Unit10西方文化导论

U3_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesGetStarted_mainGetStartedGetStarted1.AGeneralIntroduction2.FocusInGetStarted_1.1GetStartedGetStarted_1.1GetStartedModernismwasbornattheturnofthe20thcenturyandsweptmanycountries.Manysocialandpsychologicalproblemsfoundexpressioninculturalandliteraryform,thusrepresentingtherealmoodandemotionoftheordinarypeopleintheWestwhoweretornbycountlesstroublesarisingoutofthesocial,politicalandculturalcontradictionsandclashes.Atthisjuncture,theemergenceofanumberofschoolsofsocialideologyinthelate19thcentury,suchasFreud’stheoryofpsycho-analysis,Bergson’stheoryofintuitionalismaswellastheseeminglyirrationalideasofSchopenhauerandNietzschehelpeddefineandclarifythespiritualneedsofthoseintellectuals.Theseideologicalvarietiesfurtheremancipatedpeople’smindandgavethembothcourageanddirectiontotapthenewareaofhumanknowledgeandideology.GetStarted_1.2GetStartedInawaythechangeoftheculturalandintellectualclimateinthisperiodhadsomethingtodowithromanticismandculturaltrendofthetime.Moreradicalmodesofcreationappeared,firstinpoetryandthenspreadtootherformsofwritingandart.Theyweremorerebellious,moreradical,moreopposedtotraditionandsocialrealityandmoreconcernedwiththeirownformsofsubjectiverepresentation.Suchachangedapproachmovedeventuallyintomodernism.Symbolismasanaestheticmovementopenedthewayfortheeventualarrivalofmodernism,agrandandcomplicatedculturalmovementtakingformatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Itincludedliteratureandartandembracedmanyschoolsofideologicalrebellionandalternativeformsofartisticrepresentation.Itmarkedtheinceptionofareallyneweraintermsofculturalandintellectualdevelopment.GetStarted_2.1GetStartedTounderstandthebackgroundanddefinitionofmodernismTocomparethedifferentmodernisttrendsofliteratureTogetfamiliarwiththemajormodernistfiguresTogettoknowtheliteraryandculturalcriticismofneweraTextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.AGeneralAccountofModernismII.ModernistTrendofLiteratureIII.ModernistLiteratureinBritainandOtherEnglish-speakingCountriesIV.LiteraryandCulturalCriticismofNewEraTextStudy_I_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasTheearlysignsofModernism(themiddleofthe19thcenturyinFrance)—Baudelaireinpoetry/Manetinpainting/Flaubertinprosefictiontwoschoolsofartsandletters:impressionismandsymbolismThedefinitionofModernism(byMorrisBib)—i.twoextremes:thereestablishmentofreligiousfaithontheonehandandthedefenceofindividualist,anarchistcultureontheotherii.onemiddleline:thevacillationbetweenfaithandbewilderment,beliefandsuspicionMainIdeasasalientcharacteristicofModernism—individualawarenessThecoreofModernistthought—i.thesenseofdespair,bitternessandanxiety:thedeathofallmodernidols:God,man,reason,science,progressandhistoryageofanxiety:anxietyofmeaninglessness(lossofaspiritualcenter,faithandvalues)ii.thematurationofthemodernistmovement:literaryrevolutionbythe“lostgeneration”:torebelagainstthesenselessslaughterofWWIandthetraditionalvaluesartisticrevolutionbytheDada:tobreakwiththevaluesofthe19thcenturyanditsphilosophicalandpersonalmaterialismanditsrationalismTextStudy_I_1.5TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.5TextStudyMainIdeasModernistperformancesinliteratureandart—features:representbothprogressiveandradicaltendencies;insistuponthesubjectivityexpressivemeans:expressionism,cubism,post-impressionism,futurism,etc.emblem:theadversaryculturemajorfiguresamongwriters:T.S.Eliot,JamesJoyce,GertrudeStein,VirginiaWoolfmajorfiguresamongcomposers:ArnoldSchoenberg,IgorStravinsky,AntonWebernmajorfiguresofmoderndance:EmileJaques-Delcroze,RudolfLaban,LoieFullerMainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.5TextStudyMainIdeasModernistInfluence—tobringaboutavarietyofModernistgenresandgroups:Bolsheviktendencies,InternationalStyle,avant-gardeactivity,etc.torevoltagainstthevaluesoftheIndustrialRevolutionandbourgeoisconservativevaluestocauseaseriesofculturalandartisticworksdifferentfromtraditionalformofarttoopenawayofthinkingandcreationtohumanculturalandspiritualdevelopment,andmovetothePostmodernisteraMainIdeasmajorfiguresamongpainters:EdouardManetmajorfiguresamongarchitects:LudwigMiesvanderRohe,LeCorbusierTextStudy_I_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsRealpolitik(powerpolicy)实力政策:Itreferstopoliticsordiplomacybasedprimarilyonpowerandonpracticalandmaterialfactorsandconsiderations,ratherthanideologicalnotionsormoralisticorethicalpremises.Inthisrespect,itsharesaspectsofitsphilosophicalapproachwiththoseofrealismandpragmatism.Realpolitikisatheoryofpoliticsthatfocusesonconsiderationsofpower,notideals,morals,orprinciples.BalancingpowertokeeptheEuropeanpentarchywasthemeansforkeepingthepeace,andcarefulRealpolitikerstriedtoavoidarmsraces.ThemostfamousGermanadvocateof“Realpolitik”wasOttovonBismarck.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermstheLostGeneration迷惘的一代:AtermfirstusedbyGertrudeSteintodescribethepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwriters:menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.ThetermiscommonlyappliedtoHartCrane,ErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,andothers.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsDadaorDadaism达达主义:AculturalmovementthatbeganinZurich,Switzerland,duringWorldWarIandpeakedfrom1916to1922.Themovementprimarilyinvolvedvisualarts,literature—poetry,artmanifestoes,arttheory—theatre,andgraphicdesign,andconcentrateditsanti-warpoliticsthrougharejectionoftheprevailingstandardsinartthroughanti-artculturalworks.Itspurposewastoridiculewhatitsparticipantsconsideredtobethemeaninglessnessofthemodernworld.Inadditiontobeinganti-war,Dadawasalsoanti-bourgeoisandanarchistinnature.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsInternationalStyle国际风格:Amajorarchitecturalstylethatemergedinthe1920sand1930s,theformativedecadesofModernistarchitecture.ThetermhaditsoriginfromthenameofabookbyHenry-RussellHitchcockandPhilipJohnsonwrittentorecordtheInternationalExhibitionofModernArchitectureheldattheMuseumofModernArtinNewYorkCityin1932whichidentified,categorizedandexpandeduponcharacteristicscommontoModernismacrosstheworld.Asaresult,thefocuswasmoreonthestylisticaspectsofModernism.Hitchcock’sandJohnson’saimsweretodefineastyleofthetime,whichwouldencapsulatethismodernarchitecture.Theyidentifiedthreedifferentprinciples:theTextStudy_I_2.6TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsexpressionofvolumeratherthanmass,balanceratherthanpreconceivedsymmetryandtheexpulsionofappliedornament.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.6TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsavant-gardeactivity先锋派运动:Avant-garderepresentsapushingoftheboundariesofwhatisacceptedasthenormorthestatusquo,primarilyintheculturalrealm.Thenotionoftheexistenceoftheavant-gardeisconsideredbysometobeahallmarkofmodernism,asdistinctfrompostmodernism.Manyartistshavealignedthemselveswiththeavant-gardemovementandstillcontinuetodoso,tracingahistoryfromDadathroughthesituationiststopostmodernartistssuchasthelanguagepoetsaround1981.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesFillintheblanks.ComprehensionExercises1.TheearlysignsofModernismemergedinthemiddleofthe19thcentury.Intheartsandletters,twoschoolsoriginatinginFrancehadparticularimpact.Theywereandsymbolism.2.ThebroadlyacceptabledefinitionofModernismwasgivenbyMorrisBib,whostatedthatModernismshouldcontainandonemiddleline.3.TheartistswhorebelledagainstthesenselessslaughteroftheWWIandraisedtheliteraryrevolutioninthe1920swerecalled.impressionismtwoextremesthe“lostgeneration”________________________________________TextStudy_I_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesComprehensionExercises4.InthevisualartstherootsofModernismareoftentracedbacktopainter,whobrokeawayinthe1860sfrominheritednotionsofperspective,modeling,andsubjectmatter.5.ThesecondstageofModernismis,aperiodwithmorereflectiononandpositiveattitudetowardsthepast.EdouardManetPostmodernistera____________________________Fillintheblanks.Modernism,initsbroadestsense,ismodernthought,character,orpractice.Morespecifically,thetermdescribesbothasetofculturaltendenciesandanarrayofassociatedculturalschools,originallyarisingfromwide-scaleandfar-reachingchangesinWesternsocietyinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.Thetermencompassestheactivitiesandoutputofthosewhofeltthe“traditional”formsofart,architecture,literature,religiousfaith,socialconventionsanddailylifewerebecomingoutdatedinthenewconditionsofeconomic,socialandpoliticaldevelopmentsundertheinfluenceofindustrializationandcolonization.TextStudy_I_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussSaysomethingyouknowaboutModernism,includingitsperformanceandfeatures.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_I_4.2TextStudyThinkandDiscussModernism—despiteitscomplexityandmultiplicityintermsofideologicaltendenciesandrepresentationmodes,couldberegardedbasicallytobeirrational,thatis,inoppositiontorationaltraditionoftheWesterncultureandcivilization.Historyhasrepeatedlyprovedthatanyradicaldriveortrendcouldnotlastlongandsodidmodernismwhich,withallitsjustifications,onlysurvivedafewdecadessinceitsbeginningandhadtodeclineandfinallydisappearedasamovementthoughsomeofitsideasandformsortechniquesstillmaintained.Thereasonissimple—noonecouldnotrejectallThinkandDiscussTextStudy_I_4.3TextStudyThinkandDiscusstheinheritanceshisancestorshavepassedontohimnomatterwhethertheseinheritancesarevaluableenoughforhimtobenefitfrom.Inthatsensepeopleaftermodernism,particularlytheculturalpeopleorintellectuals,havetotakealessonfromModernistMovement,thattheyshouldbecautiousaboutthewaytohandleculturalheritageandneedtotrytomakeuseofthepositiveelementsfromtradition.ThinkandDiscussdeath,dusk,autumn,fallenleaves,tollsatgrave,burned-outcandles,etc.representativestoneofworksthemesBaudelaire,RimbaudVerlaine,MoreasMallarme,ValeryTextStudy_II_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeascharacterizedbypain,frustrationandsorrowdenyrationalknowledgeandlogicalthinking;ignorerealityanduseintuitionalpower;expressidealisticbeautiesinabstractimageMajorSchoolsofModernismSymbolismideasErnestHulme,EzraPound,T.S.Eliotrepresentativesimagebeingtheessenceofintuitionallanguage;catchimagesinlifebyintuitionalpowerideasImagismMarinetti,D’AnnunziorepresentativesTextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasdenytheimportanceofpastculturalheritage;eulogizemodernurbanlifeandthemachine-agecivilization;advertformalism;usemathematicalsymbolstocreate“futureart”FuturismideasModernistTechniquesofExpressioni.preferenceforthesymbolicii.fascinationwiththeabsurdiii.disillusionmentwiththetraditional(anti-fiction,anti-drama)iv.representationofinwardnessTextStudy_II_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasdramatists:EugeneO’Neil,BertoltBrecht,JohanAugustStindberg,novelist:KafkaMetamorphosiTheTrialandTheCastlerepresentativessocialcrisisandman’salienationarethecentralconcernExpress-ionismideasTextStudy_II_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermscubism立体主义:A20thcenturyavant-gardeartmovement,pioneeredbyPabloPicassoandGeorgesBraque,thatrevolutionizedEuropeanpaintingandsculpture,andinspiredrelatedmovementsinmusic,literatureandarchitecture.Thefirstbranchofcubism,knownasAnalyticCubism,wasbothradicalandinfluentialasashortbuthighlysignificantartmovementbetween1907and1911inFrance.Initssecondphase,SyntheticCubism,themovementspreadandremainedvitaluntilaround1919,whentheSurrealistmovementgainedpopularity.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermssurrealism超现实主义:Aculturalmovementthatbeganintheearly1920s,andisbestknownforthevisualartworksandwritingsofthegroupmembers.Surrealistworksfeaturetheelementofsurprise,unexpectedjuxtapositionsandnonsequitur;however,manysurrealistartistsandwritersregardtheirworkasanexpressionofthephilosophicalmovementfirstandforemost,withtheworksbeinganartifact.LeaderAndréBretonwasexplicitinhisassertionthatsurrealismwasaboveallarevolutionarymovement.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsthestreamofconsciousness意识流:amodernistliteraryschoolemphasizingpsychologicalrepresentation,featuredbyinteriormonologueandassociative(andattimesdissociative)leapsinsyntaxandpunctuationthatcanmaketheprosedifficulttofollow,tracingacharacter’sfragmentarythoughtsandsensoryfeelings.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsexistentialism存在主义:Atermappliedtotheworkofanumberofphilosopherssincethe19thcenturywho,despitelargedifferencesintheirpositions,generallyfocusedontheconditionofhumanexistence,andanindividual’semotions,actions,responsibilities,andthoughts,orthemeaningorpurposeoflife.Existentialphilosophersoftenfocusedmoreonwhattheybelievedwassubjective,suchasbeliefsandreligion,orhumanstates,feelings,andemotions,suchasfreedom,pain,guilt,andregret,asopposedtoanalyzingobjectiveknowledge,language,orscience.Theearly19thcenturyphilosopherSørenKierkegaardisregardedasthefatherofexistentialism.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesMatchthefollowingschoolsofmodernismwiththeirrepresentatives.Schools(1)symbolism(2)futurism(3)imagism(4)expressionismRepresentativesa.EzraPoundb.Baudelairec.EugeneO’Neilld.MarinettiComprehensionExercisesTextStudy_II_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussTellthemajorschoolsofmodernismandtheircommontechniquesofexpression.Themajorschoolsofmodernismare:symbolism,futurism,imagism,expressionism,etc.Althoughtheyhavediversitiesintheirrepresentativemethods,thecommontechniquesofexpressiontheyshareare:preferenceforthesymbolic;fascinationwiththeabsurd;disillusionmentwiththetraditional(anti-fiction,anti-drama);representationofinwardness.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_II_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasEarlyModernistEventsandFiguresEzraPoundTextStudy_III_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasanguishanddepressionofsocialturmoilHughSelwynMauberleyWorksEventsFiguresThemesofWorksinitiationofimagismHulmepost-warAnglo-AmericanmodernismD.H.LawrenceTheRainbow,WomeninLovesicknessofmoderncivilization,humanpsyche,psychologicalalienation,intellectualdeclineTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasdarksideofmodernwesternsociety,spiritualemptinessandrootlessnessofmodernexistenceT.S.EliotPrufrockandOther,Observations,TheWasteLandTextStudy_III_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasIrishWriterscreativity,selfhood,theindividual’srelationshiptonature,timeandhistoryWritersWorksThemesorMethodsofWritingW.B.YeatsTheWildSwansatCoole,MichaelRobartesandtheDancer,TheTower,TheWindingStairpartlyrealisticpartlysymbolic,individualawarenessofhumanDubliners,APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungManUlyssesthestreamofconsciousnessTextStudy_III_1.4MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeaspolyglotidiomofpunsandportmanteauwords,abundantsongsandstoriesofbothhistoryandpresenttimeJamesJoyceFinnegansWakeTextStudy_III_1.5MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasFeministWritingtheuseofstreamofconsciousness,anewviewandtreatmentofsubjectivity,timeandhistory,tocreateacertaintyabouttheneedtomodifytraditionalformsoffictionWritersWorksFeaturesoftheWorksVirginiaWoolfTotheLighthouse,TheWaves,BetweentheActsworksLordoftheFlies,TheInheritors,PincherMartin,FreeFall,etc.AnimalFarm,NineteenEighty-fourworksWilliamGoldingGeorgeOrwellTextStudy_III_1.6MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasModernistWritingaftertheWWIIKingsleyAmis’LuckyJim,AngusWilson’sNoLaughingMatter,AlanSillitoe’sSaturdayNightandSundayMorningsubjectofworksupwardsocialmobilityTheAngryYoungMenrepresentativenovelsWritersTheBloodyChamberandOtherStoriesbeoccupiedwithmyth,magic,andfable,tocounterthe“patriarchaldiscourse”AngelaCarterTextStudy_III_1.7MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasPostcolonialWritingstylisticmiscellaneousness,toevokecontroversyandmisunderstandingfromoutsideBritaintotheextentofadeaththreatWorksFeaturesofWritingSalmanRushdieMidnight’sChildren,Shame,TheSatanicVersesfulloftheexistentialdisillusionmentofAmerica’s“lostgeneration”expatriatessophisticated,featuredeitherwithexpressionismornaturalism,widerangeinsubjectmatterFeaturesorThemesofWritingHemingwayTheSunAlsoRises,AFarewelltoArms,TheOldManandtheSeaTextStudy_III_1.8MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasAmericanLiteratureBeyondtheHorizon,AnnaChristie,TheHairyApe,StrangeInterludeMajorWritersRepresentativeWorksthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturyO’NeillSteinbeckthesocialstrugglesofmigrantfarmworkerinCaliforniaduringtheGreatDepressionInDubiousBattle,TheGrapesofWraththeuseofstream-of-consciousnesstechniquescombinedwiththesocialhistoryoftheAmericansouthTextStudy_III_1.9MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTheSoundandtheFury,AsILayDying,LightinAugust,TheHamletFaulknerSlaughterhouse-fiveKurtVonnegutJr.IrwinShawTheYoungLions,Catch-22themes:culturalimpact,socialupheavalsandpoliticaluncertaintieswritingtechniques:blackhumour,absurdistfantasyTextStudy_III_1.91MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTheNakedandtheDeadthepost-warperiodNormanMailerrevealedageniusforironiclyricismtheBeatPoets:AllenGinsberg,LawrenceFerlinghetti,etc.TheodoreRoethkespiritualtormentsandfamilyhistoryTextStudy_III_1.92MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeaspoetryfrom1945to1960RobertLowellCountriesCanadapoets:A.J.M.Smith,F.R.Scott,A.M.Klein,DorothyLivesaynovelists:MorleyCallaghanAustraliaRepresentativesFurnleyMaurice,ChristenaStead,FredericManning,PatrickWhiteTextStudy_III_1.93MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasModernistLiteratureinOtherEnglish-SpeakingCountriesKatherineMansfieldNewZealandTextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudytheGreatDepression经济大萧条:AsevereworldwideeconomicdepressioninthedecadeprecedingWorldWarII.ThetimingoftheGreatDepressionvariedacrossnations,butinmostcountriesitstartedinabout1929andlasteduntilthelate1930sorearly1940s.Itwasthelongest,mostwidespread,anddeepestdepressionofthe20thcentury.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsmetaphysicalpoetry玄学诗派:AtermcoinedbythepoetandcriticSamuelJohnsontodescribealoosegroupofBritishlyricpoetsofthe17thcentury,whosharedaninterestinmetaphysi-calconcernsandacommonwayofinvestigatingthem,andwhoseworkwascharacterizedbyinven-tivenessofmetaphor.Theirpoetrywasinfluencedgreatlybythechangingtimes,newsciencesandthedebauchedsceneofthe17thcentury.JohnDonnewasoneofthemostfamousmetaphysicalpoets.TextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermstheBeatPoets美国“垮掉派”诗人:PoetsoftheBeatGeneration,atermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhocametoprominenceinthelate1950s,andalsotheculturalphenomenathattheywroteaboutandinspired:arejectionofmainstreamAmericanvalues,experimentationwithdrugsandalternateformsofsexuality,andaninterestinEasternspirituality.TherepresentativeswereAllenGinsberg,LawrenceFerlinghetti,etc.TextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_3.1ComprehensionExercisesTextStudyMultiplechoice.ComprehensionExercises(1)EzraPoundistheleadingspokesmanofthe_______.A.ImagistMovementB.ChartistMovementC.ModernistMovementD.RomanticMovement