英语写作十三天

英语写作十三天 英语作文十三天 第一天:造句的两大技巧 【芝麻开门】 句子是文章的基本单位。成功的作品是由清晰而合乎语法规则的句子组成的。然而一个好的句子除了能够准确表达作者的意思，还需要简洁生动，这是在考试中获得高分的法宝。 一、句子要简洁 A hero is nothing but a product of his time. 时势造英雄。 写作要求精练，因为，简洁的表达能起到更加强调的作用。我们要写出效果好、影响大的文章，就要想方设法1)避免使用空洞、多余的短语;2)避免过多地使用较长的句子结构，如并列句和从属句等;3)避免不必要的重复。请看下面各例: 1)Owing to the fact that I had a lot of work to do, it wasn’t possible for me to accept their invitation. 本句要表达的意思很简单，可是一堆空洞的短语使句子显得很累赘，改为下面的句子就简洁明了多了。 I was too busy to accept their invitation. 2) He is a man who is honest, who always pays his just debts, and who observes the golden rules in his dealings with others. 英语中比较重要的从属概念可用从句的形式表达，其它次要的概念常用词或短语来表达，因为句子比短语显得更重要。过多地使用从句会把次要的与主要的概念混为一谈，削弱句子的重点。该句可改为: He is an honest man who always pays his just debts, and who observes the golden rules in his dealings with others. 3) My hometown is a quiet, peaceful place. It is quiet and peaceful because of the small number of people living there. 有时为了构成平行的句子结构或达到强调的目的，我们会重复使用某些词语。但是，无目的地重复会导致笨拙。所以本句可改为: My hometown is a quiet, peaceful place because of the small number of people. 二、语言要生动 写作时要吸引读者的兴趣，句子就需生动、充满活力。平淡无味的句子会使人生厌，注意力分散。但要写出生动的句子就必须注意做到: 1.交错使用长短句 长句和短句各有各的特点，各有各的用场。长句结构复杂、容量大，能表达比较复杂的内容，叙事具体、说理严密。短句结构简单、短小精悍、明白易懂。在写作中应当交错使用长句和短句，使句子的长短多样化，增加语言的表现力。请看下面的一段话: It is better to trust to valour than to luck. 靠运气不如靠勇气。 I returned to my room. There was a note under my door. It was from Bob. He said he was in the town looking for a job. He hadn't found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me. 这里出现的是一连串的短句，读起来使人感到单调乏味，而且各句之间所固有的逻辑关系没能用句法手段表达出来。为了使文字更为生动，意义更加明确，可做如下改动: When I returned to my room, I found a note from Bob under the door. He said he was in the town looking for a job, buthadn?tfound anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me. 2.灵活使用多样句式 要达到语言的生动性，写作时就要经常地变换句型和句子结构及表达思想的方式。切忌所有的句子都用相同的句型或句子结构，使文章读起来单调乏味。 在考虑英语句式的变化时, 我们一般从以下几个方面入手: (1) 既可以用主动式也可以用被动式, 例如: 例1:Today, we use machines not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well. Today machines are widely used not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well. 例2:Some people believe that it will be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future. It is believed by some people that it will be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future. (2) 既可以用肯定式也可以用否定式, 例如: 例1: I shall go there unless it rains. I shall go there if it doesn't rain. 例2:Their daily lives don’t provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy. Their daily lives fail to provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy. (3) 某些修饰成分既可以用在句子前面也可以用在后面, 还可以用在中间, 例如: 例1:With a car, people can get around freely. People can get around freely with a car. 例2:In fact, speaking is one of the most important means of communication. Speaking is in fact one of the most important means of communication. (4) 既可以是正常语序也可以是倒装语序, 例如: 例1:A new type of TV sets was among the products on display. Among the products on display was a new type of TV sets. 例1:We did not realize the problem of energy crisis until the end of last century. Not until the end of last century did we realize the problem of energy crisis. (5) 既可以用简单句也可以用并列句或者主从复合句, 例如: 例1:Nowadays a lot of people work in office, spending most of their time indoors. Nowadays a lot of people work in office and they spend most of their time indoors. 例2:There are many means of getting information and they enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world. There are many means of getting information which enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world. 例3:Doonesbury cartoons satirize contemporary politics. The victims of political corruption pay no attention. They prefer to demand that newspapers not carry the strip. Doonesbury cartoons laugh at contemporary politics, but the victims of political corruption pay no attention and prefer to demand that newspapers not carry the strip. 例4:The campus parking problem is getting worse. The university is not building any new garages. The campus parking problem is getting worse because the university is not building any new garages. Ignorance is the mother of impudence.——无知是鲁莽之源。 3.善用形象化语言 适当地使用一些修辞手法如比喻、夸张、排比、拟人等能更形象、更深刻地说明事理，增加文章的活力。例如: In the morning the dust hung like fog, and the sun was as red as ripe new blood. (明喻) His daughter is the apple of his eyes. (暗喻) An idea spoke within him, racing through his mind. (拟人) His voice was loud enough to wake the dead. (夸张) Many of us allow our children to eat junk, watch junk, listen to junk, talk junk, play with junk, and then we are surprised when they turn out to be social junkies. (排比) 4.恰当使用英语习语 写作时适当地使用习语、成语等也是使语言生动活泼的好办法。如: Once a man is dead, there is no helping; you can?trekindle the spark of life in him. 本句中的there is no helping是汉语式的英语，不符合英语的习惯说法。这里虽然用了比喻，但更改了原来的主语，句子显得罗嗦、笨拙。如果改成下面的习惯表达，句子变得既简洁又生动。 Once a man is dead, hecan„tbebrought back to life. 再如The committee refused to listen to our request. 如果被改成The committee turned a deaf ear to our request. 句子生动，增加了文采。 活动教室〖〗请修改下面的短文增加句式的多样化以便使其生动、流畅。 We are terrified of death. We do not think of it, andwedon?tspeak of life. Wedon?tmourn in public. Wedon?tknowhowtoconsole a grieving friend. In fact, we have eliminated or suppressed all the traditional rituals surrounding death. The Victorians coped with death differently. Their funerals were elaborate. The yards of black crepe around the hearse, hired professional mourners, and its solemn procession to an ornate tomb is now a distant memory. They wore mourning jewelry. They had a complicated dress code for the grieving process. The rituals severed a psychological purpose in helping the living deal with loss.【友情提示】 句式多样化是英语作文取得高分的灵丹妙药，请你一定要勤学苦练，掌握这一招。另外，在使用一些修辞方法和英语习语的时候，要注意尽量避免老套的比喻或尽人皆知的习语。 One careless move may lose the whole game.——一步不慎，满盘皆输。 第二天:段落的构成要素 段落是由若干个彼此关联的句子构成的，通常用以表达一个中心思想或者从一个角度对文章的主题进行阐述。因此，段落不能是一组句子的任意堆砌，而是符合一定的模式，具有某些基本特征，遵循一定段落发展方法的。 当然, 段落并没有固定的模式。在实践中，我们常常碰到各种各样的段落，有些仅仅充当 有些仅仅起过渡词作用，这种段落便不可能也不必要包含完整的思想内导言或结束语， 容。要写出一篇好文章，我们就必须了解一些结构完整的段落的写法，掌握一点组句成段的基本知识。 结构完整的段落大多由三部分组成: 一、主题句 主题句是概括段落中心思想，反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子，是段落的核心所在。所以，写好主题句是写好一个段落的前提。 1.段落主题句的位置及其作用 主题句通常由主题和作者的观点两部分组成，作为段落传递信息的出发点，简明扼要地告诉读者段落的线索和范围。但是，主题句的位置并不是固定不变的，它可以位于段首，也可以位于段中、段尾。主题句位于段首的情况比较多见。段首主题句开门见山，直接点明段落主题，有助于确定段落的主线，使各个发展句围绕段落主题自然展开;段尾主题句具有结论作用，是对前面句子的归纳总结。 请看下面各例: Public opinions on what it takes to succeedinone?sstudies or career vary widely. Given approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck— being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had. In a word, people have different ideas on it. 本段的主题句Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one’s studies or career vary widel y.放在段落的开头，开门见山地点明主题，使读者很容易抓住本段的写作主线:对学业或事业成功所持的各种不同的观点和看法。 The purpose of this book is to provide you with practice in spelling English. It is not a book that treats the complex rules of English orthography. Neither does it teach you how to use a dictionary. Its main objective is to introduce regular spelling patterns: that is, to present a regular system for spelling a large group of words. By learning these patterns, and by practicing them, you will master thousands of words. Only the idle will be tired. 只有闲人才会感到疲倦。 本段的主题句The purpose of this book is to provide you with practice in spelling English也是放在段落的开头，直截了当地告诉读者作者的写作意图，使读者对本段的主题思想有了明确的认识。 Give students a chance to grow. Do you mold them from one of a thousand patterns? Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them. Let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow; do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all, do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search. 在这个段落中，主题句先不出现，而是先举出许多具体的experiences，在段落结尾时才予 以归纳，得出中心结论:Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.这样的段落结构一开始容易使读者产生悬念，从而收到特殊的表达效果。 Most of us may have such experiences: when you go to some place far away from the city you live in and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you should run into one of your old classmates in the street. Perhaps both of you would cry out, “Whatasmall world!” 在这个段落里， 作者先给出了一个假设性的事例，吸引读者的注意力，然后在段落结束时 (“世界真小啊”)作为段落主题句。这样的段落有感染总结出“What a small world!” 力，使读者有兴趣读下去。 但是，主题句有时也可能出现在段落中间，或者根本就没有明显的段落主题句。在下面的例子中主题句是在段落中间出现的。这种情况比较少见。 Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility — both physical and psychological— has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders. 有时为了特别强调主题句的内容，也可以使主题句既出现在段首，又出现在段末。如: Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americanssay“Hi”whentheymeet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one person?sbehavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. 而下面这段话则没有明显的主题句。 An independent trucker working full time can earn close to $20,000 gross compared with the $30,000 or more that a union trucker makes. A union trucker works a 10 hour shift and that’s it, whereas the independent trucker is always pushing himself. And even though there are strict laws prohibiting a trucker from driving more than ten hours a day, with four hours on and four hours off, no independent trucker adheres to that— because if he did, he?dnever get the load delivered on time. With the economy as shaky as it is, the competition for loads is fierce and, at times, vicious. There are only so many loads, and truckers will bid on them, the lowest bid getting the load. 这段话的主题句应该是 “An independent trucker has a difficult time making a living.”但由于 暗含的意思很清楚，所以被省去。应该注意的是，在没有主题句的段落中，叙述应该十分清楚，暗含的主题必须显而易见。 There are two tragedies in life. One is to lose your heart?sdesire, the other is to gain it. 失去心中所欲的和得到心中所欲的，是人生的两大悲剧。特别提请注意的是，在段落中，虽然主题句可以放在不同的位置，但最常见的还是放在段首，这并不是说主题句一定就是该段的第一句话，而往往是在主题句之前还有一个承上启下的过渡句。 2.段落主题句的写作方法 主题句的作用是要告诉读者该段的主题思想，该段将围绕这个主题思想逐步展开、定义、论述、分类、解释和举例说明等，所以，段落主题句中必须包含一个主导思想，这是一个等待发展的思想，也是段落的主旨所在。同时，段落主题句不能写得太笼统，也不能涉及面太窄。一个段落的容量是有限的，如果主题句限定范围太宽，其内容就无法在一个段落 中阐述清楚;如果限定范围太窄又不利于段落的发展。段落主题句所限定的内容必须符合段落写作的目的，有助于段落的铺开和抒发。例如: Television is very important. 这个句子太泛，没有表达一个清楚的主题思想，做主题句不大合适。可以改为:Television plays an educational role in our daily life. Big cities have traffic problems.这个句子如果用做主题句也没有表达出明确的主题思想，范围限得过宽，抓不住段落主线，不好下笔扩展段落。可改为:Traffic problems in big cities are serious, which can be found in several ways. He encountered an old friend yesterday.这是一个描写细节的句子。由于涉及面太窄而不利于展开讨论，不适合做主题句。 I go to college to make friends.如果作为段落的主题句就显得范围太窄了，作者发挥的余地太小，段落不容易写好。可改为:Going to college, I can learn more and make new friends. 二、扩展句 扩展句是用来支持或说明主题句的，是段落主题句的延伸和发展，起着辅助主题句、推展段落中心的作用，对主题句表达的中心思想或举例说明、或细致描写、或详细解释阐述和论证，使读者能够清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表达的意思。 扩展句一般要具备这样的特点:(1)清晰、详实，有较强的说服力，能清楚地表达思想;(2)条理分明，脉络清晰。上一句要为下一句铺平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地论述或叙述主题。 一个段落通常有若干个扩展句。这些扩展句可以处于同一个层次，共同来为主题句服务;也可以在一级扩展句之下用二级扩展句来支持一级扩展句，从而构成扩展句之间的层次关系。但在段落中如果有多个不同层次的扩展句时，必须要合理地安排它们，既要作到简洁清晰、意义连贯、合乎逻辑，又要作到层次分明并紧紧地围绕主题句，为主题句服务;同时还要注意一级扩展句、二级扩展句等和主题句之间的关系。一级扩展句为主题句服务，二级扩展句支持一级扩展句来说明或论证主题句。 Strong in action, gentle in method.——行动要坚强，方式要温和。请看下面的例子: (1)Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. (2)It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. (3)By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. (4)By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. (5)It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspapers would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more. 这个段落中的句(1)是段落主题句，提出观点:“花钱做广告是我所知道的最好的花钱方式。句(2)、(3)、(4)和(5)都是扩展句，处在同一层次上，进一步阐述和说明主题句，即通过列举广告给社会带来的好处来说明为什么花钱做广告是最好的花钱方式。 (1)The computer finds many applications in all fields. (2)Computers are now doing almost everything from diagnosing hospital patients to running nuclear power stations. (3)In any field where information is collected, processed, stored, and retrieved, computers are being used more and more. (4)Computers are also used as an aid to design planning. (5)For example, they can be used to predict faults in design as well as the cost of a design if one is planning to build a road. 在这个段落中，句(1)是主题句，提出计算机在所有领域都有应用的观点;句(2)、(3)和(4)是一级扩展句，都支持和说明句(1)，具体说明计算机都在哪些领域应用，而句(5) 是二级扩展句，用来补充说明句(4)，通过举例来说明计算机辅助的用途。 (1)In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. (2)No single beat is characteri stic of the music today. (3)But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm. (4)As you listen to a song, your foot usually starts to pick up the beat. (5)Before long, your entire body seems to be moving with it. (6)Your head pounds with the beat, and there is no room for thought. (7)Only the surge of the music is important. (8)In its own way, rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an overgrowing emotional one. 在这一段中，句(1)是段落主题句，点出本段主题思想，要说明“摇滚乐最突出的特点是其节奏”。句(2)、(3)是一级扩展句，对主题句进一步补充说明;而句(4)、(5)、(6)是 二级扩展句，从属于句(2)，对句(2)起着补充、解释和说明的作用，更形象、生动地证明 了主题句所表达的思想。这里，句(7)是结尾句，它的功用在后面的章节里会做详尽的讲解。 He who mistrusts most should be trusted least.——最不信任别人的人最不应该得到信任。 三、结尾句 结尾句位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起着非常重要的作用，用以对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点。结尾句常和主题句相呼应，以不同的形式再现主题，并与扩展句相关联。但是并非任何段落都必须有结尾句才算完整。有的段落，尤其是一些较短的段落中只有主题句没有结尾句。 请看下面各段落中结尾句的写法: Scientists believe that there has been life of some sort on the earth for about twelve hundred million years. Such a large figure is difficult to grasp, so let us scale it down and reckon it as one hundred years. We then find that man has been on the earth for about a month, and civilized man for only seven or eight hours. So you see mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life, and we must not expect too much. 本段的结尾句是对全段的总结归纳。它进一步强调了段落的中心思想，以引起读者的注意和重视。 A contract is an agreement which is enforceable by law. It can be long or short, formal or informal, simple or complicated, and verbal or written. Without a contract or agreement to bind the contracting parties, any international business or transaction would be impossible. Long age, people exchanged promises in making bargains and binding the conduct of others. This exchange of promises came to be known as“agreement”andbecame more and more important in the fields of business. A promise or agreement is reached as a result of the process of offer and acceptance. When an agreement is reached, a contract is formed. Once a contract is officially signed by the concerned parties, it creates legal obligations in the sense of law. 本段的最后一句是结尾句，第一句是主题句。结尾句所表达的意思跟主题句一致，但句子结构和用词都不一样。结尾句是主题句的再现，起着前后呼应的作用，段落中心思想更加突出明显。 The alarming problem is the increase in violent incidents owing to love on campus. When failing to win desirable affection from their lovers, some girl students tend to commit suicide while boys turn to knife and poison for revenge. Besides, it is a painful fact that boys obtain money needed for their love in an improper way. To please their girlfriends, boy students always dress smartly, shop generously and eat out frequently; but when finding no other quicker way to make the money needed than by stealing or cheating, they are on the way to imprisonment. Another sensitive problem is the growing pregnancy rate among girl students. The young students are subjected to blame for being too young to put themselves under sensible control, but school authorities cannot escape their share of responsibility. 本段的结尾句提出了结论性观点，既呼应了主题句内容，又与扩展句紧密关联，并且承上启下地引出后面段落的主题。 Eskimos are expert at fishing and hunting. Eskimos know the habits of each animal living in the northern lands. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it. Eskimos fish in the rivers, and when the sea is frozen, they cut holes in the ice and lower fishing lines into the water. 本段没有结尾句。 Idleness is the root of all evils.——懒惰是万恶之源。 第三天:段落展开九法 确定了段落中心思想, 完成了段落的主题句,设计好段落的扩展句之后，需要考虑的是怎样合理、有效地安排句子，组成条理清晰、结构严谨的段落。展开段落的方法有很多，常用的有:时间顺序法、空间顺序法、列举法、举例法、对比法、定义法、因果法、分类法、综合法等。在今天和明天的课程中我们就来详细地学习。 一、时间法 在叙述一个故事或者一系列事件时，通常按事件发生的先后顺序排列句子。在说明文中叙述一件事应该遵循的程序或步骤时，也常用时间顺序法。看下面的例子: A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。After lunch, while the other girls were sunbathing, Pat and I returned to the water. Soon cramps spread from my stomach to my legs. Immobilized by pain and fear, I yelled for help. My friend thought I was joking: so she ignored me. However, Sister Theresa came to my rescue when she noticed my plight. She pulled me out of the water and administered resuscitation. When regaining consciousness, I realized how close I had come to death. My experience with near death reminds me every day how close we all are to death in our daily lives. 在这个段落里，作者用了after lunch; while...; soon; when...等时间连接语按时间的先后顺序记叙了一件发生在午饭后的事。 There are four separate stages in making bread. The first stage begins by mixing yeast with warm This mixture is then added to half the amount of flour. The resultant batter mixture is then water. left for an hour. At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture, along with salt and oil. The main step in the second stage is a thorough kneading of the dough, after which it is left to rise. The third stage involves shaping the dough into loaves; the shaped loaves are then put into bread tins and left to ‘prove’ (rise). In the final stage the bread is cooked in a hot oven. The whole process of bread making finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and left to cool on wire racks. 这个段落采用时间顺序法描述了做面包的的过程。作者用了The first stage begins by..., At the next stage..., The third stage involves... 和In the final stage... 等连贯性词语详细地按照先后顺序介绍了四个步骤。 二、空间法 空间顺序指按物体的空间位置(自左至右，由近到远，由上至下，由下到上，由里到外，由外到里，由中间到两边等顺序)来展开段落。如: The room was disgusting. By the far window was a trash can piled high with crumpled papers. In the middle of the room was a gaudy, round size bed littered with rotting fruit peels. The path between the bed and the doorway, where I was standing, was choked off by heaps of dirty clothes and old newspapers. 这个段落以空间顺序法描写了一个房间。先从描述远处的窗子开始，接着是房间中央，最后到作者所站的地方，由远到近地将房间里的一切描绘了出来。 Great Britain is an island that lies off the northwest coast of Europe. The nearest country is France which is 20 miles away from which Great Britain is separated by the English Channel. The island is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the North Sea to the east. It comprises the mainland of England, Wales and Scotland. Scotland is in the North, while Wales is in the west. Ireland, which is also an island, lies off the west coast of Great Britain. It consists of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. Great Britain together with Northern Ireland constitutes the United Kingdom. Thus, the United Kingdom is composed of four parts. The largest of these is England which is divided into 43 administrative counties. The capital city is London which is situated in southeast England. 这个段落主要是采用由外到里的空间顺序法进行描写的。先从外围描述大不列颠的地理位置，接着从内部仔细介绍它的各个组成部分—— 英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的相对位置，同时描述了爱尔兰岛的相对位置，最后作者又特意指出英国首府伦敦的地理位置。 三、列举法 列举法是通过列举具体的细节来进一步说明主题句所表达的主导思想，展开段落。列举法如果使用得当，能增强文章的说服力，使文章显得条理清楚。用列举法发展段落时，主题句常包含表示数量的词，如:several, many, some, four 等。列举细节时，可以根据各种内容的相对重要性，按一定的逻辑顺序排列。 Strike the iron while it is hot.——趁热打铁。请看下面的例子: Social activities benefit us in many ways. To begin with, these activities can widen our knowledge, because we can learn whatwecan?tfromourbooks. Second, these activities can serve as a bridge between theory and practice, because we can learn how to put our book knowledge into practice. Lastly, these activities can enrich our experience, in that we can get to know the society well so that we can adapt to it easily when we graduate. 本段的第一句是段落主题句，in many ways在这里为下面的列举作好了铺垫。作者用了to begin with, second和lastly作为连接语，条理清楚地列举了社会活动有益的三个方面。 四、举例法 举例法是一种常见的展开段落的方法，它是用典型、具体而生动的事例来证明、阐述一个观点，支持主题句，使段落主题句的抽象意思具体化，使文章通俗易懂并具有说服力。但是，在写提供实例的段落时，必须精选例子，要作到恰如其分、准确地说明问题。 请看下面的例子: Many old buildings in cities are still being found useful. In several cities, old buildings that were no longer being used have been converted to a variety of useful structures. For example, one school building was changed into ninety nine rental units for elderly and low income residents. In Baltimore, Maryland, six schools were converted into 132 units with the help of a four million dollar city bond financing arrangement.“School House 77”inBoston utilizes three recycled elementary schools and an abandoned instrument factory. All these examples show how cities are using unneeded schools, police stations, libraries, and boarded up factories that are structurally sound and even architecturally interesting buildings. 本段的第一句是段落主题句，指出在城市里有许多旧楼还在发挥着作用。这里的“作用”是比较抽象的，不容易写得很充分。但是作者用一些实例(如将旧校舍改建成住房提供给低收入人群等)来加以说明，主题思想就较为容易和直观地表达出来了。 It takes two to make a quarrel.——一个巴掌拍不响。 It is very difficult to evaluate another person’s performance objectively. For example, Linda recently wrote irresponsible remarks about her instructor because she was failing the course. Her friend Jack wrote a marvelous description of the same instructor because he was receiving an A in the course. Both Linda and Jack were not fairly evaluating the instructor. They were influenced by the grades they were earning and were biased in their judgment. 这个段落的第一句是主题句，说明人们很难做到客观地评价另一个人的作为。接着用Linda和Jack两个例子来支持这一观点，展开段落。例子使用贴切典型，恰如其分。 五、对比法 对比法是指通过叙述或描述两种或两种以上的相关事物之间的相同(相似)的地方或不同之处来表达主题。采用对比法展开段落主要通过两种途径:一是先叙述对比双方的一个方面的全部细节，然后再叙述另一个方面的全部细节;另一个途径是对逐个问题进行双方面的比较。 请看下面各例: Why do so many graduates gravitate into business instead of into teaching? Part of the reason is the ever widening pay gap between these two professions. A secretary, an office clerk or a bank employee can earn monthly income as high as RMB 2，000, and when one is promoted to the position of a business executive or manager, the salary is even higher. But a college graduate with a master’s degree can only get a salary of RMB 1，000 per month for his teaching job. No wonde r, college graduates are attracted into more lucrative(赚钱的，有利润的) fields. 本段的主题是为什么那么多的大学毕业生从商，而不从事教学工作。作者运用对比法，说明由于两种职业之间存在着越来越大的收入差异，所以有好多学生毕业后选择从商，而不选择从教。 A single spark can start a prairie fire.——星星之火，可以燎原。There are striking similarities between two of the most popular U.S. presidents, Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy. Both men had their elections legally challenged. Lincoln and Kennedy are both remembered for their sense of humor, as well as for their interest in civil rights. Lincoln?ssecretary was Mrs. Kennedy; Kennedy?ssecretary was Mrs. Lincoln. Neither man took the advice of his secretary not to make a public appearance on the day on which he was assassinated. Lincoln and Kennedy were both killed on Friday in the presence of their wives. And finally, the same caisson(弹药车) carried the bodies of both men in their funeral processions. 本段采用对比法通过第一种途径展开段落。这里，作者将美国历史上两位伟大的总统林肯与肯尼迪从六个方面作了比较，描述他们的相似之处。 六、分类法 分类法是按一定标准对事物进行归类的一种段落发展方法。通过分类，可以使文章脉络一目了然。例如: Astronomers have been able to classify stars according to color. They have discovered that stars with different colors have different sizes, and their surface temperatures are also different. The larger a star is, the higher surface temperature it has. Stars are generally divided into five kinds: blue, white, yellow, orange and red. Blue stars are the largest ones, with a diameter of 16,000,000 kilometers. Their surface temperature is also the hottest, as high as 25,000 degrees centigrade. White stars come next, whose diameter is 2,700,000 kilometers and whose surface temperature is 11,000 degrees centigrade. Then there are yellow stars, 1,600,000 in diameter and 6,000 degrees centigrade in surface temperature. Orange stars are still smaller. They have a diameter of 1,000,000 kilometers and a surface temperature of 5,000 degrees centigrade. The smallest kind of stars appears red in color. Their diameter is only one twentieth of that of blue stars, that is, 800,000 kilometers, and their surface temperature is only 3,000 degrees centigrade. One?ssinwillfindoneout. 坏事终归要败露。 本段落的第二句话是段落主题句，说明不同颜色的星球其大小及表面温度各不相同。本段落分类标准非常清楚。段落一开始就指出星球可以按颜色进行分类。后来又明确指出星球一般被分成五种类型:兰、白、黄、橙和红色。接着，作者运用分类，清楚地层层展开，发展段落。 There are two kinds of sports: “amateur”and“professional”. Amateur athletes do not receive money for competing in sports. Olympic athletes, for example, are amateurs. They do not receive money. Professional athletes, on the other hand, do earn money. Some professional athletes earn a million dollars or more a year. They need this money to support themselves and they can save some for their future. 本段的主题句也在段落开头，指出运动有两种形式:业余的和专业的。然后，作者采用分类法发展段落，分门别类地对业余类(amateur athletes)和专业类(professional athletes)进 ，使段落主题更明确地展示在读者面前，段落层次清楚，中心思想统一明了。 行解释说明 Examinations fall into three kinds. One is the machine scored“objective”type. In an objective test, the students answer questions by deciding on best choice among a number of alternatives given. Anotheristhe“completion”type. This kind of examination requires the students to add a word or phrase to complete a sentence. And the third type is the essay examination, in which the students are asked to write a composition on a given topic. All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned in any particular course. 本段采用分类法来展开段落。主题句在段落开头，指出“考试可分三种类型”。然后，作者运用One is the machine scored “objective type”, Another is the “completion type”,” And the third type is the essay examination” 来清楚地将考试分类阐述，段落脉络一目了然，层次十分分明。 七、定义法 定义法是通过简单易懂而且准确的语言阐明某事物的性质和特征来发展段落，使读者对某事物比较抽象的或是难以把握的一些特征有一个较清晰的认识。定义法常用于说明、描写 和论证，以提供更多的具体解释来说明某一概念或术语。 请看下面的例子: Love is a very general term. It refers to a strong feeling of fondness for another person. It can happen between people of the opposite sex or between members of a family. No matter where it happens, love can always bring happiness to people. 这也是采用定义法发展段落的好例子。段落一开始，作者先指出，爱是一个常见的字眼，意义很泛。紧接着用It refers to ...来对爱(love)进行定义解释，清楚简单，意思明白。 Poetry is a branch of literature which explores ideas, emotions, and experiences in a distinctive form and style. Poetry, sometimes called“verse”, depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of language for its special effects. Poetry, even more than prose (all other writings), depends on precise and suggestive wording. In other words, a poem says much in little space. Poetry differs from prose in obvious ways, also. Most often the first word of every line begins with a capital letter, even in the middle of a sentence. Poems sometimes contain rhyme, and often they have a particular rhythm, like music. 本段通过下定义的方法说明什么是诗歌。段落一开始就指出诗歌是一种文学形式。作者在段落首句里用一个which引导的定语从句直接对Poetry进行定义、解释。后来，还利用同散文(prose)的简单对比，将诗歌的特点淋漓尽致地展示给读者。 A good name is better than riches.——声誉胜于财富。 八、因果法 因果法是说明事态发展的原因和结果之间联系的，常用在说明文或议中。可以先讲原因，后给结果，也可以先给结果，后讲原因。这要视实际需要而定。也有一些段落结果是显而易见的，就集中说明原因;有的段落正好相反，就集中说明结果，因为原因不言自明。 请看下面的实例: Homes that are improperly insulated may cause problems for their habitants. First of all, it will cost more to heat such a house than one that is well insulated. Second, it will waste energy. Third, it will make the house uncomfortable to live in because drafts or cold air is able penetrate the poorly insulated walls. Also, the poorly insulated walls could cause the inhabitants to have more colds, a health problem that results in higher expenses for doctors and medicine. 本段第一句是主题句，指出导致problem for their habitants 的是homes that are improperly insulated。然后集中笔墨阐明结果，在这里即problems。 So why do manufacturers keep on designing and producing VCRs that are awkward to use if the problems are so obvious? First, the problems we notice are not obvious to technically minded designers with years of experience and trained to understand how appliances work. Secondly, designers tend to add one or two features at a time to each model, whereas you and I face all of a machine?sfeatures at once. Thirdly, although finding problems in a finished product is easy, it is too late by then to do anything about the design. Finally, if manufacturers can get away with selling products that are difficult to use, it is not worth the effort of any one of them to make improvements. 段落以问句开始——为什么生产厂家继续设计和生产那些难用的录像机,问句之后，作者 列出了四个原因。 九、综合法 综合法是指根据行文的需要采用两种或两种以上的方法来展开段落的写作方法。 请看下面的例子: Haste trips over its own heels.——忙易出错。Balloons have been used for sports for about 100 years. There are two kinds of sports balloons: gas and hot fire. Hot balloons are preferred by most balloonists in the United States because of their safety. They are also cheaper, and easier to manage than gas balloons. Despite the ease of operation on a balloon, pilots must watch the weather carefully. Sport balloon flights are best early in the morning or late in the afternoon, when the wine is light. Over the years balloonists have tried unsuccessfully to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Itwasn?tuntil 1978 that three American balloonists succeeded. It took them just six days to make their trip from their home in the United States to Paris, France. Their voyage captured the imagination of the whole world. 这里的第二句话是段落的主题句。本段首先运用分类法，说明用于运动的气球可以分为两 类:充气气球和热气球。接下来用了比较法，说明热气球要比充气气球安全;同时，作者 还用了因果分析法说明热气球以其安全性能强为美国人青睐。整个段落综合运用了分类 法、比较法，以及因果分析法，但是主题思想明确。各种展开段落的方法综合在一个段落 里全部是为表达主题服务的。 综合法需要具体情况具体分析地使用，千万不可“眉毛胡子一把抓”，或者信笔胡写，一 定要注意围绕主题句，以说明段落中心思想为前提，保持段落意思的一致性和连贯性。 第四天:好段落的标准 学完段落的展开方法以后，我们就保证能写出好的段落吗,什么样的段落可以被称之为好段落呢,一般说来，一个好的段落应该具有这样的特点:意思完整，主题一致，前后连贯，过渡自然。换句话说，一个好的段落必须能够充分地表达思想，内容上没有任何残缺;一个段落只有一个主题，所有的扩展句都为主题句服务，主题句与扩展句在意义上始终保持 段落结构安排合理、条理清楚，句与句之间的转换自然、顺理成章。这就是段落的统一; 统一性和连贯性。 一、统一性 段落中每一句均须与此段的主题相关，并提供数据来支持主题，句子间必须先后有序，合乎逻辑，否则便会欠缺统一性。当你写下一段落时，必须检查每句的内容是否依据主旨，如果不是的话，便要修改或移到另一段。 例如: Learning a foreign language has changed. Not long ago, students would sit with pen in hand, writing the basic forms of a language, learning structures they would never be able to speak. In that same classroom today, pens and notebooks have been put away. The spoken sounds of foreign tongue fill the room. Today the last skill learned writing a foreign language comes as a natural and possible part of the total language learning process. Yet, just a few years ago, the last skill learned was the first skill mastered today—speaking a foreign tongue. To visit some foreign countries, travelers have to apply for visas. 由以上段落可见，每句均围绕主旨而发展，主题句是“Learning a foreign language has changed.”，但其中有一句“To visit some foreign countries, travelers have to apply for visas.”则是说申请护照的，明显地不合此段主题 learning a foreign language，所以必须移走，才能使本段意思归一。 活动教室 请找出下面这段话中与主题不统一的句子。 No one knows exactly when people started drying tea leaves, putting boiling water on top and then drinking it. Experts believe tea drinking may have started in China, Tibet and India. A Chinese legend says that it began in 2500BC when a few leaves accidentally fell into the Emperor?sboiling water. Tea is very delicious and very popular today. Chinese records from 780AD talk about growing, drying, and drinking tea. Soon after that tea was brought to Japan by Chinese Buddhist monks. During the 1600s it was brought to England. 二、连贯性 段落除了必须具有统一性及文字流畅外，句与句，字与字之间还要有连贯性，要达到此点，便需要做出适当排序;如果一个段落内句子不统一，则即使有连贯性也没用，反之，若没有联系的句子乱成一团，就算全部与主旨有关，也难以让读者看懂。所以，段落的统一性和连贯性二者缺一不可。要保证段落的连贯性，常用的方法有以下几种: 1.使用过渡性词语 过渡性词语是一种关系指引词，不仅能承上启下，还能转折上下文的语气，充分显示句与句之间的逻辑关系，能贯通思想的脉络，使段落思想表达得清晰、流畅。过渡性词语的种类很多，须根据上下文的内容选择使用。 常用过渡性词语详见附录。 注:在使用某些过渡词时，必须了解标点符号的用法。 1)若转折词在一句子中用作引申或转折意思，要用分号和逗号。比如: You cannot go to the beach because it is raining heavily; moreover, you haven't finished your homework. 2)如果要用转折词表示两句子间的意思衔接或转移，则运用标点符号时便如下列所示: . Constantly,. . However,. . Furthermore,. 例如: I studied English for four years in college. Nevertheless, I had trouble talking with people when I was traveling in the United States. 3)在使用从属连词时可用在句子中间，或放在句首，要留意标点符号的运用各有不同。 例如: The city becomes calm and well ordered after the parade. After the parade, the city becomes calm and well ordered. Speech is the image of actions. 语言是行动的反映。 常用标点符号解析: 逗号(Comma ,)逗号是最常用也是最常用错的标点符号，其中一个最常见的用法是分开从句(clauses)及短语(phrases)。 1)将逗号放于连接词之前(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)，连接两个独立的从句(independent clauses)。可通过:“fan boys”这两个词来记忆连接词 2)以逗号来分开句子内的词、短语或从句 3)以逗号来分隔并列的形容词 4)以逗号来分隔非限制性定语从句 注意:不要在限制性定语从句中加上逗号。 错误句子: Stores, which honor credit cards, have noticed an increase in sales. 正确句子: Stores which honor credit cards have noticed an increase in sales. 句中 which honor credit cards 是不能缺少的部分，如果删去，即指“所有商店都注意到营业额有上升”，而不是原意所指“可以使用信用卡的商店”，所以我们不能用逗号分隔。 5)用逗号来分隔同位语 When I graduate in June, I will begin work at ABC Company, a local trading firm. 6)用逗号来分隔句子中的插入成分 7)用逗号来分隔引述句 8)在日期、名称、地址及数字上使用逗号的要点 注意:如果日期中只包含月日、年月、或年份季节，则不须加逗号。 年份是不用逗号的，如 1997(但是我们会用 25,000 B.C.)。度量上，我们用逗号来分隔文字，如:five feet, three inches. 页数上则用 page 10, line 5 Better the devil you know than the devil youdon?tknow. 明枪易躲，暗箭难防。句号 (Period .) 在常用标点符号中，句号仅次于逗号，而且也是较易使用的符号。只需要大家一定记住:英语的句号不同于汉语的句号，是一个实心点。很多同学一不小心就会写成一个小圆圈，而且这样的同学还随处可见、为数不少。句号一般有三种用法: (1)结束句子: Turn it on, please. (2)结束略语: Mrs. e.g. ect. N.Y. (3)分开小数: 0.98 $2.38 分号 (Semicolon ;) 分号最常用于两个从句之间，其分隔度比逗号大，但比句号小，通常用作表示句子中两个从句意思相连。 (1)以分号代替句号来分隔两个相关的独立从句 Spring is here; the birds are chirping with joy. (2)当其中一个独立从句中包含逗号时，以分号来分隔两个从句 If you give children too much freedom, they will never learn to control themselves; on the other hand, if you give them too little, they will never become self reliant. (3)当要使用连接副词或其他连接语来联结从句时，以分号作分隔。 2.正确处理“替代和所指” 除了过渡性词语外，省略、替代和所指(reference)等手段同样可以起到连句成段，保持段落连贯性的作用。 代词是很重要的关系指引词。它们不仅能指明句子内部某些词之间的关系，而且能沟通和建立句子和句子之间意义上的联系，从而使段落中前后句子的意义逻辑地、有条理地联系起来。利用代词指代前面提到的名词，可以起到承上启下的作用。如: (1) Tom finished his drink at a gulp, wondered about another, decided not. (2) His career might be slithering downhill, his book might be choking itself to death, but he still had Thea. (3) And this, he knew as he looked at his glass, was no way to keep her. (4) He knew it, and yet he kept slipping away from his resolution. (5) How else did you blot out the feeling of failure? ut the subconscious was a real devil, eating away at him. (7) No matter how determinedly he (6) B dropped the hours and disappointments out of his conscious mind, they only sank below the surface, and lay there. 上文中，(1)是主题句，为全段提供心理背景;(2)以两个平行结构承接上文，并以过渡词but 表示意义转折;(3)用过渡词and表示意义引申，并用指示词 this承接上文(所指);(4)中的and yet表示意义转折;(5)用else承接上句(所指);(6)是第二段的主题句，以but为承上启下的过渡词;(7)通过近义词重复(conscious/subconscious)承接上文。在这短短的百十个词的两段话里，单单第三人称代词就出现了16次之多:其中he (指Tom)出现六次， his六次， him一次，her(指Thea)一次， it(指上句)一次， they(指上文the hurts and disappointments)一次。可见代词在组成连贯、统一、合乎逻辑的段落方面起着多么大的作用。 需要注意的是，在使用代词达到段落连贯时，代词和它所代的名词(所指)一定要在性、数、人称上保持一致。看下面的例子: It rained day and night for two weeks. The basement flooded and everything was under water. It spoiled all our calculations. 在这三句话中，第三句中的“it”一词到底指代什么并不清楚，因而会造成岐义。修改后的下面这句话所表达的意思就很清楚了。The event of raining and flooding led to the physical destruction of certain documents in which our calculations were recorded. 3.重复使用关键词或短语 关键词或短语的重复出现，必然使人把眼前的句子与前面的句子联系起来，如同用一根线将整个段落贯穿成一个整体，从而达到连贯性。 请看下面的例子: Each man is the architect of his own fate. 每个人都是自己命运的建筑师。The saying “One picture is worth 1,000 words” suggests the importance to a writer of thinking by examples. By putting the right examples in a paragraph or composition, a writer can tell his or her idea to a reader. But the art of using the right examples is not easy to learn. Choosing examples calls for imagination. Using examples well calls for both reasoning and control. Examples must make abstract ideas more concrete. At the same time, examples must not lead a reader away from a writer?scentral purpose. Clear thinking is needed for good writing. Clear thinking alone helps a writer choose examples that will explain the idea of an essay. You must have a plan instead of a grocery list. You must write with your mind as well as your pen because a composition is an act of thought. 本段的中心思想是the importance of thinking by examples，example一词先后出现了七次，而 每次出现都标志着意义的引申，不仅没有累赘之感，而且全段文笔流畅，在语义上具有明 显的统一性和连贯性。 The truth is great virtue, and lying, its extreme opposite, is the devil. Truth emanates from a healthy, happy, and settled state of mind, while lie is born of corruption, nurtured in depravity, and bred in cowardice. Lying, unfortunately, is a prevalent vice that is not strictly confined to any particular class of the society, but has its ramifications so extended that it embraces in its toils victims among the whole human race. 在这个段落里，主题句里有两个关键词truth和lying。在段落的扩展句里，这两个关键词重复出现(还用了lying的名词形式lie)，使句子之间相互衔接，达到段落连贯的目的。 4.利用平行结构 平行结构的使用是一种修辞手法，通过重复使用相同的语法结构，其中既有词汇的重复， 又有纯粹的语法结构的重复。它不但能使段落节奏匀称，还可以引起读者的注意，使读者 顺利地理解全段内容，起到强调的作用。 请看下面各例: Parents spend much money and time on their children. They do their best to make the children They want their children to learn many enjoy a higher standard of living than they themselves do. skills, such as painting, English, playing the violin or the piano, and so on. Children are forced to do what they are not really interested in. They have no adequate time to play. Theycan?tgetalong well with other children. Theydon?tknowhowtoexpress themselves. As a result, some children are not psychologically healthy, and fail to fulfill their parents?desires. 本段可以分为两个层次，第一个层次说明Parents spend much money and time on their child ren.用两个相同句式They do their best to make their children ...和They want their children to...来对此作进一步说明和论证。第二个层次说明Children are forced to do what they are not really interested in. 作者用了三个相同的句式They have no..., They can’t..., They don’t...对 此作进一步的说明和论证。 It is bad manners to interrupt anyone who is reciting or speaking. It is bad manners to wave the hand in the air to attract the teacher?sattention. It is bad manners to show an excessive eagerness to recite and show off your knowledge or cleverness. It is also bad manners to keep silent when the teacher asks you a question. If you do not know the answer, say so immediately; if you do, give it in a distinct voice so that all the class may hear. 本段的主题句在段落末尾处。前面用了三个相同的句式It is bad manners to...，平行的句子结构在这里起到了引起读者注意的作用，使段落很富感染力。 Birds of a feather flock together.——物以类聚，人以群分。 活动教室 请润色下面这段文章，用今天所学的技巧改善其连贯性。 In recent years, the air conditioner has become one of the many indispensable electrical appli ances for thousands upon thousands of families, especially those in the south. There the intense heat overwhelms the earth throughout the summer. The advantages of the air conditioner are self evident. Armed with the ability to refrigerate, the air conditioner makes you feel refreshing and comfortable no matter how hot it is outside. It guarantees the efficiency of your work and the quality of your rest. Without the air-conditioner there would be no knowing what would happen to you in the dog days. The air-conditioner can also create a proper condition in summer for the operation of computers—the best friends of yours in the information age. Too high a temperature would make computers work improperly, causing much inconvenience for your daily life and work. Talents come from diligence, and knowledge is gained by accumulation. 天才在于勤奋，知识在于积累。 第五天:文章的构建模式 英语写作一般包括一个开头段、一至两个扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。 A still tongue makes a wise head.——沉默者有智慧。 一、开头段 【芝麻开门】 开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四、五句即可。 开头段的作用:概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。 【写作要点】 写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题: 1) 开头偏离主题太远; 2) 使用抱歉或埋怨之词句; 3) 内容不具体，言之无物; 4) 使用不言自明的陈述。 【方法例释】 写作文时，好多考生也是觉得开头难，其实，写开头段有多种表达方法，如主题句法、提问法、引语法、数据法、背景法、定义法，等等，下面分别讲解开头的几种展开方法: 1.主题句法:开篇点明主题，用主题句，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。例如: Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunityforone?scareer, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language. 2.提问法:提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。例如: What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things. 3.引语法:使用引语(use a quotation):使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。例如: “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.”Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 4.数据法:使用具体详实的数字或数据，然后作出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在。例如: In the past 5 years, there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent. 5.背景法:给出背景，描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等，例如: Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern. 6.定义法:针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。例如: It is but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous. 从崇高到荒谬只有一步之遥。Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it. 【他山之石】:开头段常用核心句型 开头段的常用核心句型，选一选适合你自己的“武器”: 1) The arguer may be right about..., but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that .... 2) Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that.... 3) There is an element of truth in this argument, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that.... 4) It is true that ..., but this is not to say that.... 5) The main / obvious problem with this argument is that it is blind to the basic fact that.... ) It would be natural / reasonable to think that..., but it would be absurd to claim that.... 6 7) In all the discussion and debate over..., one important fact is generally overlooked / neglected. 8) There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that.... 9) To assume that...is far from being proved. 10) A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless) it is. 11) On the surface (At first thought), it may seem an attractive idea, but on second thought, we find that.... 12) Too much emphasis placed on...may obscure other facts.... 13) The problem / fact is that.... 14) However logical this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem. 15) As far as I am concerned, I believe that.... 16) Although I appreciate that..., I cannot agree with .... 17) Those who object to ... argue that.... But people who favor..., on the other hand, argue that.... 18) Currently, there is a general concern over.... 19) Now it is widely acknowledged that.... But I wonder whether.... 20) These days we often hear about ..., but is this really the case? Ordinary people think merely of how they will spend time, a man of intellect tries to use it. 常人只想如何消磨时间，智者则努力利用时间。 二、中间段 【芝麻开门】 中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。中间段的篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长，每段有相应的主题句，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段。不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。 【写作要点】 中间段的具体写作要点如下: 1) 所涉及内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力; 2) 段落中一定具备主题句; 3) 段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节; 4) 内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强; 5) 段落之间连贯自然; 6) 段落中讨论的内容主次分明，比例适当; 7) 词与句型运用合理并且有变化。 【方法例释】 正如我们在第七天和第八天中所介绍的，段落展开的基本方法很多，这里简要介绍三种中间段中常用的展开方法:列举法、因果法、例证法。 1.列举法:用来列举一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章层次分明，眉清目秀，阅卷老师在疲惫不堪的状态下，看到这样的文章，往往会有种在清澈的小溪边小憩片刻的感觉，手一抬，分就高。下面这篇例文写的是“健身的几种方法”，脉络一目了然。例文如下: There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instructions, we will certainly be in good health. 2.因果法:说明原因，论述事理。下面这篇作文讲的是“汉堡受欢迎的原因”，第一段提 接下来在说原因时，用到了上面的列举法，只不过不是“first出问题“为什么受欢迎呢,” , second, finally”而是“first, then, besides that”，让人感觉不落俗套。例文如下: Anger begins with folly, ends in repentance. 愤怒以愚蠢开始，以后悔告终。 The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular? First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. 3.例证法:举具体的事例来证明观点，这是议论文最常用的方法，尽量找最能体现观点的例子，具体点，微观点，给人说服力。请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点，用的是拳击运动的例子。例文如下: The saying“Nopains, no gains”isuniversally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral teaches: if one wants to achieve something, he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment. 【他山之石】 中间段常用核心句型 中间段的常用核心句型，同样是20句，任你选～ 1) The change in...mainly results from .... 2) The increase in...is due to the fact that.... 3) Many people would claim that.... 4) One of the reasons given for...is that.... What is also worth noticing is that.... 5) There are a variety of reasons for this dramatic growth in.... First, ... Second, ... Finally, ... 6) There is no evidence to suggest that.... 7) Why are (is / do / did)...? For one thing, .... For another, .... 8) There are numerous reasons why..., and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones. 9) It will exert remarkable effect on.... 10) A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to) the change in.... 11) With the development of..., vast changes awaits this country?ssociety. 12) History is filled with the examples of.... 13) The story is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples. 14) As is shown in the table released by the government, it can be learned that.... 15) There is (no) good evidence to.... 16) We must admit the undeniable fact that.... 17) No one can deny (brush aside) the fact that.... 18) Experience (Evidence) suggests that.... 19) The same is true of.... 20) As the sayinggoes,“....” 三、结尾段 【方法例释】 结尾段要干脆利落，深化主题。结尾段的写作方法很多，常用的有如下四种: 1.总结归纳:简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。例如: In conclusion, I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won—by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered. 2.重申主题:再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。例如: Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man?senergy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually. 3.预测展望:立足当前，放眼未来。例如: It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the government?spopularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall. 4.提出建议:提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。例如: College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula, however crowded it may be, and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up. 【他山之石】 结尾段的常用核心句型 He who commences many things finishes but a few. 样样都搞，完成者少。 开了个好头，结尾也要漂漂亮亮。下面是结尾段的常用核心句型，总共归纳精选了20句。 1) Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that .... 2) Judging from all evidence offered，we may safely come to the conclusion that 3) It is high time that we place great emphasis on the improvement of .... 4) It is high time that we put an end to the unhealthy situation (tendency / phenomenon) of .... 5) There is no easy solution to the problem of ..., but ... might be useful. 6) Given the factors I have just outlined, I can only say that .... 7) Unless there is a common realization of ..., it is very likely that .... 8) There is no denying that serious attention must be called to the problem of .... 9) It is essential that effective measures should be taken to prevent the situation. 10) It is fundamental that effective actions should be taken to control the tendency. 11) It is suggested that great efforts should be made to control the growth of .... 12) It is hoped that great efforts should be focused on finding (developing / improving) .... 13) It remains to be seen whether ..., but the prospect is not quite encouraging. 14) It remains unknown whether ..., but the outlook is quite rosy. 15) Anyhow, wider education should be given to the possible consequences of .... 16) Anyway, more publicity should be given to the potential effects of .... 17) To reverse the trend is not a light task, and it requires a different state of mind towards .... 18) To control the tendency is not an easy job, and it involves a different state of attitude towards .... 19) For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that .... 20) To put all into a nutshell, I .... Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.——勇气和坚定是美德的精神与灵魂。 第六天:闪光词训练(1) 【芝麻开门】 一篇文章中的闪光词就像是浩瀚夜空中的点点繁星，能使人眼前一亮，使你的文章可以从堆积如山的考卷中stand out。 好好练练，说不定真能把你的作文变得outstanding。 【活动教室】 Passage 1. Conservation Essay Robert Frost oncesaid“nothinggoldcanstay”. Today those famous words are closely connected to our environment. Scientists and researchers are 1)the negative effects of modern technology on our environment and our lives. Cars, computers, refrigerators and 2)all other electric inventions consume natural resources. These resources are often 3), causing a harsh supply and demand crisis. Fuel prices will 4) to rise, which means that people will have to find a new mode of transportation. Coal will 5)out, therefore bringing an end to our main source of electricity. Rainforests will 6), causing a shortage of paper on which to write conservation essays. When viewed by short 7) effects, society does not consider environmental issues to be important—what is the big deal about cutting down a few trees? The long term results of such massive negligence are scary enough to make me think twice before tossing my 8) out the window. The bottom line is that people need to be more conservative of our natural resources before they are gone. 答案与解析: Fish begins to stink at the head. 上梁不正下梁歪。 1. 答案〖〗uncovering解析〖〗本词意思是:揭露，揭示。在空格中我们还可以填入如studying，researching等单词，但这些词语多强调科研工作的进行，而本句强调的是研究之后慢慢展露的结果，所以用表示揭示的uncovering更妥当。填空的同时还要注意单词在句中的正确形式，该词为动词的现在进行时用法。2. 〖〗本词意思是:实际上，事实上。and后面应该填入的是与前面意思答案〖〗virtually解析 并列的内容，在and前面出现的都是些具体的事物，空格后紧跟的却是与具体事物很难搭配在一起的“所有其它电器发明”。很明显空格前后已经行成了完整的并列关系，需要我们填入的内容应为修饰all other electric inventions的词或者是一个能够修饰整个句子的副词。根据句意，我们将表程度的副词virtually作为最佳答案。3. 答案〖〗unrenewable解析〖〗本词意思是:不可更新的，无法回收利用的，无法再用的。该词是用以修饰resources的一个形容词，强调资源的珍贵和人们应珍视资源的必要性。4. First come, first served. 先来先招待。答案〖〗continue解析〖〗本词意思是:持续，继续。根据后半句的提示可推断出燃料价格会持续增长，因此用表示连续不断的continue。比较continue, last, endure, persist这四个同义词的用法:continue指“持续而无终止”，通常强调“不间断”，如，continue working 持续工作。last 指“持久”，“延续”，如:The rain will not last long. 这雨不会持续很久。endure 指“持续”，“持久”，如:Her fame will endure for ever. 她将名垂千古。persist 指“持续存在下去“，如:The snow is likely to persist in most areas.可能在大部分地区还有雪。5. 答案〖〗run解析〖〗根据后半句的提示，我们可以推断这里要表达的意思是煤耗尽。空格处缺少一个动词，一个能够和out搭配表示耗尽的动词。run out 指“用光”，“耗尽”，如:Though they are running out of food and drink, the men are cheerful and confident that they will get out soon.他们虽然已经水尽粮绝，但情绪都很好，并且深信他们很快就会出来的。6. 答案〖〗vanish解析〖〗本词意思是:灭绝，消失。和前句的动词形成并列关系，只不过这里需要的是一个单词，不是词组。vanish多指“突然消失”“从存在中消失”，如:vanish into nothing化为乌有。7. 答案〖〗term解析〖〗这个空格是考查文章上下文联系的题目。在下一句中有一个相对应的词组long term，与之对应的short后应为term。这部分的正确翻译是:in the short term从眼前的观点看;in the long term从长远的观点看。8. 答案〖〗litter解析〖〗本词意思是:垃圾，乱七八糟的东西，废纸，碎屑。根据句子意思分析，作者想说的是一种乱丢垃圾的动作，因此我们用有“废纸”“碎屑”之意的litter;rubbish也表示垃圾，但它是泛指垃圾，相比litter不够形象具体。 Passage 2. Plagiarism: Self-destruction Why do so many people use planetpapers.com simply to 1) other people?swriting? Is it even possible that someone cannot write their own essay, or that someone cannot read a book of any length? If you plagiarize, aren?tyou2) yourself to failure? And if you cannot gather information, aren?tyouopening yourself to attacks from the System? Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得快。I know many students who use sites such as planetpapers.com to gather researches, 3) other people’s ideas and papers. Yet it still amazes me that people could be so lazy. Think about it: in high school, you are already expected to know whatever materialyou?vebeentaught. If you cannot get 4) high school without cheating, how well will you do in college? Professors check whether you have cheated, and you are required to write lengthy papers based on detailed research, which is not present on many Internet paper mills and notes sites. If you cannot read, write, and think on your own, you are 5) . Maybe not now, maybe not during your high school career, but eventually, you will 6) a class or get expelled for cheating. If your job requires you to write essays or gather information, and you cheat, (gather information without citing it and getting permission) you will be sued and fired. During high school and college, you are more likely to hurt your grade than to get into serious trouble. (However, if your paper sounds too well written, or if a teacher finds that you stole information, you can still be expelled.) Let?sfaceit: Cliffs Notes aren?ttheHoly Grail of research. If you read Cliffs Notes or Monarch Notes or planetpapers.com?essays, you are 7) to miss important details. Any decent teacher will check whether you read a book, and to do so, he will ask you details and concepts from the work that you did not read. Cliffs Notes shortchange you; there are few concepts and almost no details in those. Monarch Notes only have concepts. And most planetpapers.com essays are written by high scholars, filled with typos and inaccuracies, and non scholary. For the lazy, Cliffs Notes, Monarch Notes, and planetpapers.com are an easy way to 8) work, practice, and thought. However, for the scholar or anyone who wants to be more successful in school, these resources should be just that resources. They are intended to supplement reading, not to replace it. When students read from these works to better understand what they have already read, they are preparing themselves for the real world. And when they enter it, they will be more successful than cheaters. 答案与解析: 1. 答案〖〗plagiarize解析〖〗本词意思是:剽窃，抄袭(别人的文章，学说等)。从文章的题 目和第一段中显示的一个网址，我们可以推断出第一个空格中应填入的动词为“抄袭”之意。2. 答案〖〗sentencing解析〖〗本词意思是:宣判，判决，如:be sentenced for thief因盗窃罪被 判刑。该词多用于“判决”之意，往往指“对(被判定有罪的人)宣布判决”。用在这里表 现了作者对剽窃一事的鄙视态度。3. More haste, less speed. 欲速则不达。答案〖〗steal解析〖〗本词意思是:偷，窃取，偷盗;掠取，强拿。使用该词 描述学生剽窃别人的文章是非常形象的，steal有“偷偷地”做某事的意思。这也是作者对抄袭人员的行为不赞成的表现。4. 答案〖〗through解析〖〗get through 这一词组的意思是:通过，度过。与get 搭配组成的词 组有很多，请大家通过例句或短语背诵学习。如:get down困难地吞下。e.g. Come on, get the pill down.来，把药片吞下去。5. 答案〖〗doomed解析〖〗本词意思是:注定失败的。比较doom，fate，destiny这三个词的 用法: (1) doom指“最终的、常常是毁灭性或灾难性的命运”，如:The Battle of Stalingrad sealed Hitler’s doom.斯大林格勒战役决定了希特勒的灭亡。 (2) fate指“宿命”，具有神话或迷信色彩，使人有畏惧和无可奈何之感，如:They ascribed their disaster to an unkind fate.他们把他们的灾难归结为命不好。 (3) destiny除含有“命中注定”之意外，还暗示“充满美好希望”，如:It was her destiny to become famous.她命里注定出名。6. 答案〖〗flunk解析〖〗本词意思是:失败，考试不及格，如:He flunked mathematics.他数学 没考及格。和后面的动词expel(开除)意思并列。7. 答案〖〗bound解析〖〗固定词组be bound to 的意思是:必定，一定，如:It’s bound to rain soon.很快必会下雨。这里强调没有阅读教师制定的材料原文而直接抄袭别人的成果将遭遇诸如不了解材料细节之类的困难的必然性。8. 答案〖〗avoid解析〖〗本词意思是:避开，回避，逃避，如:He tried to avoid studiously answering her.他力图故意回避答复她的问题。与之同意的词组为keep away from。文章介绍了抄袭对于学生等人的诸多弊端，最后总结了抄袭这一行为能够持续存在的主观原因，即它可以使人逃避很多工作，让人闲适自在。【友情提示】 其实，要想使自己的文章中出现一些闪光词并不难，还记得我们在上一篇中提到过的选词的诀窍吗,选词要准，用词要活，时刻记着这两点，你的作文中一定会闪光词不断～ No pains, no gains. 不劳无获。 第七天:闪光词训练(2) 【活动教室】 Passage 3. Civil Liberties The term civil liberties refer tothe“freedoms that individuals 1) and governments cannot invade”. These rights include a persons?freedom of speech and religion. nothing gain. Nothing venture, 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。Civil rights refer to the “powers and privileges that belong to us by virtue of our status as citizens”. Examples of civil rights include a person’s right to vote and to equal treatment under the law. The terms civil liberties and civil rights are 2) in that they are critical factors in creating a democratic society. Because we are 3) these liberties and rights, we are in turn able to keep this democratic society in existence. Civil liberties and rights 4) in how they need to be protected. Civil liberties need protection from the government. They have to be 5) so that the government cannot invade them and take them away from any individual. Civil rights, on the other hand, need 6) by the government so that they are not infringed upon by others. Civil liberties are basic freedoms granted to 7) in the Bill of Rights. Civil rights are constitutional guarantees, which mean they are granted to individuals with the body of the Constitution in the form of amendments. Many civil rights were granted after the Constitution was written, but civil liberties were included in the Constitution since their 8) in the Bill of Rights in 1791. 答案与解析: 1. 答案〖〗enjoy解析〖〗本词意思是:享有，享受„„的乐趣。接名词或动名词作宾语，如:He enjoys many privileges.他享有很多特权。此处缺少一个对“公民自由”一词进行解释的动词，自由是人的重要权力，因此用“享受”“享有”来搭配这种权力是很恰当的。2. 答案〖〗alike解析〖〗本词意思是:同样的，相似的，常作表语，如:Friends are generally alike in background and tastes.一般来说朋友的经历和品位都是相像的。在这段中提到了一个概念——公民权利，通过对“公民自由”与“公民权利”这两个词的解释，及后半句中的提示可知，两词在创利民主社会方面意义及作用相似，故选用alike。3. Once bit, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。答案〖〗guaranteed解析〖〗本词意思是:确保，保证。由句意可推测这是由于公民权利与公民自由的切实保证，才使得我们反过来能够保证民主社会的存 在。guarantee有“提供担保”，“保证”之意，如:This insurance guarantees you against loss.这种保险保你不受损失。4. 答案〖〗differ解析〖〗本词意思是:不一致，不同。从空格后面“Civil rights, on the other hand,”可判断在评述两种概念的保护问题上存在不同之处，因此使用不及物动词differ，且与in搭配成词组differ in指“在„„方面不同”，如:Customs differ in different countries.各 国风俗不同。5. 答案〖〗secure解析〖〗本词意思是:安全可靠的，无忧的，确定的，如:Here in this fortress we’re secure from attack.在这个要塞中，我们没有受攻击的危险。根据句意分析，若想不让政府侵犯并收回公民的公民权与自由，就必须保证这两者的安全性，可靠性。6. 答案〖〗protection解析〖〗本词意思是:保护。首先可根据空格前后的单词判断出这里缺少一个名词，再根据上面刚刚提到的与之比较的关于公民自由的保护的陈述我们可推断出这里反反复复一直在强调“保护”，所以使用protect的名词形式:protection。7. 答案〖〗individuals解析〖〗本词意思是:个人，个体，在此泛指人。全句的意思是:在权利和自由法案中公民自由权是赋予每位公民的最基本的特权。在此为突出强调每个人都拥有这一权利，我们将one, man等单词作为非最佳选项考虑。注:Bill of Rights 意为“权利和自由法，(美)美国宪法前十条修正案”。8. 答案〖〗adoption解析〖〗本词意思是:采用，采纳，如:They are discussing the adoption of the new plan.他们正在讨论采用新。很多公民权利都很珍贵且来之不易，在文章的结尾作者清楚地提到若想真正落实权利，就必须经由宪法认可，即只有写入宪法的权利，公民才能真正享有。本文最后一句正是就诸多的公民自由权在这一层面上的陈述。 Passage 4. Television: Candy for the Mind A man once said, “Television is candy for the mind.”Hewasright. Making an 1) to candy is an have a negative affect on the human. At one point or another you ideal; either, if taken in 2) c watched too much TV. And at one point or another you ate too much candy. Maybe it was on Halloween or Christmas...it doesn?tmatter. The point is that both are a treat if taken in moderation. Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见，心不烦。 The problem is, nowadays, too many kids are watching too much TV, and too many people are eating too much fattening items like candy. There’s more fat people 3) around and more kids believe the stereotypes that the media has provided for the ever stable database of memory in their heads. When a child is born in a society so motivated by technology and television, what other choice do they have but to watch television? The babysitters use it as a 4) to make their job easier (though I could not agree more in that case), parents so they can calm their kids down, and adolescents because they want to watch something or are bored. The problem with the excessive viewing of TV is that it is decreasing the amount of thinking done by people; children especially. This scares me seeing as children are easy targets; vulnerable, impressionable, and naive, they are the ideal targets. Watching mindless shows like Power Rangers and Beavis and Butthead, children are becoming more and more unlikely to really 5) . Books and complicated plays make people think. Poems make people think. Television, on most occasions, does not. The reason for this is because our society is a lazy one, and a 6) one at that. No one wants to think anymore, so they put mindless crap out there like Teletubbies that they think will entertain small children. I think there should be more decent 7) out there like Alfred Hitchcock only the children?sversion of it. Maybe that is the children?sversion of the Matrix. But something to make kids think. Anything has got to be betterthanwhat?soutthere now. 答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗analogy解析〖〗本词意思是:比拟，比较。将电视节目比做人在精神上获得糖果正是一种比拟的手法。assimilate与analogy 有相近的意思，但前者是及物动词，后者是名词。 2.答案〖〗excess解析〖〗本词意思是:过度的，如:You have to pay for excess luggage on a plane.在飞机上你得付超重的行李费。前面刚刚赞扬了将电视节目比做人的精神甜品，但紧接着语气一转，作者提到在某种情况下就不合时宜了。这里指的是糖吃多了不好，实质上是在说电视看多了有副作用。因此我们选择excess(过分的)来填充此空格。 3.答案〖〗waddling解析〖〗本词意思是:蹒跚而行，摇摇摆摆地走，如:The ducks waddled across the road.鸭子摇摇摆摆地穿过马路。本段将吃糖与看电视展开来进行比较，wadding在此为现在分词，描写饮食过剩而肥胖的人走路的样子。Well fed, well bred. 衣食足而后知廉耻。 4.答案〖〗means解析〖〗本词意思是:方法，手段，单复数同形。如:Wealth is a means to an end, not the end itself.财富是达到目的的手段，而不是目的本身。从空格前、后的内容“use it as a...to make...”可知这里需要一个表示“方法”“手段”的名词。那么我们为什么选中means，而不是其它词语，如method, way或mode呢,现在让我们来看一下这些词的具体用法:首先来看means，该词主要指“方法”“手段”，词义相对单纯;method所表示的“方法”指做某事的具体步骤或程序，也可以指抽象概念“条理”，如:To do this, scientists have to devise methods using radar and underwater television.为此，科学家还要设计出使用雷达和水下电视的方法;mode是个正式词汇，有时可与method互换，多指由传统或习俗形成的方式方法，或因个人喜好而采用的方式方法，如:This is the author’s peculiar mode of expression.这是那位作家所特有的一种表达方式;way相对于其它单词是个最常用的非正式词汇，可以用来代替前面提到的任意一个单词。由于way常出现在许多固定的词组中，可见它的使用是非常频繁的。在不少含有way的词组中，理论上使用诸如method，mode等词表达会更准确，但是那样会破坏词组的生动性，如: He always has his own way.他总是随心所欲。这里的way意同mode，因为是在说“个人喜好的方式”;另外do something in this way中的way就是method的意思，但并不用method。与“方法”相关的词语介绍了这么多，希望大家能够熟练掌握。 5.答案〖〗think 解析〖〗本词意思是:想，思考，思索。文章一直都在强调过多收看电视的害处，特别是对青少年。在空格的前面我们可以看到一些电视节目名称，不能确切掌握是什么节目并不影响理解句意，因为这些节目前有一个修饰词mindless(无意义的)，由此我们可知看多了这些节目会让孩子们习惯于虚幻世界，从而渐渐疏于思考。在选择意为“思考”“思索”的词汇时我们还应将一些同义词拿出来进行比较:think, reflect, reason, speculate 答案〖〗think 解析〖〗(1)think(名词为thinking或thought)有“思考”、“揣测”、“预料”等很丰富的意思。该词在表示“思考”时目的是为得出结论，但在“思考”时所形成的概念未必清晰，所得出的结论未必正确，如:You can think about it and let me know your decision later.你可以把这事考虑一下，以后再把你的决定告诉我。 (2)reflect(名词为reflection)它表示的“思考”是过去发生过的，或是现在存在的。这个词一般表示严肃认真地、静悄悄地思考问题，如:Take your time to reflect before doing important things.在做重大的事情之前要从容不迫地思考一下。 (3)reason(名词为reasoning)它表示的“思考”或“推理”具有逻辑思维的过程，开始于某种假设或前提，经过推理而形成概念，如:Man’s ability to reason makes him different from the animal.人类的思考力使自己不同于动物。 (4)speculate(名词为speculation)所表示的“思考”亦有逻辑的意思，但强调思考中的推测成分，多缺乏可作为依据的充分资料，其假设和前提仍有可疑之处，如:The philosopher speculated about the future of the human race.这位哲学家考虑过人类的前途。 通过例句，相信大家一定能够很好地掌握以上提到的有关“思考”的词汇知识。 6.In for a penny, in for a pound. 一不作，二不休。答案〖〗corrupt解析〖〗本词意思是:堕落的，不可靠的。段落一开头作者摆明了能让人动脑筋思考，即对人有莫大帮助、使人进步的是书籍、诗歌等，进而批评电视在多数情况下没有这样的功能。那么原因何在呢，作者认为正是由于人们贪婪地看电视才使得人们变得懒惰。懒惰的社会不会是进步的社会，故空格处和lazy并列的形容词应为一个能够进一步描述懒惰社会恶劣情况的词，这里使用corrupt很贴切，也很形象。 7.答案〖〗stuff解析〖〗本词意思是:材料，原料。此处作者表达的意思是希望电视节目的内容更适合少年儿童观看，让更有教育意义的节目帮助并伴随孩子的成长。这里stuff一词指代电视节目。使用这个词“原料”“材料”是因为它可以指代丰富的内容，如具体的电视节目、电视人物甚至广告等。 第八天:过渡性词语(1) 【芝麻开门】 过渡性词语在一篇文章中的作用举足轻重，一篇文章中句与句、段落与段落之间各种关系的体现都离不开过渡性词语，而作者贯通思想脉络，使段落思想表达清晰、流畅的“万金油”也是非过渡性词语莫属了～ It is not the fine coat that makes the gentleman. 使人成为君子的并不是讲究的衣着。 【活动教室】 Passage 1. Physical Punishment Physical punishment has been a problem in hitting their children so they can have discipline or not hitting them because it is not right, 1) can parents do and what can they not do? Should the parents hit them to learn discipline, 2) they not hit them and figure out another way to make them learn what discipline is? 3) many parents do not know or are confused in showing their children how to gain discipline， they do not know whether to hit them or not to hit them. Many people think that by hitting their children that they are showing them violence 4) other people say that if you do the children would understand that they did something wrong and would not repeat it and gain discipline. What can parents do? First of all，parents feel that the children are theirs, and they can spank them when they misbehave. There are many factors that lead to physical punishment: parents were too young and not ready for children, parents are going through a divorce and need to take out their anger on something or someone, 5) parents do not know another way to punish their children. These children grow up to be aggressive and often abusive towards others. 6) parents think this is the only way of educating their children，there are many other alternatives. There are other alternatives to punishing the children for their bad behavior. There are less severe punishments besides spanking. 7) , they can take away their television privileges, computer use, and playing outside with their friends. Next, they could ground them for the weekend and cancel plans. 8) parents could take the time to sit and talk to their children about their bad behavior. Physical punishment may cause a child psychological problems. First, if the physical punishment starts at an early age，the child will be used to being physically punished, 9) , his or her self-esteem may severely negative as he or she grows up. Second, it is a life-affecting act to physically punish a child because they will be traumatized. 10)parents should think twice before they can physically punish their children. What they should think of is what problems they are causing the child in its life. In conclusion，every parent must take consideration that the negative affects that spanking may cause a child. Pride hurts, modesty benefits. 满招损，谦受益。答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗so what解析〖〗由该句结尾处的问号及and 后的what可推断空格内应为疑问词what，且为使上下文连贯顺畅，填入so what 最恰当。 2.答案〖〗or should解析〖〗此处是和上半句形成并列关系的句式，因此应重复should并加上表示选择疑问的or。 3.答案〖〗Because解析〖〗此处需要一个表原因并能够引领下文的单词，我们选用because。在这种情况下我们常会想到两个词，because 和for，通常情况下两个表“原因”的连词是可以互相代用‎‎的。because多用于表示直接原因，for可以表示原因又可以用于提出说明，语气比前者轻得多。because引导的从句一般放在主句后，有时也可放在主句前，而for引导的句子只能放在后面。另外在回答Why的问句时，只能用because而不能用for。再者，for不能跟not...but句式连用，如:(1)I did it not because I liked it but because I had to do it.(正确)(2)I did it not for I liked it but for I had to do it.(错误) 4.答案〖〗but解析〖〗该空格前后为两种截然不同的观点，故此处用表转折的but顺理成章。转折、承接性的连接词的学习和运用看似简单，实际上彼此很容易混淆，如果这部分知识掌握不扎实，就很难达到练就地道英语的目的。现在我们来比较一下相关的词语:but, however, still, nevertheless, yet这些词的词义接近，都表示转折和让步。 (1)but用来引出微弱的相反的意见，是口语常用语，如:Sally was amused, but I was very embarrassed.萨莉很开心，但我却很尴尬。 (2)however比but的词义还要弱些，并不直接引出相反的意见，因此常用作插入语，如:The most surprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere.不过，答案〖〗but解析〖〗关于这架飞机最使人吃惊的事情是，它可以在任何地方着陆。 (3)still还，还是，如:It is true that winter is over; still, it is almost as cold.冬天已经过去了，这是事实，但天气还是那么冷。 (4)nevertheless的含义为即使做出完全的让步，也没有任何影响，或者说也不是决定因素，如:There was no news; nevertheless, she went on hoping.一点消息也没有，但她仍抱着希望。 (5)yet的含义为即使做出极端的让步，也不会发生期待的结果，如:He worked hard, yet, he failed.他干得很卖力，然而却失败了。A man who fears suffering is already suffering from what he fears. 害怕痛苦的人其实已经在承受他所害怕的痛苦了。 5.答案〖〗or解析〖〗在进行事物等的罗列时，我们常会用到的有and(表纯粹的并列)，or(不然，否则。意思比较丰富)，还有就是单纯用逗号连接。现在我们来具体体会一下单词or。 (1)表选择，当主句的人称与数不一致时，动词随最近的主语而变化，可解释为“或，或者;还是”，如:John or you are in Class Two.约翰或你在二班。 (2)表示不明确，在翻译时不直接译出，“大约，或者”，如:two or three miles 两三里(距离) (3)引导同义词或说明语，“或者说，即”，如:late last night or rather early this morning昨晚深夜，或更确切地说今天一大早。 (4)常和else连用，“否则，要不然”，如:Make haste, or (else) you’ll be late.快点，要不然就晚了。 (5)在否定结构中否定前后二者，“不„„也不”如:He cannot read or write.他既不会读也不会写。 (6)表让步，“不管„„还是”，如:Rain or shine, I’ll go.不管下不下雨，我都去。 6.答案〖〗Although解析〖〗根据句意填入表“虽然„„但是”的承接词最恰当。在使用although时，请大家特别注意，主句中不能再用but，但可用副词nevertheless，yet等，在多数情况下，可与though通用，也可简写成altho，但在正式文章中不宜简写。 7.答案〖〗 First解析〖〗本段的主要内容是告诉父母们如何使用更加温和的方法来教育孩子。这段条理很清楚，主要是一些教育方法的列举，因此这个空格在稍后的next一词的提示下我们可得出答案是first。 8.答案〖〗Last of all解析〖〗该段的最后一条内容，也可用finally 或The third。这是一段饱含劝解的文字，相比之下如果我们使用finally或the third就显得有些生硬，不够生动。所以last of all是我们的首选。 9.答案〖〗therefore解析〖〗此处需要一个承上启下的词，用“因此”最恰当。Therefore多用于推理，“因此，因而”，如:He was the only candidate; therefore, he was elected.他是惟一的候选人，因此他当选了。 10.答案〖〗Eventually解析〖〗修饰整句的副词，表“最后”，如:He worked so hard that eventually he made himself ill.他工作太卖力，最后自己病倒了。Adversity is a good disciple. 逆境是锻炼人的最好场所。 Passage 2. Pros and Cons of Having Hands in the Pockets There are far more pros for students having their hands in their pockets. 1) let?slookatthe comparisons and weigh up the results of the two anyway. Let’s look at the cons to start with. The main con is that Mr. Pinto is against students having hands in their pockets. 2) why is Mr. Pinto against hands in pockets? As he has explained，he feels that it is disrespectful, for he believes that when your hands are in your pockets，you are not listening properly. 3) there is the belief of the nineteen sixties and seventies that when young men or women have their hands in their pockets，it will lead to them masturbating. This was frowned upon at the time 4) now it is more acceptable. This may also be a contributing factor to why Mr. Pinto has made a stand against hands in the pockets. For he is old enough to have lived through and taken in these rudimentary views (no disrespect intended). 5) the pros can easily rebut the allegation of the cons. Young men as energetic as they will be are constantly requiring to do something. Think of the pockets as a restraining device to prevent fidgeting and fooling around with other students. In this way，the pockets prevent students from being distracted from the speaker 6) the subject they should be observant of. This prevents the students from having a disrespectful response. 7) comes the comfort factor. Students claim that it is more comfortable to have their hands in their pockets when they are standing up. Heed that it is proven that people have longer attention spans, listen more attentively, and remain calmer and more relaxed when more comfortable. This leads to a greater increase in the productivity of the studens or listents?actio‎‎ning skills. 8) it has been proven students having their hands in their pockets will make them better and more attentive listeners and prevent them from getting up to mischief. Is it better the students have their hands in their own pockets than be fooling around in someone else? 答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗Nevertheless解析〖〗本词意思是:(尽管如此)还是，仍然。作者在文章的一开头就提出了一个观点，即对于学生双手插兜的现象，赞成的态度多一些。该词起到引领全文的作用，即便我们有这样的认识，还是应该看一下具体的讨论和比较。Nevertheless有即便做出让步，影响仍很小的含义。 2.答案〖〗Still解析〖〗该词在此是一个连词，表示“但是，仍然”，如:He is dull; still he tries hard.虽然笨，可是他很刻苦。该词在句中起强调的作用。Art is long, life is short. 人生有涯艺无涯。 3.答案〖〗Also解析〖〗为承接上一段的内容，继续列举人们对于学生将手插兜的不赞成观点，这里用表示“也，还是”的词来连接上下文。当提到“也，还是”含义的词时，我们不禁会想到很多常用的同义词，除also之外还有too, likewise, besides, moreover, furthermore等，现在我们来回顾这些词的用法:所有这些副词都是介绍附加内容之用的。相比之下，also在语气上比too正式一些，试比较:He is gentle, but he is also capable of fierce intellectual combat.他很温和，但他也能够进行激烈的斗智。If you buy a car, you’ll need a parking place, too. 如果你买辆车，你还需要一个停车场。再看likewise，它比also更加正式，并可能暗示各成分之间的平等和相似，如:You forgot to mention that her parents were likewise going to attend the ceremony.你忘了提到她父母也可能去参加仪式。besides经常引出一个加强前面内容的成分，如:I don’t feel like cooking; besides, there’s no food in the house. 我不想做饭，而且家里已经没有可吃的东西了。moreover强调要出现事物的重要性，如The cellar was dark and forbidding; moreover, I knew a family of mice had nested there. 这个地窖阴森可怕，而且我知道那有一窝老鼠。furthermore同moreover类似，常强调要出现事物的重要性，如:I don’t want you to go, furthermore, I forbid it.我不想让你去，而且我也禁止你去。 4.答案〖〗whereas解析〖〗本词意思是:然而，反之，鉴于。和十九世纪六十年代相比，现在的观点有所变化，故用连词“然而，反之”连接两个时期的看法。 5.答案〖〗However解析〖〗说过了人们对于双手插兜的反面看法后，至此该引入对这一问题的正面看法了，因此用however“不管用何种方法”引导。该段主要在说明正面作用多于负面作用。 6.答案〖〗or解析〖〗在这段中提到了和反面观点不同的看法，即青年学生双手插兜可以集中他们对关注的人或事的注意力，从而提升他们对关注对象的尊敬感。空格前后为并列关系的人和事，我们知道通常人只能在同一时间与人或物打交道，何况这里还有一种强调专一的意思存在，因此我们使用“或者”，而不用orand“和”之类的词语。A crooked stick will have a crooked shadow. 身不正，影必斜。 7.答案〖〗Then解析〖〗本词意思是:然后，之后，后来，如:I cooked the meat and then I washe d the pot.我烧好肉，然后刷了锅。then表承接，跟随刚才提到的关于学生双手插兜的现象的正面分析之后出现了一系列更能佐证正面效果的结论。 8.答案〖〗As解析〖〗本词意思是:(表原因)由于，既然。文章的结尾段对全篇进行总结归纳，主要内容为:既然学生双手插兜能够收敛他们的注意力，使他们不再淘气，那么将手放入口袋不是比吊儿郎当更好吗。这里的一个词组fool around常用于口语中，意为“吊 儿郎当”。 【友情提示】 记住常用的过渡性词语，多多益善。因为这对于你的文章至少会有三大好处:一、通顺连贯;二、句式多变，三、凑点字数。 Youcan?teatyourcakeandhaveitalso. 世事两难全。 第九天:过渡性词语(2) 更多新新英语作文:考研英语作文写作汇编 Passage 3. Barbie Dolls and Self Image There is a noticeable comparison 1) thepoem“TheMirror”BySylvia Plath & the article“Barbie”that appeared in the Newsday Tuesday November 18, 1997. The comparison is about how people look, and how society could reflect how you may feel about your looks. Calamityisman?struetouchstone. 患难是人的试金石。In the poem “The Mirror”, it tells about a lady who dislikes the way she looks. She thinks of herself as being ugly. In the article，it tells how Mattel (the makers of Barbie) want to change the looks & features of Barbie. The reason for wanting to change the looks is because the makers of Barbie made Barbie too , compared to normal people. Now being pretty is not a bad thing. 2) for little girls growing pretty up they may feel like they want to look like Barbie. Barbie is very skinny and has a great face. 3) little girls may stop eating or doing other things, so they could look like Barbie. 4) it won’t happen, Barbie is a doll. People are real，not Barbie dolls. In the poem it shows how the lady wants to be pretty. 5) the lady takes short cuts to make her self look better to her self. Such as being in a candle lit room. 6) when the lady is in a regular lit room，she becomes ugly to her self again. The reason Mattel is changing the appearance of Barbie is because little girls impact on the way society looks upon them. 7) this could hurt someone?sselfesteem, and could damage the way someone looks upon oneself. In the poem the girl tries to make her prettier, by creating artificial prettiness. 8) in the end the mirror never lies. The poem & the article compare about how the way people look and feel, and how society has a role on their lives. 答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗between解析〖〗空格前的comparison 意为就两个或多个项目是否相同、相似、相等而进行考察的过程。空格后面我们又看到了两个不同事物的出现，毋庸置疑，这里一定需要一个介词与comparison相搭配，共同表达两者之间的比较。 2.答案〖〗But解析〖〗这里but起到连接上下文的作用，主要用于引领下面的内容。 3.答案〖〗So解析〖〗由于芭比娃娃非常美丽，受到大家的宠爱，所以小孩子要效仿她的样子，这里用表顺序承接的连词so“因而，所以”。 4.答案〖〗But解析〖〗此处表示转折，这是对孩子们不吃饭而去模仿芭比娃娃的模样的做法的否定。空格后面还清晰地给出了理由，即芭比是个娃娃，言外之意她可以变成任意样子，而我们是真正的人，因此我们不能象娃娃一样。 5.答案〖〗So解析〖〗在介绍了芭比娃娃这一事件之后，紧接着向我们展示了文章开头诗歌中提到的那位女士，她为了某个目的而实施了行动，这里空格处需要的是一个承上启下表示原因的单词，我们选用so，“因此”，如:He was sick, so they were quiet.他病了，所以他们 很安静。 6.答案〖〗But解析〖〗为配合句子前后意思的变化，此处用一个表转折的词来填充。本段的主要意思是，女士为了让自己看上去美丽，特意剪短了头发，并在有烛光的屋子里呆着，但是，当她出现在普通的地方时就又变得很丑了。 7.Who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl. 近墨者黑。答案〖〗And解析〖〗为实现语气和意思的连贯，这里用一个表并列的连词。但 和，并且”的意思并不突出，它主要起到使文章中句与句之间紧密相连的作此处and表示“ 用。 8.答案〖〗But解析〖〗此处but，“但是”，表示一种强烈的，无可争议的转折关系，也是在提醒人们事实的不可逆性。最后想请大家注意的是，我们在练习各种文章的写作时，总是把注意力集中在老师强调的文章主题要有新意等问题上，而忽略了循序渐进地练习相对简单、基础的知识，如转折、连贯等的表达法的重要性。事实上，文章的主干部分是最重要的，而要想做好这些工作，全靠我们的基本功。只有我们的基本功炼扎实了，才能在中心、主题等方面标新立异，施展无穷的才华。所以希望大家通过这篇文章的练习能够体会到在必要时频繁使用BUT并不一定会让文章失色。 Passage 4. Teachers and Society Teachersare“engineers of the human souls.”1) to many college graduates, teaching is probably the last thing they want to do, 2) the teaching profession in our country is often associated with . In the rural areas, the situation is 3) worse: many teachers have no low pay and poor housing moonlight to survive. 4) , teachers are making enormous contributions to our country. Every year thousands and thousands of well educated graduates enter the labor force and play important roles in various fields. Many of them have become achieving scholars and scientists and have contributed much to the advancement of China’s science and technology and to her modernization programs. Teachers，needless to say, can claim part of the credit. 5) , we should not be too optimistic about the future of our education, 6) China?slongtradition for putting a high premium on education. By comparison, education receives very little attention and investment from the government, its budget totaling less than three percent of the country?sGNP. 7) the last decade has witnessed some progress in improving the educational infrastructure and the teachers living conditions, there is yet world of problems to be solved. Constant dropping wears away a stone. 滴水穿石。答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗But解析〖〗开篇第一句话打了双引号，显然这是一句对于老师公认的至高无上的评价，但根据空格后面的内容，我们可以推断出学生对于教师这一职业的态度并不像引语中说的那么积极。因此这里我们用一个转折连词but。 2.答案〖〗for解析〖〗社会上既然将老师这一职业大加赞赏，为什么和老师接触最多的学生们不愿意选择这样的未来呢,这是每一位读者都迫切想知道的事情，空格后面的内容就是对这一问题做出的解释。根据空格的位置(for在接表原因的句子时只能放在主句后面)和意思，我们用表原因的for。 3.答案〖〗even解析〖〗人们不想当老师的原因已经很清楚了，这里作者还想进一步介绍老师在物质方面的窘迫，所以谈到了乡村教师，在此要表达一种强调语气“更”“还”的意思，我们使用副词even，此处是even与比较级连用表示“比„„更加”“比„„还要”的意思。 4.答案〖〗Yet解析〖〗虽然，尽管如此。大家是否注意到该段第一个词后紧接着就是一个标点符号，我们通过观察发现被标点隔开的空格中需要的不是起关键作用的主语或其它句子中的重要成分，因此它要么是一个呼语，要么就是个修饰全句的副词或连词，如果是呼语或副词，在此文讲不通道理，那么它应该是一个承接上文、引领下文的连词，且该词有强调的语气。最后想为大家补充一点的是，在正式文体中，当yet表示“迄今”这一意思时，需与现在完成时动词连用，而不能使用一般过去时动词，如:(1)He hasn’t started yet.(正 e didn’t start yet.(错误) The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are 确)(2)H loved. 生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。 5.答案〖〗Unfortunately解析〖〗该段第一句话有些长，但在句子的主干部分没有空格出现，因此在我们理解句意时不会有太大偏差。第五个空格应该是一个承上启下的单词，在此它若是一个副词更合理些，这里我们根据句意，使用unfortunately，现在举个例子来体会一下该词的用法:Unfortunately, the show was one of the dullest we have ever seen.不幸得很，这次演出是我们所见过的最乏味的演出。 6.答案〖〗despite解析〖〗本词意思是:尽管，即使。该空格引领的句子是对主句的补充说明，这里主要表达的意思是，尽管中国有着悠久的重视教育的传统，但其前景仍不慎明朗。在这半句中我们再来巩固一个词组，put (offer, place, set)a premium on重视，促进，鼓励。 7.答案〖〗Although解析〖〗为了能够和句子中的yet相呼应，同时兼顾文章的内容，这里我们选用although一词。该词用在主句中，可与副词yet，nevertheless等连用，但不能与but连 希望大家在使用时特别留心。 用，这是一个与我们的汉语相悖的用法， 第十天:过渡性词语(3) Passage 5. Is It Possible to Persuade Mankind to Live Without War? War is an ancient institution which has existed for 1) six thousand years. It was always wicked and 2) foolish, but in the past，the human race managed to live with it. Modern ingenuity has changed this. 3) man will abolish war, 4) war will abolish Man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the gravest danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an 5) greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skilful in massacre, but by arbitration in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is 6) to change age,old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted. You never know your luck. 命运好坏不由己。 There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war. I believe this to be a profound error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic (教条主义的) assertions which are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their adherents believe in them so fanatical that they are willing to go to war in support of them. The movement of world opinion during the past two years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the international 7) , but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between East and West, but between Man and the H bomb. 答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗at least解析〖〗这里需要一个修饰时间的词组，使用at least“至少”可以使句子 该词组用于从最低可能去判断，不少于。 在表达意思方面更客观。 2.答案〖〗usually解析〖〗在空格前我们能够发现一个可以给我们解题很大启示的单词and，对比它连接的成分可以推断出空格中缺少的是类似always这样能够修饰形容词的表示“通常，大多数情况下”的单词，通过这些信息我们可以得出答案，即usually。 3.Sow nothing, reap nothing.春不播，秋不收。答案〖〗Either解析〖〗要么„„要么。用在以“或”连接的两个或多个并列成分或分句的第一个之前，如:Either we go now or we remain here forever.要么我们现在走，要么永远在这里呆下去。 4.答案〖〗or解析〖〗还是either...or的词组，在此我们来具体看一下这个词组在使用时应注意的方面。在either...or结构中，两个连接词后应跟并列成分，试比较:(1)You may either have the ring or the bracelet.(2)You may have either the ring or the bracelet.你即可以有戒指也可以有手镯。显然，第一种说法不符合要求是错误的，而第二句是正确的。当作为句子中主语的either...or结构中的所有成分都是单数时，动词也应用单数，如:Either Mary or Tom has been invited. 马丽和汤姆都被邀请了。类似地，当所有成分都是复数时，动词也应用复数，如:Either the Clarks or the Keys have been invited.克拉克全家和凯全家都被邀请了。以上提 值得注意的是最后一点，即当结构中既有单数成分又有到的几点相信大家都会用得很好， 复数成分的时候，动词该采取什么形式呢。关于这一问题人们的观点并不统一，但普遍认为动词的人称和数应与离得最近的名词或短语相匹配，因此我们说Either Eve or the Keys have been invited.而不说Either Eve or the Keys has been invited. 5.答案〖〗even解析〖〗更加。这里需要一个能够加强语气的副词。前面提到核武器将造成严重后果，但相比之下细菌和化学武器的危害更大。even正是用在后半句之中以强调新武器的危害。 6.答案〖〗not easy解析〖〗和 difficult作用相同，此说法可以避免生硬的语气，更加符合英语表达的习惯。 7.答案〖〗sphere解析〖〗本词意思是:(活动)范围，(研究)领域，如:We move in different spheres.我们在不同的领域里活动。该词与我们平时所见常见的表“范围”的词不同，它表示的意思相对广些，现在我们来看一下其它表“范围”的单词:rang, scope, reach, compass，它们都含有“某事所能做的或所包括的范围”的意思。range指“运用心、眼、机器、力量等所能概括的整个范围”，如:the range of his knowledge他的知识面。scope指“活动、影响等的范围”，特指“了解，见解、适用性以外的范围”，如:It is within my scope.那是在我的范围之内。reach指“手、运动、智力、影响等能及的范围”，如:It’s beyond the reach of human aid.那是人力所不及的。compass着重“某物所能活动的范围”如:speak within compass在限定范围内讲话。The wealth of the mind is the only wealth. 精神的财富是惟一的财富。 Passage 6. Man and Nature It is self evident that man depends on nature for survival and development. 1) everything man possesses derives from nature. It is nature that has shaped man himself and his civilization. 2) the history of the development of human civilization is also a historyofman?sincreasing destruction of nature. In primitive societies, people were completely at the mercy of their natural environment. In the agricultural era, 3) large scales of land cultivation and prodigious irrigation projects caused serious deforestation. The damage to natural environment and ecosystem has even been much greater since the “Industrial Revolution”, our land, rivers, oceans and air have now been seriously polluted by poisonous gases, waste drainage and other pollutants released from factories. Man has damaged the environment almost to the extent of ruining his own living space. This has been frighteningly evidenced by the revenges nature has wreaked on man in return: the green house effects, acid rains and the gradual depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. 4) we want to continue to live in this world, we had better try the best to protect our natural environment, 5) the maintenance of a harmonious relationship with nature is a matter of life and death to us. 答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗Almost解析〖〗本词意思是:几乎，差不多。在此表示程度，但如果我们使用and，在语法上是正确的，但相比之下没有almost准确、生动、贴切，也很难和后一句联系起来。 2.答案〖〗Ironically解析〖〗本词意思是:讽刺地。这一副词用于修饰整个句子，从句意中我们可以看出人类的文明发展史也是人类破坏自然的历史，这种做法无疑是自相矛盾的，但这又是事实，很具有讽刺意义。 3.答案〖〗however解析〖〗从空格出现的位置判断，这里缺少的应该是一个插入成分，或类似though，however的连词。根据前后句子内容上的关系，我们可知这里需要一个表示转折关系的连词，在并列连词中，however可表示意思的转折，并且常用于句中，前后用逗号隔开。 4.答案〖〗If解析〖〗本词意思是:如果，(表假设)要是，如:If need be, we’ll work all night.如果需要我们就干个通宵。根据主句的句意，“„„，我们不得不„„”推断空格引领的应该是一个条件句，所以选用if。 5.答案〖〗for解析〖〗for用于表示原因。这里将上一句中提出的假设人们必须履行义务的原因做了解释，说明维系人类与自然的和谐关系是生死攸关的事，人类只有爱护自然，才能进而达到爱护自己的目的。You can't judge a tree by its bark.人不可貌相。 第十一天:主题句训练(1) 要想概括段落的中心思想，反映作者的写作意图，我们必须借助一个概括性的句子，即主题句，它是段落的核心所在。所以，写好一个段落的前提便是写好主题句。 【活动教室】 Passage 1. 请根据段落其它信息推断总结出适当的主题句。 Clothes do not make the man. 人不在衣装。 1). From the chief executive to the office cleaner, everyone must accept this as the first priority over everything else in the company. In other words, everyone in the company must be sales oriented. The telephone operator the accounts clerk the storekeeper and everyone else must know how to handle enquires and customers politely, correctly. If the appropriate person is not around, the other staff should take orders if necessary, and even encourage order. The deliveryman must be willing to serve and please customers, and when called upon, he must be able to push and to show new products, accessories, etc. to get more sales for his company. Whether you are seeing hoses, hotel rooms, building contracts or exhibition services, you must ensure that you and your organization get enough sales, customers, clients, contracts or business to ensure a good regular inflow of income for your company. Everybody in the organization must understand that sales are the oxygen in the air that the organizational body breathes. Without sales the body dies quickly; with insufficient sales it dies slowly. 2). In other words, get the customer to reserve, to place orders in advance, and to sign a contract, to pay a deposit, or better still, to pay you in full before you acquire and deliver the product. Many hotels accept reservations for their rooms even before construction of the hotels is completed. Remember, youdon?thavetobuybefore you sell. The biggest deals aremade“noorder”. Sold before you have them. 3)when you are really in an out of stock position, your sales people have to learn instead to feel apologetic for being unable to convince the customer to wait. Mercedes and even Honda cars, or a long time, were sold on a waiting list. Even restaurants make sales on order. Similarly, furniture, shirts and big manufacturing orders are some of the many examples where things are sold before they are made. Customers will wait for anything if they want it badly enough. To be both a speaker of words and a doer of deeds. 既当演说家，又做实干家。 答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗The whole organization— all the members of the staff must acknowledge and under stand this: selling is the most important activity of the organization.解析〖〗该段主要介绍从事 商业的人员都应了解销售的重要性。在行文之中作者反复重申从事销售的人员，不论是主管还是店员，都应以销售为最主要的工作内容。判断主题句具体内容的主要方法就是通过本段分述部分的理解和归纳得出结论。我们可以从第一段主题句后看到“In other words”，这表明紧接着这句后面的内容既是我们应找的答案。因此可知本文第一段的主题句内容为:在整个销售领域中所有工作人员都必须了解销售的至关重要性。 2.答案〖〗Sell before you buy, whenever possible.解析〖〗同第一段很相似，这一段在主题句之后紧接着就出现了一个解释性词组“In other words”“也就是说”。这对于我们归纳中心非常有帮助。本段所有细节都是在强调从业人员要想尽办法首先实现销售这一理念，作者还一再强调在进货之前就将销售订单签好是最成功的做法。基于此，我们将这段的中心内容确立为:只要有可能，你应提前卖出未进的货物。 3.答案〖〗Train your sales people never to use the excuse, never to feel justified in saying “no stock can’t sell”.解析〖〗本段列举了诸多经营有道的商家在无货的情况下照常进行销售活动的事例。这里依然在强调无论遇到什么困难，如没有货物可售，商家还是要坚持实现销售为先的原则，不能将没货或无法销售作为拒绝顾客的托词，这也是本段的中心意思。 Passage 2. 请根据段落其它信息推断总结出适当的主题句。 Factors That Influence Teen Violence1). Teens face many situations that cause these problems. Several factors are mass media, society’s view on the “perfect” person. 2). One might see a violent movie and decide to re enact the scenes thus causing harm to one?sselfortoothers. Hidden meanings of racism and hate are put into music. Teens hear the words of their supposed role models and think it is OK to follow in their foot steps. When reading of such violent acts as the Oklahoma City bombing or the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman, it is taken to most that anyone can get away with crime. 3). To be considered “in”, you must fit the role of the “perfect person”. As young adults, teens are trying to find themselves. They look toward celebrities and leaders for a goal. They try to buy the right clothes, wear the nicest shoes, and be present at all the social events. To fit in, some are pushed to the edge. If you are caught in a dark alley at the wrong time, you might be killed just for your name brand shoes. Competition among fellow teens leads to jealousy and jealousy leads to violent acts.4). Learning not to believe everything they see and hear will help to come to reality with this ever changing world. Self esteem and confidence inone?sselfareveryattractive qualities to possess. Violence will lessen as teens become more alert and smarter. Variety is the spice of life. 变化是生活的调味品。 答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗In today’s society, the teenage population has experienced an increase in violence. 解 析〖〗从题目中我们可看出这是一篇通过列举、说明来阐述问题的文章。文章将主要围绕对青少年有暴力影响的种种因素展开，那么第一段往往会以开门见山的方式开始，明确提出要讨论的问题，即以上我们确立的主题句。 2.答案〖〗Television, radio, and newspapers are all ways of transferring messages to people.解析 〖〗本段具体介绍了邪恶的暴力是从哪些方面侵入青少年的生活的，即通过各种媒介。青少年时期的孩子很易受外界的影响，喜欢模仿，当然很容易受到媒体的种种影响，特别在暴力犯罪方面他们易受到误导。本段就是对这一现象进行阐述，首先将各种媒介的作用进行介绍，从而引出其它细节，这也是很关键的一点。 3.答案〖〗Society can often be a harsh world to live in for a teen.解析〖〗该段介绍了另一个在暴力方面对于青少年有影响的重要因素——社会。为什么我们生活的社会会成为影响青少年健康成长的原因呢,社会对于“优秀”青年的要求很高，很多人是愿意被社会认可的，但在成长过程中若被无限膨胀的攀比之风左右，那么有些孩子便会走向犯罪的边缘。因此对于青少年，我们可以说社会是苛刻的。 4答案〖〗Teenagers who follow their own morals and good judgment will find that they will be in less troublesome situations.解析〖〗除最后一段外，文章一直在描述青少年受多种影响而有暴力倾向的原因。那么孩子们只能这样艰苦地挣扎着，不断地回避着各种诱惑与威胁吗,如果真是这样那就太可怕了。在文章的结尾，作者阐述了青少年自信心的培养在避免暴力问题上的重要性，这也是作者最后给我们的希望。 Little goods, little care. 钱财少，不烦恼。 Passage 3. 请根据段落其它信息推断总结出适当的主题句。 Is the Death Penalty Cruel and Unusual Punishment? 1). According to the Merriam Webster collegiate dictionary, cruel is defined as: disposed to inflict pain or suffering devoid of humane feelings. Unusual is defined as: not usual, uncommon, or rare. Punishment is defined as: suffering pain or loss that serves as retribution. Should capital punishment be viewed as retribution used to cause pain or suffering without humane feelings, and is it uncommon? 2). Punishment by death is the ultimate punishment and one that cannot be taken back. A jury is instructed to determine guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but with a punishment as final as death, any doubt should be reason enough for a person to live. Forcing a jury to decide whether a person should live or die is wrong. If the jury decides the person should die, then they have just committed the same crime they just sentenced someone to die for, murder. The jury then has to live with the fact that they killed someone. Just this stress put on the jury is enough to call the death penalty inhumane, not to mention the years the inmate will have to sit on death row knowing that at any time, it could be their turn to be strapped in to die. As far as the death penalty being unusual, since the U. S. is the only western democracy to still use the death penalty, it would be safe to say this punishment is uncommon. 3). Some look at it as an eye for an eye, but as Mahatma Gandhi once said, an eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind. As we head into the next millennium, it is time we modernize our punishments of criminals just as we have modernized every other aspect of our lives. 答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗In order to determine whether the death penalty is to be considered cruel and unusual punishment, it is necessary to first define each word in order to get full understanding of the issue being assessed.解析〖〗首段除主题句外，主要是将标题中的关键词逐一进行了解释，解释的出处为韦伯斯特词典，这也显现了文章内容的准确性。将关键词进行解释的目的在于看清问题、分辨是非，以便更好地为文章服务。这篇文章的题目是一个选择疑问句，要得出正确的答案，首先就应统一我们对问题中的字句的理解。通过我们对第一段的上述分析可得出本段主题句的主要内容为“为确定死刑是残忍的还是不同寻常的刑罚，将涉及的关键词解释清楚有助于问题顺利地讨论”。 2.答案〖〗The message that is sent out by killing a murderer is if you kill, we kill. 解析〖〗Man struggles upwards; water flows downwards. 人往高处走，水往低处流。第二段篇幅相对较长，能够给我们提供的可参考的内容也就多 同时也谴责了陪审团了起来。作者在本段中详细记述了犯人在被陪审团判处死刑的过程， 这样做的另一种意义。该段对问题的深入探讨，揭示了死刑这种惩罚的不可溯性，作者认为判杀人犯死刑的也在杀人，所以他最后说死刑是一种不同寻常的刑罚，即在第二段结尾处作者已将本文的问题做了答复。我们把这一段的中心提炼出来就是:如果我们判处杀人犯死刑，实质上我们自己也在杀戮。 3.答案〖〗The death penalty should not be carried out in any case.解析〖〗从这最后一段的陈述中我们可以深切地体会到作者不赞成执行死刑，他认为死刑不应再被继续执行下去，人类在其它方面不断进步时也应将死刑等类似的刑罚加以改进。若将这段内容浓缩概括为一句话就是我们需要的主题句:不论何种情况，死刑不应再被执行下去了。 【友情提示】 想写出合格的主题句吗,铭记以下四个要点你就会做得更好: 完整主题句结构要完整，即结构符合语法规则;意义要完整，即主题句是一个符合逻辑的完整命题。 清晰主题句表意要清晰明确，不使用意思含混的词或句子。 具体主题句的内容要明确具体，否则不利于段落的拓展。 贴切主题句一定要用词贴切，简明达意，使段落的拓展有一个良好的基础 第十二天:主题句训练(2) Passage 4. 请根据段落其它信息推断总结出适当的主题句。 Route to Success No sweet without sweat. 幸福来自汗水。1). You must always be diplomatic so that you do not put people in a defensive position. When people are forced into a defensive position, they close their minds and will not listen to you. Whenever possible, it is better to deal with problems calmly and logically, and without hostility. 2). People should be more civilized. Scolding, accusing, and threatening will only make the person as mad as you are at him, and nothing will be solved. In fact, it will probably create even more problems! Say things in a way that doesn?thurtpeople?sfeelings. Remain calm and logical on the outside. But inside you must have strength and intensity. 3). Let the other person know that you want to help solve his problem as well as you own, so that everyone will be satisfied and no one will be angry or hurt. Try this way and you will be a successful one. 答案与解析: 1.答案〖〗In order to be successful in your dealings with people ， you must use that right approach.解析〖〗从题目可知这是一篇关于我们都很熟悉的话题的小文。但要提醒大家注意的是，当我们在做类似的题目或者遇到类似的考题，审题时一定不要陷入思维模式的惯性中。也就是说不能完全以我们个人的相对狭隘的思路来左右文章，而应跟随文章作者的思路往下走;根据作文的具体要求审题、拟稿。现在让我们来分析一下第一段，该段从正、反两方面阐述与人交际时正确方法的重要性。再根据标题和段落中的具体内容我们可以判断该主题句内容应为“与人交往时取得成功的方法”。 2.答案〖〗It is rarely helpful to get angry and emotional.解析〖〗在谈论正确的待人接物方法问题之后自然会涉及到与人交往时应避免的一些情况及不应持有的态度，这也是第二段的主要内容。那么它的主题句就可以被确定为“愤怒和情绪化对良好人际关系的确立没有帮助”。 3.Better the last smile than the first laughter. 宁可最后微笑，不要首先狂喜。答案〖〗In dealing with a problem, be nice and understanding.解析〖〗热情、积极地对待别人、帮助别人解决问题你就会很成功。在最后一段中作者将与人交际中正确的做法，即到底应该怎样做才会得到人们相应的良好回应做了阐述，那么这一部分的中心内容可以归纳为:解决问题时要做到亲切且善解人意。 第十三天:篇章训练 【芝麻开门】 正如我们在第7天和第8天所介绍的，谋篇布局的方法有很多种，今天我们就这方面所学的知识加以操练。 One for all, all for one. 我为人人，人人为我。 【活动教室】 Passage 1. 请用一支彩笔把下面文章中首段和末段中的背景内容划出来，找出这两段的中心思想。 Zoo Animals Human beings have always wanted to hunt wild animals, not only for food or sport, but also to keep in captivity. Many cities have zoos with a large collection of animals on show. Some zoos such as the Singapore Zoo and Taronga Park in Sydney are famous tourist attractions. Zoos have both positive and negative aspects. Sometimes keeping animals in captivity benefits the humans and sometimes the animals benefit; but, at times, the animals suffer as a result of their confinement. Zoos give most people in the world their only opportunity to study wild animals at close quart ers. Even people who are lucky enough to go on a wild life safari in Africa are not able to see animals at such close range. In some zoos in Australia it is possible for visitors to wander among animals such as kangaroos and deer and feed them by hand. For urban children it is a delight to actually see the animals which they have seen on television. Zoos also provide scientists with the opportunity to study animals over a period to time. Scientific research conducted on zoo animals adds to human knowledge, and it benefits animals too. Treatments for diseases which have been developed for animals in captivity can be made available for all animals. Another advantage of having zoos is the possibility they provide for captive breeding programs. Animals?species which are endangered or on the edge of extinction can be encouraged to breed within a controlled, protective environment. This is crucial for such animals as white rhino, pandas and tigers. However, some animals in zoos are not treated well. Sometimes their living quarters are cramped and unnatural. It is common to see tigers and panthers pacing the floors of their cages for hours bang their heads against the walls of their enclosure. Their plight can be much worse in countries where economic hardship causes their food to be rationed and their health neglected. In some parts of the former Soviet Union keepers struggle to look after the animals with little funding even for their own wages. This is no doubt that people will continue to want to be able to see wild animals in captivity. However, people should make sure that the animals that live in a zoo and give us so much pleasure have a good life themselves. 答案与解析: Background information in the introduction paragraph: 答案:Human beings have always wanted to hunt wild animals, not only for food or sport, but also to keep in captivity. Many cities have zoos with a large collection of animals on show. Some zoos such as the Singapore Zoo and Taronga Park in Sydney are famous tourist attractions. 解析:通常介绍性材料的内容多出现在文章的第一段，这篇文章也不例外。本文主要讨论的是人与动物园中动物的关系，文章的导入部分为第一段的前三句。介绍了人类对于动物的一贯做法，即除食用、运动等目的之外，人类喜欢狩猎，并把动物囚禁起来。这样一来很多城市中的动物园的存在就变得合理化了，有些甚至成了当地著名的旅游名胜地。以上内容就可看作本文的背景内容，主题句出现在这部分之后。Background information in the conclusion paragraph: 答案:This is no doubt that people will continue to want to be able to see wild animals in capti vity. 解析:这句话是出现在最后一段，往往也是结论段的对客观事实的陈述，属于基本情况范畴，故为本题的答案。它揭示了人们对于动物园中动物的依赖之情，在文章的正文部分作者已将动物园存在的利弊一一列举出来，那么要想延续人们囚禁野生动物的愿望关键在何处呢，这就要看本段的主题句了。The main idea in the introduction paragraph: 答案:Zoos have both positive and negative aspects. 解析:这句带有评论性的语言很显然就是这部分的主要内容，甚至可以看作是本文的中心内容。在此之后的内容是对这句话的解释说明。The main idea in the conclusion paragraph: 答案:However, people should make sure that the animals that live in a zoo and give us so much pleasure have a good life themselves. Truth needs no color.真理不需要打扮。 解析:最后一段的最后部分作者带有很大的主观性，这也是多数文章在之前提出问题、分析问题，之后解决问题并用以结束文章的方法。在此作者给出了建设性建议，在继续让动 物们生活在动物园的同时，人类应保证享受动物乐趣的同时使动物们有良好的生存条件。 这是一篇思路清晰、叙述简洁的文章。在文中作者分别阐述了动物园对人类及动物的利弊，我们应通过阅读这篇文章学会对一事物进行正、反两方面对比的写法。 Passage 2. 请阅读以下笔记，然后写一篇有关澳大利亚和新西兰这两个国家的比较和对比的文章。 Aspects Australia New Zealand Land form two islands, two islands Location South Pacific South PacificLinks with Britain Colony & British Commonwealth. Colony & British Commonwealth Language-English , EnglishWar experience, fight as ANZACS in WWI and WWII, fight as ANZACS in WWI and WWIISheep industry, large sheep population and wool industry large sheep population and wool industryPopulation about 20,000,000 about 4,500,000area large, not as large as Australia?sdesert large no 答案与解析: Every why has a wherefore. 凡事必有因。 Australia and New Zealand are alike in many ways. They both consist of two islands, and are similarly located in the South Pacific. Britain made colonies of both countries, and they have membership of the British Commonwealth in common. English is the official language of the two countries. Australian and New Zealand soldiers fought together as the ANZACS (Australia and New Zealand Army Corps) in World War I and II. Both countries have large sheep populations, and the wool industry is very important to the economies of each. However, there are also some differences between the two countries. Australia?spopulation of about twenty million is considerably larger than that of New Zealand which is approximately four and a half million. Australia?slandareaisalsomuchgreater than New Zealand?s. A large part of Australia?sinterior is desert but that is not the case in New Zealand. 分析:文章分为两部分，其中第一部分在给出材料的基础上把两个地区相同的地方集中起来进行描述。用“A and B are alike in many ways.” 总领全段，在行文之中使用similarly, both之类的词语将两个地区自然地联系起来进行比较，这样一来即表达了准确的意思，又做到句式简洁、多变化。在第二部分中，即文章的第二段，集中描述了两地的不同之处。用However作为承上启下的连接，首句中的also更显得文章不失连贯性。不同点方面的比较也可通过不同句式表达，例如文中出现的比较句，和最后一句——前面肯定而后面使用否定语气的句式等。 Keeping is harder than winning. 创业难，守业更难。 美文赏析 Book Knowledge vs. Personal Experience? On the cartoon, we can see a man with glasses sitting beside a well. He is fishing while reading a book in which it is said that fish can not live without water. Therefore he thinks he might get fish from the well where there is water. But can he get fish? The answer goes without saying. Like the man on the picture, some people argue that book knowledge is more important than practical experiences. According to them, books are sources of knowledge because books record the experience of many other people, and human beings can not have made so much progress without the help of books. Unlike these people, some others regard personal experiences as more valuable. They think that without practical experience one can never change book knowledge into his own, and that is why today s schools are paying much attention to social practice. In my opinion, both book knowledge and personal experiences are of importance. On the one hand, we can learn from other people s experience so that we will not waste our time. On the other hand, we need to put book knowledge into use to make it part of our own knowledge. It is a good idea to relate the former to the latter. 本文以一幅漫画引出，第一段先描述漫画;第二段提出一些人的观点:认为书本知识比个人更重要;接着第三段指出了另外一些人的观点:认为个人经验比书本知识更有 在最后一段中表明了作者自己的观点，即两者都重要。文章思路清晰，选词用句准价值; 确而富有变化，使人读起来不会感觉乏味。 第十四天:图表作文练习 图表作文可细分为表格、曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。其写作指导中只是对短文提出二至三项要求，而这些要求则类似提纲，因此这类作文往往可以按照所给要求自然分段。 图表作文给出不同形式的图表或图画，且图表又多配有数据或说明。写此类作文时，首先要以题目中的要求(requirements)为指导，审慎解读图表，准确把握图表传递的信息，将其扩展成文。 Never do things by halves. 做事不可半途而废。 【友情提示】 前面我们已经提过图表作文可细分为表格、曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。弄懂这四种图在写作方面的各自特点，我们才可以写好这种类型的作文: ，从中找出其变化规律。 1) 表格形式要求考生对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析 2) 曲线图形式要求考生认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并且密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。 3) 柱形图形式要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，因此考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。 4) 圆形图形式旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的圆形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。 【活动教室】 1.用一般现在时描述图示内容 在现今的信息时代，数据是非常重要的，以图表或图例的方式显示复杂的数据可以使人们对所提供的信息一目了然。下面的练习为图示描述，请注意:描写要做到清晰准确。 Diagram 1:某城市家庭月消费情况示意图 A 城家庭月消费情况图 该图所显示的信息没有特定的时间限制，它表示的是该市市民的平均消费情况，因此我们在描述数据时要使用一般现在时。 请在下面的文章中填入一般现在时动词，使文章意思完整，同时请注意连接词(粗体字)的用法。 The Diagram 1) the average monthly expenditure per family in City A. Food 2) the biggest expense, costing 30% of monthly income, while consumable household goods (such as soap, toilet paper, etc.) 3) 6%. 9% of the household budget 4) spent on entertainment, and 5% each on cigarettes and alcohol. Housing 5)12% per month whereas fuel, light and power 6) another 6%. Transport expenses 7) 10%, 9% 8) on clothing and the other 8% 9) towards various other goods. No cross, no crown. 未经苦难，得不到荣冠。 答案与解析: 1.答案 shows 解析:本词意思:“指示，显示”。比较show与display的用法:show的使用范围很广，也常用在非正式场合，如:This last scene shows you what will happen at the end of the harvest.最后这个场面向你表明收获结束时进行的活动;display强调“摆出来给人家看，或把要给人家 以期待好的展示效果。”如:The peacock is displaying its fine tail 看的东西精心陈列出来， feathers.这只孔雀在展示自己美丽的尾部羽毛。 2.答案:is 解析:主+系+表结构中的系动词，be第三人称单数的一般现在时，其缩写形式为?s。在陈述事实时这种句式非常实用。 3.答案:account for 解析:本词组意思:“占”。在此表示家庭日用品的消费额在总额中所占的比例。该词组还有另外一个常用的意思是:“解释”“说明”，如:Can you account for the serial failures in our experiment? 你能解释我们实验屡屡失败的原因吗, 4.答案:is 解析:这里的系动词和后面的动词过去分词共同构成一般现在时的被动语态。 5.答案:takes 解析:该词的汉语注释很丰富，此处与cost(花费)意思相同。 6.答案:cost 解析:本词意思:“花费”。该段主要介绍与消费有关的信息，因此要使用与钱币相关的动词。另外，句中的主语可看作多种物品的罗列，因此动词用一般现在时的复数形式。 7.答案:amount to 解析:本词组意思:“总计”“合计”“总计达”。如:In fact, your ambiguous words amount to a refusal.实际上，你说的那些模棱两可的话等于是拒绝。 8.答案:is spent 解析:一般现在时被动语态，表示“花费”。被动语态与主动语态交替使用，可避免文章句式单一。 9.答案:goes 解析:go的第三人称单数一般现在时。此处意为“达到”。这也是为避免与上面频繁出现的表示“是”的动词重复。 2.用一般过去时描述图示内容 很多数据表示的都是过去的情况，下面的图示即数字为过去一年中约翰的销售业绩，每季度为一个对比周期。 (qtr,quarter) The fire is the test of gold; adversity is the test of a strong man. 火对金子是考验，逆境对人是磨练 。 Diagram 2: 约翰每季度的销售情况 1st Qtr $1250〖〗2nd Qtr $1250〖〗3rd Qtr $1800〖〗4th Qtr $5700 请在下面的文章中填入一般过去时动词，使文章意思完整。 Diagram 2 shows the percentage of his total sales which John in each quarter of the last financial year. The final quarter the best period when he $5700 of all his sales. In both the first and second quarters his sales to $1250 and in the third quarter her sales $1800 of the total. 答案与解析: 1.答案:made 解析:本词的意思和用法很多，在此句中的意思是:“赚(钱)”。如:He made a profit of $500.他赚了500美元。 2.答案:was 解析:Be的第三人称单数一般过去时。此处是对过去客观事实的陈述。 3.答案:made 解析:此处的make意为“(通过工作)赚(钱)”“挣得”，如:make money 赚钱。 4.答案:amounted 解析:本词在此与其后的介词to构成固定词组，意思是:“总计”“等于”，如:His debts amount to over $3000.他的欠债总数已达三千多美元。 是”。用于陈述过去的客观情况。 5.答案:were 解析:Be的过去时复数形式，“ 【超级链接】 Bad times make a good man. 艰难困苦出能人。 第十五天:图示作文练习 1. 曲线图描写练习1 请将下面的曲线图用动词的一般过去时填充。 Speed 运动鞋厂2001-2002年销售情况 The graph shows sales trends for the Speed Sports Shoes Company for years 2001 and 2002. For the first six months of the period, shoes sales 1) sharply reaching 5,500 by June. However in the second half of the year, the trend 2) with a dramatic fall to 1,250 shoes sales in December. The first two months of 2002 again show a steep climb to a new peak of 6,500 sales in February. o 4,250 in June, however, the year 4) positively with sales figures rising steadily to A decline 3) t reach 10,000 by December. 答案与解析: 1.Doubt is the key to knowledge.怀疑是知识的钥匙。 答案:rose，解析:rise的过去式，上升，升高，如:Prices have risen steadily during the past decade.过去十年间物价一直在上涨。 2.答案:was reversed，解析:一般过去时的被动语态，“被倒转”。根据图表显示，此处应为由上升转变为下降，相比前期这是一种颠倒的情况。 3.答案:followed，解析:在此意思为“延续(至„„)”。比较follow，ensue，succeed这三个词的用法:follow是常用词，指“继之而来或继之而去”，如:Spring follows winter.冬去春来。ensue为正式用语，指“随之引起”或“接着发生(„„的结果)”，如:Clouds appeared and rain ensued.云来雨至。而succeed强调“时间、顺序上随之而来”、“接替某人(物)”，如:He was not willing to succeed his father as manager of the business.他不愿意继承父亲任公司经理。 Sharp tools make good work.工欲善其事，必先利其器。 4.答案:finished，解析:意为“结束”“终止”。Finish和complete 这两个动词都有“完成”的意思，有时可以互换使用。有时却有明显的词义差异:finish表示过去某个时候着手做的事已经做完，或表示对已做完的事进行精密加工。例:The writer has finished (or completed) the novel.如果作为读者，可以说“我已经看完这部小说了”，用英语表达只能为“have finished the novel”但如果是文学系的学生，老师布置了任务，要读完这部小说，那么必须用“complete”。complete侧重表示做完或完成某工作，特别是一项任务，或把某工作圆满结束。例:The house was completed five moths ago.这座房子是五个月前竣工的。 2. 曲线图描绘练习2 Below are descriptions of sales data for a TV set company. Draw a graph to match the description.The graph shows sales figures for the FI TV set Company for the years 2002 and 2003. In the first month of 2002 sales figures climbed dramatically with 4,000 sets being sold by February. Then sales remained steady until June. In July there was a sharp fall to 1,750, but, after this, there was another steep rise to 3,250 in September and then a steady increase which continued right through until the end of 2003. This healthy trend is good news for the company which finished the year with sales of 7,250 after a jump to 8,000 in the previous September. 答案与解析: 根据文字提示先将给出的数字所对应时间的点找到，之后根据其它信息指示将所有关键点连接起来即可完成此题。怎么样，图例试题也没那么难吧～ Wasting time is robbing oneself. 浪费时间就是掠夺自己。 第十六天 图画式作文 【芝麻开门】 Nurture passes nature. 教养胜过天性。今天我们要开始讲解图画式作文，近两年考研英语写作试题均为图画题型，所以我们应该认真对待。 考研英语图画作文讲究“画面简单，主题深刻”，从1998年到现在的6次图画作文均具备这个特征，考生在历年真题中见过:母鸡下蛋、船和鱼、油灯、微笑的美国女孩、温室里的花朵以及2004年到达终点的跑道上的人。我们进入了一个典型的图文世界，也是一个充满寓言象征的世界。若缺乏丰富的想象力便只能就图说图，写出只有小学水平的作文来。 【构思要诀】 图画作文的基本审题过程一定包含“以小见大，把握象征寓意”的过程。图画式写作是较 面对此类题型，考生应首先确定主题，然后再动笔。 难的题型之一， 第一步，看仔细。考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究，尤其注意图画中人或物(人与物)的体貌表情特征和背景，确定人物之间，人物与背景之间的主要关系，以便正确掌握图画所传达的信息。如果图画以系列形式(即两幅以上)出现，还应该对图画之间的相应联系有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。 第二步，拟提纲。根据图画内容的不同，采用不同的段落发展方式。如果画面内容是以描述为主，即按空间方位或时间先后顺序排列，可采用“开头——扩展——结尾”的写作方式。如果画面内容是以解释说明为主，写作时则先给出主题句，再围绕主题句完成各段落的写作，这是采用“主题句——扩展句——总结句”的写作方式。 第三步，突出主题。展开段落要根据画面内容进行，同时也要围绕每一段的主题句进行。 第四步，小修改。考生应重点检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来，题目所给提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在与画面不相符的内容，或未能完全涵盖题目所给提示，应做出相应修订。 【实例点评】 接下来，我们分析一下2003年的漫画考题，并抽调当年的高分实考样卷，加以点评。 写作题目 Directions: Study the pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following: 1. describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning 2. point out its implications in our life 2003年的考试题为“温室中的花朵经不起风雨”，题目本身就显得话里有话，意犹未尽。我们提到，图画作文的基本审题过程一定包含“以小见大，把握象征寓意”的过程，画面虽然简单，但要把一个简单的事物和一个大的群体进行结合联想，还要联系实际，否则很难切入宏大的论述主题。 There is no garden without its weeds. 没有不长杂草的花园。观察两幅图画不能只看到温室和花朵，还要以小见大，与主题和现实意义挂钩联想。花儿可以代表“独生子女，成长中的青少年”;温室代表“父母的溺爱和优越的物质生活条件”等;风雨呢，可以理解为“逆境的考验，特别是现实社会中的残酷竞争”。 中国古训中有“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来”的名句，结合现实中独生子女由于 即父母要多给子女独娇生惯养而不能独立面对困难的问题，通过两图对比得出现实意义， 立面对困难的机会，年轻人要多经历风雨、挑战和逆境考验才能走向成功。 参考范文: The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in two different living circumstances. As is shown in the first drawing, the flower is placed in a cozy greenhouse which shelters it from the severe wind and storm. With proper temperature and other good conditions, the flower is growing in full bloom. In contrast, when removed from the green house and exposed to the wind and storm, the flower immediately fades and withers, with most of its petals cast about on the ground. The implied meaning conveyed by the drawings should be taken into account seriously. The weak flower is naturally associated with our young people, to be exact, the only children in our current society; the green house epitomizes our parents? excessive doting care and material supplies that can protect the children from the wind and storm, to be specific, the harsh reality. Once our young people begin to seek independence and face challenges from the real competitive world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough to endure the hardships and difficulties of various sorts. In sum, it is essential for our young people to derive positive implications from the above thought?provoking drawings. Only by undergoing more predicaments can young people develop strong personality and ability needed in the future, and only in this way can they eventually become winners in our competitive changing world. 这篇作文在当年获18分的高分，文章结构衔接紧凑，紧扣题目要求，层次分明。大家如果能够达到这个要求，往往就不难拿到高分;另外，每一段的段首句是写作中的重中之重，老师阅卷时往往没有时间细看每一句，几秒钟就扫视完全篇，本文的段首句都是主题句，然后用一两句话分层次展开，简单分析，最后一段归纳升华，或者总结概况。 【友情提示】 揭示寓意，切忌盲目求新。譬如，2003年的作文题目是一组漫画，汉语标题为“温室花朵经不起风雨”。按出题者的本意，其中心思想应当是根据卷面所提供的两幅漫画和汉语标题注解，论述当今部分青少年犹如温室的花朵经不起风雨，其重点应当围绕青少年的挫折，发表自己的见解。而有人却反其道而行之，误解为我们应当保护青少年不受风雨侵袭。像这样的作文，不管描述多清楚，文字多优美，也别指望获取写作高分。 一定不要放过图中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些写作要点。另外，面对漫画题型，考生应该展开合理而丰富的联想，用生动而恰当的言辞抒发自己对图画的所思、所想、所感。 「他山之石」 经典句式及惯用表达 我们在下面归纳总结出“秘密武器”式的经典句式、惯用表达等，供同学们借鉴使用。 1) as is known „„ 2) it is a common saying that „„ 3) it is clear that „„ 4) it is hard to imagine „„ 5) it’s hard to say whether „„ 6) it must be pointed out that „„ 7) it is (has been) estimated that„„ ) it must be kept in mind that„„ 8 9) it can be seen from this that „„ 10) it seems certain that „„ 11) the set of drawings above vividly depicts„„ 12) simple as it is， the symbolic meaning the picture conveys is deep and profound. 14) as we know， it was not until recently that the problem was solved. 15) it is certain that we have a long way to go. 美文赏析 Modesty Modesty is one of the many qualities that young people should possess. It makes us foresee our imperfections. It gives us the impetus to go forward. Most important of all, it makes us accessible and creates favorable conditions for us in interpersonal contacts. However，many young people do not seem to realize the importance of modesty. Some of them just feel satisfied with a little success， without the slightest desire to make further progress. ， totally ignoring other people’s suggestions and Others have too high an opinion of themselves advice. Consequently，their immodesty often drives them up against the wall. Worst of all， immodesty takes many young people away from their colleagues and friends. Therefore， they find fewer people with whom they can confide. To be modest， the first thing to do is to have a full understanding of your deficiencies. No matter who you are and no matter how talented you are， you are unlikely to be all powerful.In fact， you will always， in spite of your talents， find things about which you feel helpless. Besides， you should also admit other people’s strong points and try your best to learn from them. If you keep these two points in mind， you are on the right path to developing modesty. 谦虚是一种美德，这是任何时候都不过时的话题。文章行文流畅，句式变换多样。