Atkins, 2007)。研究者提出了两种观点来解释这一结果:个体差异观(individual difference perspective)和社会结构假说(social structure hypothesis)。 个体差异观认为，要求-退缩的性别差异是两性个体差异的结果。Gottman和Levenson(1988)认为这种差异主要是生理因素的差异，男性在面对压力事件(如夫妻冲突)时体验到更多生理唤醒，为了降低唤醒水平因而倾向于逃避冲突;女性的生理唤醒较低，因而倾向于将冲突升级。另一些研究者关注男女社会化因素的差异，认为早期社会化过程对性别角色的塑造有影响，男性被教化为更具独立性和工具性，女性则更具表达性，更注重人际关系。因此在亲密关系中，女性更渴望亲密而害怕被抛弃，更容易成为要求者(demander)。男性更渴望独立，害怕依恋和亲密，更容易成为退缩者(withdrawer)。Christensen & Shenk(1991)以及Christensen, Eldridge, Catta-Preta, Lim和 Santagata(2006)的研究发现，夫妻双方在亲密-独立需求上的差异与要求-退缩呈正相关，这部分支持了社会化因素的解释。 社会结构假说认为，要求-退缩的性别差异是由于两性在社会结构中的地位、权力和拥有资源的不平等导致的。婚姻中的女性既要工作，也要承担更多的家务和养育子女的责任，因此她们比男性更不满意，更希望改变婚姻现状。男性为了维持现状会回避一切可能造成改变的冲突(Christensen & Heavey, 1990)。所以，要求-退缩实际上反映了双方的权力差异:低权力者想改变，因而成为要求者;高权力者希望维持现状，因而成为退缩者。研究者在行为观察实验中设计了两种话题情境，人为操纵两种权力不平等情境:在丈夫话题中，由丈夫提出希望妻子改变的地方，并发起讨论;在妻子话题中，由妻子提出想要丈夫改变的地方，并发起讨论。研究结果证实，在妻子话题中，妻子要求-丈夫退缩显著高于丈夫要求-妻子退缩;但在丈夫话题中，妻子要求-丈夫退缩和丈夫要求-妻子退缩之间无显著差异(Christensen & Heavey, 1990; Eldridge et al., 2007)。有的研究甚至发现了两种情境下要求-退缩角色的完全颠倒现象(Klinetob & Smith, 1996; McGinn, McFarland, & Christensen, 2009)。 目前，两种观点都得到了不同研究的支持。相对来说，近期研究中支持社会结构假说的证据更多。Heyman, Hunt-Martorano, Malik & Slep(2009)发现，女性在自己话题中的沟通更消极。Dreu, Kluwer & Nauta(2008)的研究发现，处于不同地位的个体在冲突中的行为不同，对权力的知觉也不同。想要改变现有地位的挑战者(Challenger)表现出更多的要求和问题解决行为，而想要维持现有地位的防守者(Defender)则表现出更多的回避行为。其他 r, inof 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial cente o, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a populationJapan Sappor-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-ority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1ance, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priis, Frffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Parshington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban tra5 figure 5.1.4 Wa-he downtown area. Figure 5.1development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of ty to start building connected to the venue and the city centrertunitapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an oppoent of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the relopmelopment process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the dev1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban dev 4 研究表明，在冲突解决中，丈夫并没有比妻子报告更高的唤醒水平(Vogel, Werner-Wilson, Liang, Cutrona, Seeman, & Hackler, 2008)。在妻子话题里，丈夫更退缩，讨论后的情绪唤醒显著下降;但在丈夫话题中，丈夫处于要求者角色，情绪唤醒反而上升(Verhofstadt, Buysee, De Clercq, & Goodwin, 2005)。这些结果并没有支持个体差异观的生理因素解释，反而表明不管是要求-退缩还是冲突中的唤醒水平，都与冲突结构密切相关，从而间接支持了社会结构假说。 5 展望 在婚姻研究历史中，从人格研究到沟通研究的转折对于婚姻治疗应用来说具有重要意义。与人格因素相比，外显行为的表达更为可控，婚姻治疗师也能对夫妻沟通过程进行干预，从而提高婚姻的幸福美满程度。因此，针对以往研究的局限，下列问题值得未来研究者持续关注和进一步深入研究。 第一，无论是个体视角还是互动视角，婚姻沟通的典型研究范式大多关注夫妻冲突和消极互动行为。然而冲突并不是大多数夫妻日常生活的常态，冲突情境也不利于积极情感的表达。Laurenceau, Troy, & Carver(2005)的研究表明，减少冲突可以缓解焦虑情绪，却不能提升夫妻的积极感受，只有增加亲密感才会提升夫妻的积极体验。许多研究也证实，积极情感对婚姻满意度有正向的影响(Johnson, 2002; Kim & Deborah, 2007)，并能够减弱婚姻不利因素的破坏作用(Caughlin & Huston, 2002; Johnson, Cohan, & Davila, 2005)。因此，研究者应更多关注亲密、幽默和伴侣支持等夫妻互动中的积极因素，并探讨其对婚姻稳定性和满意度的贡献。 第二，婚姻沟通研究需要扩展研究范式，将关注点转向夫妻日常生活。首先，日常情境更有助于表达夫妻互动中的积极因素;其次，实验中观察到的行为与真实生活仍存在一定差异。夫妻在被观察时的行为真实程度，会影响到实验室观察结果的推广。因此，一些研究者开始采用家庭生活观察(Driver & Gottman, 2004)和结构化日记的方法(Papp, Kouros, & Cummings, 2009)来进行研究，其中最长的日记周期记录了夫妻连续21天的日常生活体验(Butner, Diamond & Hicks, 2007; Hicks & Diamond, 2008)。未来的婚姻沟通研究应更多地采用类似的方法，提高研究的生态效度。 第三，夫妻消极情感和要求-退缩沟通预测婚姻满意度的不同研究结果，可能是由于二者之间存在复杂的调节或中介机制。夫妻沟通过程是一个复杂的生态系统，包含多种情感和行为要素，很难将某种行为模式与其它行为完全隔离开来，而单独考察其对婚姻满意度的影响。Caughlin & Huston(2002)发现，情感表达与消极情感是要求-退缩与满意度之间的重要调节变量。当夫妻双方的情感表达水平较高时，要求-退缩与满意度之间的负向关系减弱甚至不显著;但双方之间的消极情感越多，要求-退缩对满意度的负向影响也越大。Weger(2005)的研究表明，个体的被理解感和自我确认(self-verification)——相信对方以自己的方式去development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of the downtown area. Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre 理解和接纳自己——在要求-退缩和婚姻满意度之间起到中介作用，因为退缩是不能理解和接纳对方需求的表现，会让对方产生不被理解和认同的感觉。一般来说，婚姻满意度是沟通过程中多种行为和情感体验的综合结果。另外，情感表达在广义上也属于沟通，行为模式中也包含情感成分。当情感效价(valence)与行为效价不一致时，积极行为中所包含的消极情感，或消极行为中的积极情感会如何影响婚姻结果，也是值得探讨的问题。 第四，社会结构假说将夫妻相对权力这一概念引入婚姻沟通的研究中来，为理解沟通过程中的性别角色和性别差异提供了新的视角。然而婚姻沟通与权力研究尚需要澄清两个问题。首先，社会结构假说的证据只来源于实验室人为操纵权力的情境，Vogel, Murphy, Werner-Wilson, Cutrona, & Seeman(2007)直接测量夫妻权力和要求-退缩，并未发现二者间的稳定关系。结论不一致是由于权力概念本身太复杂。权力结构可以分为权力基础(夫妻的社会经济地位、职业状况等)、权力过程(言语和非言语行为)以及权力结果(家庭事务决定权)(Vogel et al., 2007)。因此，研究者需要进行谨慎界定和论证来揭示夫妻沟通中的权力内涵。其次，根据权力的-资源理论，权力必然涉及到文化规范(张丽梅，2008)。Rehman & Holtzworth-Munroe(2006)的跨文化研究发现，只有在权力平等的婚姻中，妻子要求-丈夫退缩模式才会更普遍。在传统社会里，妻子会避免直接要求对方，丈夫拥有更多权力反而会更多运用直接的、带有侵略性的要求行为(如指挥、发脾气)，他们并不被妻子的要求所威胁，因而也更少退缩。这表明权力基础也会影响夫妻沟通，在不同文化和权力背景下，要求-退缩的内涵很可能不同。因此，权力结构很可能在不同层面(权力基础、权力过程和权力结果)对婚姻沟通产生不同影响，需要研究者进一步区分和探索。 第五，虽然婚姻研究领域的关注点从人格转向了沟通，对婚姻沟通影响因素的探索也更多关注权力因素，但今后有必要将人格因素重新纳入研究框架。Caughlin & Vangelisti(2000)指出，大五人格中的宜人性、神经质和外向性与要求-退缩有关，争辩性人格、灵活性及控制点与要求-退缩有关。Schoebi(2008)发现，夫妻安全感和移情能够调节情感共鸣，暗示个体的移情特质可能影响夫妻沟通。成人依恋的研究表明，个体的依恋风格影响伴侣在压力情境下互相寻求支持和给予支持的行为(Simpson, Rholes, Oriña, & Grich, 2002)，在冲突解决过程中的积极和消极策略(Creasey, 2002)，以及双方的沟通模式(Domingue & Mollen, 2009; Pearce & Halford, 2008)。因此，未来研究应将依恋安全感等重要的人格变量重新纳入婚姻沟通的研究框架中。 参考文献 张丽梅. 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In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial cente o, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a populationJapan Sappor-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-ority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1ance, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priis, Frffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Parshington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban tra5 figure 5.1.4 Wa-he downtown area. Figure 5.1development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of t6 satisfaction over time: Unresolved issues and future directions. 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Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. 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Area of 1121km2 in the city, a populationJapan Sappor-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-ority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1ance, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priis, Frffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Parshington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban tra5 figure 5.1.4 Wa-he downtown area. Figure 5.1development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of ty to start building connected to the venue and the city centrertunitapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an oppoent of the region. 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Figure 5.1-5 figure 5.1.4 Washington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban traffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Paris, France, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-Japan Sapporo, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a population of 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial center, in 1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban development process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the development of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the rapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to start building connected to the venue and the city centre (Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China) Abstract Marital communication is the main focus of contemporary marital research in western countries. This article illuminates the three advances of marital communication research: The new conception of communication which now pays more attention to communication patterns over individual behaviors, the shift from unidimensional classification of communication behavior or patterns to categorization based on behavior functions, and the new direction of antecedent investigation which turn from personality to power. The future research should focus on those aspects such as married couples’ positive interaction, development of more effective research paradigms, exploration of potential moderators and mediators between communication and marital satisfaction, investigation of different aspects of marital power, and reevaluation of personality impact on couple’s communication. Key words marital communication, communication patterns, couple affect, demand/withdraw, social structure hypothesis. y to start building connected to the venue and the city centrertunitapid growth of the city centre traffic demand, building trams. 1981 years ago for holding the winter Olympic Games as an oppoent of the region. Prior to 1971, Sapporo, Japan Hokkaido local Centre in the urban development process, in response to the relopmelopment process combined with Center of construction of subway construction and residential development, and support the dev1972, hosted the 11th Winter Olympic Games. 3 JR Sapporo rail transit line 3 metro and 3 tram lines, Sapporo in the urban dev r, inof 1.921 million. In addition is the administrative center of Hokkaido, Sapporo is Hokkaido's industrial and commercial cente o, Sapporo is a Japan Hokkaido central parts of cities, Japan's fifth largest city. Area of 1121km2 in the city, a populationJapan Sappor-7 Park and ride systems 5.1.5 typical case Hong Kong-ority consists of two aspects: one is on the bus to help. ... 5.1ance, and in Europe and other major cities to operate has been the formation of the rich content system. Public transport priis, Frffic congestion and public transport priority was in the early 1960 of the 20th century by the planners first proposed in Parshington mass transit network to support implementation of effective transport demand management policies to reduce urban tra5 figure 5.1.4 Wa-he downtown area. Figure 5.1development in order to protect a host of attractions and historical sites, as well as to maintain the economic vitality of t10