酒精浓度测试仪设计-翻译

酒精浓度测试仪设计-翻译 外文文献 苏州大学 应用技术学院 电子信息与科学班级,学号1016405039, ,苏梦烨, Note that the concentration of alcohol use Medicinal alcohol ( ethanol ) is a medical unit and the family medicine chest of essential medicines is one of the most commonly used topical preparations. Notably, the different uses require different alcohol concentrations. (1)95% of the alcohol used as a fuel Medical units often require the use of alcohol lamp , alcohol stove , lit laboratory for the preparation of reagents or drugs of heating , flame can also be a small temporary disinfection of medical devices . (2) 2.70% -75 % alcohol for sterilization For including skin disinfection, sterilization of medical devices, such as iodine in iodine. Some people think that the higher the alcohol concentration, the better disinfection effect, this is wrong. The role of alcohol disinfection of bacteria in vivo coagulation proteins , which kill bacteria. But alcohol can and the formation of a protective film to prevent alcohol into the body of bacteria , and therefore can not completely kill the bacteria . If the alcohol concentration is below 70% , although the bacteria can enter the body , but it can not be the body's protin coagulation, is also not able to kill the bacteria . Only 70 % -75 % alcohol that is able to successfully enter into the bacterial body , but also effectively coagulation proteins in bacteria , which can kill the bacteria. With 70 % -75 % alcohol disinfection of medical instruments soaking method should be used , no less than 30 minutes ; application after immersion disinfection of sterile saline to avoid residual alcohol on the instrument to stimulate the body's tissues. Because alcohol can kill bacteria , spores and viruses can not be killed , so medical injections or skin disinfection prior to surgery is often better to use iodine . In order to reduce long-term stimulation of iodine on the skin , usually after disinfection with iodine , with 75 % alcohol off iodine Since alcohol has a pungent , 75% alcohol can be used for skin disinfection , but not for large mucosa and wound disinfection. (3)40% -50 % alcohol for preventing mattress Long-term bedridden patients with sore back, waist , hips due to prolonged pressure can lead to bedsores , and difficult to heal bedsores once formed ; its preventive approach is to turn over ground , ground scrub and wash massage. Massage, the nurses will be a small amount of 40% -50 % of the alcohol into the hands of patients evenly massage pressure areas , in order to achieve the promotion of local blood circulation, the purpose of preventing the formation of bedsores . (4) 25% -50 % alcohol to physical fever In addition to drug therapy in patients with high fever, the most simple, effective and safe method is to use physical cooling methods to cool 25% -50 % alcohol sponge bath. When scrubbing the skin of patients with alcohol can not only irritate the skin vasodilation in patients with high feve, increase skin cooling capacity; also because of its volatility, can absorb and take away a lot of heat, so the temperature drop. The specific method is: a small gauze or a soft towel moistened with alcohol, wipe gently twist to the semi patients neck, chest, armpits, legs and hands heart. Bath rubbing alcohol concentration is not too high, otherwise the large- scale use of a high concentration of alcohol may irritate the skin, the skin to absorb large amounts of water. Medical alcohol to medical institutions must buy, must not misuse industrial alcohol; industrial alcohol because not only contains more impuritie, it also contains toxic substances ( such as methanol ). Again, alcohol is flammable dangerous goods , it is necessary to pay attention to when you save the dark, away from heat , sealing in the shade , so as not to reduce the concentration of volatile ; pay attention to and away from the fire appliances to avoid fire . 46 countries have developed their own legislation, the definition of driving based on blood alcohol concentration is affected. Under these laws, regardless of behavioral evidence of damage, if he or she is the blood alcohol concentration of more than one objective criteri, this person will be convicted, at present, forty national standard of 100 mg / dL, given in five countries 80 mg / dl. 32 countries have enacted laws on administrative license revocation itself, to those found in the blood alcohol concentration in excess of the driver or refuse to accept chemical testing will be automatically revoked driver's license. Therefore, for drunken driving prosecution based primarily on the results of the chemical test. However, the implementation of the law for driving violations are still heavily dependent on behavioral observations rather than measurements alcohol concentration in the blood. In a recent paper detailed description of the conceptual advances in efforts to control the damage made by the Waller improved method specified for the test driver , as an example of technological progress , the future will make an important contribution to the damage control . Evidence from New South Wales, Australia, emphasizing the general deterrent value of driving people frequent breath tests. When the driver of a wide range of routine use of portable breath test is filed test equipment, traffic fatalities dropped by 23 percent, so striking is that this approach to reduce alcohol -related traffic scourge of evidence, often a breath test to become drunk from the U.S. Surgeon General driving a proposal seminar. Although the precise preliminary breath test equipment in the past decade, have been provided to law enforcement officials , many police departments to adopt a policy only after the completion of fieldwork employed to confirm the impression that the person concerned , according to which there is a reasonable the arrest. As a result, drinking drivers may avoid detection, even if they have direct contact with police officers. 1985 study found that 52 percent of legal drinking checkpoint in sober drivers were asked the police officer was not arrested. Other studies have found that even only a few blood alcohol concentration above the legal limit for driving were detected during a routine sobriety checkpoints. If drivers perceive violation of the law can not be reliably detected, drunk driving laws shadow force will be greatly reduced. Recent survey evidence from late-night roadside display, although no drinking drivers think sober test is an effective way to arrest drunk drivers, but only 36 percent more than the legal limit of blood alcohol concentration of drivers believe that if they are forced to stop in front of barricades down because of drunk driving will be arrested. Obviously, these drivers believe they can avoid detection. The study some evidence that such drivers are likely to have first-hand evidence to support this conclusion. As more countries tend to reduce their own limitations. SCM Introduction That chip microcomputer SCM (Single-Chip Microcomputer), also known as the MCU (Microcontroller), is the central processor, memory, timer / counter (Timer / Counter), a variety of input and output interfaces are all integrated in an integrated circuit chip microcomputers on. Compared with the application of the general-purpose PC microprocessors, it is more emphasis on self- supply (no external hardware) and cost savings. Its biggest advantage is small size, can be placed inside the instrument, but a small amount of memory, input-output interface is simple, low functionality. Because of its very rapid development, the old definition of SCM can not meet, so in many applications is known as a wider range of microcontrollers ; due to the single-chip microcomputer often used when the controller is also known as single chip microcontroller, but now in mainland China are still many use the term " single-chip " in the title . An overview of the vast majority now are based microcontroller von Neumann architecture , this structure clearly defines four basic parts required for embedded systems : a central processor core , program memory ( ROM or flash memory ) , the data memory ( RAM ) , one or more timer / timer , and peripheral devices , and to extend the communication resource input / output port - all of which are integrated on a single integrated circuit chip. Speak different MCU and general- chip central processing unit is very easy because the former general with the most compact external support chips made work computer. This can be easily implanted in the SCM system of internal controls of the device. In recent years, for use on different instruction and data word width and increase the speed of the processor pipeline Harvard architecture in the microcontroller (Microcontrollers) and DSP have gradually been widely used. Traditional microprocessor is not allowed to do so. It MCU to complete the work, it must be connected to some other chips. For example, because there is no data on-chip memory, it is necessary to add some RAM memory chip, although the added memory capacity is very flexible, but at least still have to add, also need to add a lot of connections to transfer data between the chips. For example, a typical single-chip clock generator and requires only a minimal RAM and ROM or EPROM, E2PROM) can work in the soft are and crystal. Meanwhile, the microcontroller has a wealth of input and w output devices , such as analog to digital converter (ADC), timers, serial port or other serial communication interface ( such as I2C, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), Controller Area Network ) . Typically, these integrated in the device can be operated by a special instruction. MCU clock frequency is usually lower than the contemporaries of computer chips, but it is inexpensive. Provide sufficient program memory, rich on-chip interfaces.Some architecture microcontroller many manufacturers, such as 8051, Z80 series. Some modern microcontroller supports some built-in high-level programming language, such as BASIC language. The median single-chip is divided into 4, 8 according to the bus width, single-chip, 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers. 4 microcontroller used for refrigerators, washing machines , microwave ovens and other appliances control ; 8 , 16-bit microcontroller is mainly used for general control areas , generally do not use the operating system ; 32 occasions for complex processing network operations , such as multimedia processing , to use an embedded operating system in general . Common Microchip 's PIC microcontroller series of shipments of live industry leader ; Atmel AVR series 51 series and many species by the broad support surface ; Texas Instruments MSP430 family of low power consumption is known and commonly used in medical electronics instrumentation ; Renesas MCU widely used in Japan. ARM family of microcontrollers Atmel ( Atmel ) Atmel AT91 series (ARM THUMB architecture) AT90 series - AVR (Atmel Norway design) Atmel AT89 series (Intel 8051/MCS51 architecture) MARC4Cypress MicroSystems ( Cypress Microsystems ) CY8C2xxxx (PSoC) Freescale Semiconductor ( Freescale semiconductor ) 8-bit 68HC05 (CPU05) 68HC08 (CPU08) 68HC11 (CPU11) 16-bit 68HC12 (CPU12) 68HC16 (CPU16) Freescale DSP56800 (DSPcontroller) 32-bit Freescale 683XX (CPU32) MPC500MPC 860 (PowerQUICC) MPC 8240/8250 (PowerQUICC II) MPC 8540/8555/8560 (PowerQUICC III) Holtek ( Holtek ) HT48FXX Flash I / O typeHT48RXX I / O typeHT46RXX A / D typeHT49RXX LCD typeIntel ( Intel ) 8 - bit 8XC42MCS48MCS51: [Intel 8051] series has a long history , many compatible products, widely used 8xC25116-bit MCS96 series MXS29632-bit i960Microchip ( Microchip ) the PIC microcontroller family 8-bit: PIC10 PIC12 PIC16 PIC1816-bit: PIC24F PIC24H dsPIC30 dsPIC3332bit : PIC32 ( using the MIPS M4K core architecture ) National Semiconductor ( national Semiconductor ) COP8CR16NEC 78KNXP Semiconductors ( NXP Semiconductors , Philips Semiconductors is to set up a new team by Philips ) LPC2000LPC900LPC700Parallax, Inc BASIC StampRenesas Renesas Technology series MCU Renesas 16-bits Renesas. M16C SeriesRenesas M32C SeriesRenesas R8C SeriesRenesas M16C/Tiny SeriesRenesas R8C/Tiny SeriesRenesas H8/Tiny SeriesSTMicroelectronics ( STMicroelectronics ) SyncMOS SyncMOS full range of SCM technology SM59RXXA2 8-bits 1T (RISC) SM59DXXG2 8-bits 6T (ISP) SM59XX 8 - bits 12T (ISP) SM89XX 8-bits 12T (Traditional 8051) SM79XX 8-bits 12T (Customization) ZiLOG Z8Z86E02 other series microcontroller AVR MCU Msp430 microcontroller series 8098,80196 series MCU AT8P5X series MCU CZG8000 series MCU series MCU STC series SyncMOS MCU MCU MCU development software development in general use assembly language or C , or the use of languages such as BASIC is more suitable for beginners, part of the integrated development environment supports C + +. SCM software debugging need to use microcontroller development or emulators . With the development of technology, now there are many microcontroller comes ISP ( Online Programming ) , completely changed the traditional pattern of development, will not damage the development of the system chip microcontroller pin , accelerated to market and reduces R & D costs , shortening the time from design, manufacturing to site commissioning time , simplify the production process, greatly improving the efficiency of such devices contain AT89S series microcontroller , AVR microcontroller series and so on. KEIL C PROTEUS Proteus software is the software of choice for beginners, it is Labcenter Electronics Company a commercial version of the circuit design and simulation software, which includes ISIS, ARES and other software modules, ARES PCB module is mainly used to complete the design, ISIS module used to complete the circuit diagram of the layout and simulation. Proteus VSM based simulation software technology that the biggest difference with other software is the biggest advantage is that it can simulate a large number of single chip, such as MCS-51 series, PIC series, etc., and even ARM processor and single-chip peripheral circuits, such as keyboard, LED, LCD, etc., the software comes with a number of cases and extensive help files. 中文翻译 使用酒精要注意浓度 药用酒精(乙醇)是医疗单位和家庭药箱的必备药品，是最常用的外用制剂之一。值得注意的是,不同用途的酒精要求不同的浓度。 (1)95%的酒精用做燃料 医疗单位常需使用酒精灯、酒精炉，点燃后用于配制化验试剂或药品制剂的加热，也可用其火焰临时消毒小型医疗器械。 (2)70%-75%的酒精用于灭菌消毒 用于包括皮肤消毒、医疗器械消毒、碘酒的脱碘等。 有人以为，酒精浓度越高，消毒效果越好，这是错误的。酒精消毒的作用是凝固 的酒精能将细菌表面包膜的蛋白质迅细菌体内的蛋白质，从而杀死细菌。但95% 速凝固，并形成一层保护膜，阻止酒精进入细菌体内，因而不能将细菌彻底杀死。如果酒精浓度低于70%，虽可进入细菌体内，但不能将其体内的蛋白质凝固，同样也不能将细菌彻底杀死。只有70%-75%的酒精即能顺利地进入到细菌体内，又能有效地将细菌体内的蛋白质凝固，因而可彻底杀死细菌。 75%的酒精消毒医疗器械应当用浸泡的方法，时间不得少于30分钟; 用70%- 浸泡消毒后应用无菌生理盐水冲洗，以免器械上的残余酒精刺激机体组织。 因为酒精只能杀死细菌，不能杀死芽孢和病毒，所以，医疗注射或手术前的皮肤消毒常使用效果更好的碘酒。为了减少碘对皮肤的长期刺激，一般在用碘酒消毒后，用75%的酒精脱去碘。 由于酒精具有一定的刺激性，75%的酒精可用于皮肤消毒，但不可用于黏膜和大创面的消毒。 (3)40%-50%的酒精用于预防褥 长期疮卧床患者的背、腰、臀部因长期受压可引发褥疮，而且褥疮一旦形成很难愈合;其预防的方法就是要勤翻身、勤擦洗、勤按摩。 按摩时，护理人员会将少量40%-50%的酒精倒入手中，均匀地按摩患者受压部位，以达到促进局部血液循环，防止褥疮形成的目的。 (4)25%-50%的酒精用于物理退热 高烧患者除药物治疗外，最简易、有效、安全的降温方法就是用25%-50%酒精擦浴的物理降温方法。用酒精擦洗患者皮肤时，不仅可刺激高烧患者的皮肤血管扩张，增加皮肤的散热能力;还由于其具有挥发性，可吸收并带走大量的热量，使体温下降、症状缓解。 具体方法是:将纱布或柔软的小毛巾用酒精蘸湿，拧至半干轻轻擦拭患者的颈部、胸部、腋下、四肢和手脚心。擦浴用酒精浓度不可过高，否则大面积地使用高浓度的酒精可刺激皮肤，吸收表皮大量的水分。 医用酒精必须到医疗机构购买，切不可误用工业酒精;因为工业酒精中不仅含有较多的杂质，还含有有毒物质(例如甲醇)。再有，酒精是易燃的危险品，保存时既要注意避光、避热、密封放在阴凉处，以免挥发后浓度降低;又要注意远离火源和电器，以免发生火灾。 四十六个国家已经制定自身立法，定义了驾驶依据血液中酒精浓度而受影响。根据这些法律，不管损害的行为证据，如果他或她血液的酒精浓度超过一个客观，这个人就会被定罪，目前，在四十个国家标准为100毫克/分升，在五个国家定为80毫克/分升。三十二个国家还颁布关于撤销行政执照自身的法律，对那些被发现血液中酒精浓度超标的司机或者拒绝接 受化学测试的人将予以自动撤销驾驶执照。因此，对于醉酒驾驶的检举主要依据化学测试的结果。 然而，目前对于违规驾驶法律的执行仍严重依赖行为观察而不是在血液中的酒精浓度测量值。在最近的详细说明对于伤害控制的概念性进步所作出的努力的中沃勒指明对于司机测试的改进的方法，作为技术进步的例子，将来会对伤害控制作出重要贡献。 来自澳大利亚新南威尔士州的证据，强调了对驾驶的市民进行频繁的呼吸测试的一般威慑价值。当广泛常规的司机测试是使用便携式呼吸提起测试设备，交通死亡人数下降了23,.所以引人注目的是这个减少酒精有关的交通灾祸方法的证据，经常呼气测试成为来自美国卫生总监酒后驾驶研讨会的一项建议。虽然精确的初步呼吸测试设备在过去的十年中，已提供给执法官员，许多警察部门采取了一项政策，只有在实地调查完成后才采用，以确认有关人员的印象，存在合理的根据而执行逮捕。结果，饮酒司机可能避免被发现，即使他们已经与警务人员直接接触。 1985年的研究发现，52,的合法饮酒的在清醒检验点被警方人员询问的司机没有被捕。其他的研究发现，甚至只有少数血液酒精浓度超过法定限制的开车的人在例行清醒检查站被检测。 如果驾驶人员觉察到违反法律不能被可靠地检测到，醉酒驾驶法律的影力将会大打折扣。来自最近深夜路边调查证据显示，尽管没有喝酒的司机认为清醒检验是一种有效的逮捕醉酒司机的方法，然而只有36,的血液酒精浓度超过法定限度的司机相信如果他们在路障前被迫停下来将会因为醉酒驾驶而被捕。显然，这些司机相信他们能够避免检测。上述研究中的某些证据表明，这样的司机很可能有第一手证据来支持这一结论。随着更多的国家趋向减少其本身的限制。 单片机介绍 单片机即单片微型计算机(Single-Chip Microcomputer)，又称单片机(Microcontroller)，是把中央处理器、存储器、定时/计数器(Timer/Counter)、各种输入输出接口等都集成在一块集成电路芯片上的微型计算机。与应用在个人电脑中的通用型微处理器相比，它更强调自供应(不用外接硬件)和节约成本。它的最大优点是体积小，可放在仪表内部，但存储量小，输入输出接口简单，功能较低。由于其发展非常迅速，旧的单片机的定义已不能满足，所以在很多应用场合被称为范围更广的微控制器;由于单芯片微计算机常用于当控制器故又名single chip microcontroller，但是目前在中国大陆仍多沿用“单片机”的称呼。概述绝大多数现在的单片机都是基于冯?诺伊曼结构的，这种结构清楚地定义了嵌入式系统所必需的四个基本部分:一个中央处理器内核，程序存储器(只读存储器或者闪存)、数据存储器(随机存储器)，一个或者更多的定时/计时器，还有用来与外围设备以及扩展资源进行通信的输入/输出端口——所有这些都被集成在单个集成电路芯片上。说单片机与通用型中央处理单元芯片不同是因为前者一般很容易配合最小型的外部支持芯片制成工作计算机。这样就可以很容易的 把单片机系统植入装置内部来控制装置了。近年来为了在指令和数据上使用不同 的字宽，并提高处理器流水线速度，哈佛结构在单片机(Microcontrollers)和 DSP也逐渐得到了广泛的应用。传统的微处理器是不允许这么做的。它要完成单 片机的工作，就必须连接一些其他芯片。比如说，因为片上没有数据存储器，就 必须要添加一些RAM的存储芯片，虽然所添加存储器的容量很灵活，但是至少还 是要添加，另外还需要添加很多连线来传递芯片之间的数据。比如，一个典型的 单片机只需要一个时钟发生器和很少的RAM和ROM(或者EPROM, E2PROM)就可以 在软件和晶振下工作了。同时，单片机具有丰富的输入输出设备，像是模拟数字 转换(ADC)，定时器，串口或者其他串行通讯接口(比如I2C，串行外围接口(SPI), 控制器局域网)。通常，这些集成在内部的设备可以通过特殊的指令来操作。 单片机时钟频率通常较同时代的计算机芯片低，但它价格低廉。提供充足 的程序存储器、丰富的片上接口。某些架构的单片机生产厂商众多，，例如8051 系列、Z80系列。一些现代的单片机支持一些内建的高级编程语言，比如BASIC 语言。单片机的位数 根据总线的宽度，单片机又分为4位、8位、16位和32 位单片机。4位单片机多用于冰箱、洗衣机、微波炉等家电控制中;8位、16位 单片机主要用于一般的控制领域，一般不使用操作系统;32位用于网络操作、 多媒体处理等复杂处理的场合，一般要使用嵌入式操作系统。常见的单片机 微 芯公司的PIC系列出货量居于业界领导者地位;Atmel的51系列及AVR系列种 类众多，受支持面广; 德州仪器的MSP430系列以低功耗闻名，常用于医疗电子 产品及仪器仪表中;瑞萨单片机在日本使用广泛。ARM系列单片机Atmel(爱特 梅尔公司) Atmel AT91 series (ARM THUMB architecture)AT90 series – AVR (Atmel Norway design)Atmel AT89 series (Intel 8051/MCS51 architecture)MARC4Cypress MicroSystems(赛普拉斯微系统公司) CY8C2xxxx -bit 68HC05 (PSoC)Freescale Semiconductor(飞思卡尔半导体)8 (CPU05)68HC08 (CPU08)68HC11 (CPU11)16-bit 68HC12 (CPU12)68HC16 (CPU16)Freescale DSP56800 (DSPcontroller)32-bit Freescale 683XX (CPU32)MPC500MPC 860 (PowerQUICC)MPC 8240/8250 (PowerQUICC II)MPC 8540/8555/8560 (PowerQUICC III)Holtek(盛群半导体) HT48FXX Flash I/O typeHT48RXX I/O typeHT46RXX A/D typeHT49RXX LCD typeIntel(英特尔) 8-bit 8XC42MCS48MCS51 : [Intel 8051]系列历史悠久，兼容产品众多，使用广泛 8xC25116-bit MCS96系列MXS29632-bit i960Microchip(微芯公司)的PIC单 片机系列 8-bit : PIC10 PIC12 PIC16 PIC1816-bit : PIC24F PIC24H dsPIC30 dsPIC3332bit : PIC32 (采用MIPS M4K 内核架构)National Semiconductor (美国国家半导体) COP8CR16NEC 78KNXP Semiconductors(恩智浦半导体，由 飞利浦以 Philips Semiconductors 为班底新成立) LPC2000LPC900LPC700Parallax, Inc. BASIC StampRenesas瑞萨科技系列单片 机 Renesas 16-bits Renesas M16C SeriesRenesas M32C SeriesRenesas R8C SeriesRenesas M16C/Tiny SeriesRenesas R8C/Tiny SeriesRenesas H8/Tiny SeriesSTMicroelectronics(意法半导体)SyncMOS新茂国际科技全系列单片机 SM59RXXA2 8-bits 1T(RISC)SM59DXXG2 8-bits 6T(ISP)SM59XX 8-bits 12T(ISP)SM89XX 8-bits 12T(Traditional 8051)SM79XX 8-bits 12T(Customization)ZiLOG Z8Z86E02其他系列的单片机 AVR系列单片机Msp430 系列单片机8098、80196系列单片机AT8P5X系列单片机CZG8000系列单片机 SyncMOS系列单片机STC系列单片机单片机的开发 单片机的软件开发中一般使 用汇编或C语言，又或者使用BASIC等更适合初学者的语言，部分集成开发环境支持C++。单片机的软件调试需要使用单片机开发器或模拟器。随着技术的发展，现在已经有很多单片机自带了ISP(在线编程设计),彻底地改变了传统的开发模式，开发单片机系统时不会损坏芯片的引脚，加速了产品的上市并降低了研发成本，缩短了从设计、制造到现场调试的时间，简化了生产，大大提高了工作效率,这类单片机包括AT89S系列单片机，AVR系列单片机等。KEIL C PROTEUS Proteus软件是初学者入门的首选软件，它是Labcenter Electronics公司的一款商业版电路设计与仿真软件，它包括ISIS、ARES等软件模块，ARES模块主要用来完成PCB的设计，ISIS模块用来完成电路原理图的布图与仿真。Proteus的软件仿真基于VSM技术，它与其他软件最大的不同也是最大的优势就在于它能仿真大量的单片机芯片，比如MCS-51系列、PIC系列等等，甚至ARM处理器，以及单片机外围电路，比如键盘、LED、LCD等等，该软件附带了一些案例和丰富的帮助文件。