Unit4 A view of Mountains

Unit4Watchthemovieclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.Questionsfordiscussion1.WhydidSallyRegenhardsaythat9/11was“ashatteringoffaith”?Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement1AudiovisualsupplementculturalbackgroundShebelievedinthesystem,andnowthatthesystemwasshatteredbytheterroristactivity,soshethoughttheeventisfaith-shattering.3000peoplewerekilled.Andthesurvivingfamilymembershadveryrighttoknowthetruthaboutthe9/11.Sothereneededtobeaninvestigation.2.WhydidCarolAshleythinkthattheremustbeaninvestigation?Whatdoyouknowaboutthe9/11attacksandwhatinfluenceshavetheeventsexert?Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement2AudiovisualsupplementculturalbackgroundPre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement3AudiovisualsupplementculturalbackgroundFromOnNativeSoilPoliceman:Policeman:EuniceHanson:SallyRegenhard:CarolAshley:MaxCleland:Moveback!Moveback!Moveit!Goback!Iknewwehadenemies,naturally,butIalwaysfeltprettysafehere.Inever,never,inamillionyearsdreamedthatanythinglikethiscouldhappentous.Webelievedinthesystemandyouknow,9/11wasashatteringoffaith.3000peoplewerekilled.Itwasamassmurder.Andthereneededtobeaninvestigation.Thesurvivingfamilymembers,nobodycandenythattheyhadtheultimateclaimtothetruthabout9/11.VideoScriptAudiovisualsupplementculturalbackgroundAtomicbomborA-bombisaweaponderivingitsexplosiveforcefromthereleaseofatomicenergythroughthefission(splitting)ofheavynuclei.ThefirstatomicbombwasproducedatalaboratoryinLosAlamos,NewMexico,andsuccessfullytestedonJuly16,1945.ThiswastheculminationofalargeU.S.armyprogramthatwaspartoftheManhattanProject.Itbeganin1940,twoyearsaftertheGermanscientistsOttoHahnandFritzStrassmandiscoverednuclearfission.Culturalbackground1AudiovisualsupplementculturalbackgroundAtomicBombCulturalbackground2AudiovisualsupplementculturalbackgroundOnAug.6,1945,anatomicbombwasdroppedonHiroshimawithanestimatedequivalentexplosiveforceof12,500tonsofTNT,followedthreedayslaterbyasecond,morepowerful,bombonNagasaki.Bothbombscausedwidespreaddeath,injury,anddestruction,andthereisstillconsiderabledebateabouttheneedtohaveusedthem.Culturalbackground3AudiovisualsupplementculturalbackgroundNuclearweaponsareweaponsofmassdestructionpoweredbyatomic,ratherthanchemical,processes.Nuclearweaponsproducelargeexplosionsandhazardousradioactivebyproductsbymeansofeithernuclearfissionornuclearfusion.AfterWorldWarII,theproliferationofnuclearweaponsbecameanincreasingcauseofconcernthroughouttheworld.Attheendofthe20thcentury,thevastmajorityofsuchweaponswereheldbytheUnitedStatesandtheformerSovietUnion;othercountriesthatpossessknownnuclearcapabilitiesaretheGreatBritain,France,China,Pakistan,andIndia.IsraelalsohasNuclearWeaponCulturalbackground4Audiovisualsupplementculturalbackgroundnuclearweaponsbuthasnotconfirmedthatfactpublicly;NorthKoreahasconductedanucleartestexplosionbutprobablydoesnothaveareadilydeliverablenuclearweapon;andSouthAfricaformerlyhadasmallarsenal.Overadozenothercountriescan,orsooncould,makenuclearweapons.Culturalbackground5AudiovisualsupplementculturalbackgroundOnAugust6,1945,thefirstatomicbombattackoccurredoverHiroshima,Japan.Threedayslater,onAugust9,Nagasaki,Japan,wasbombed.ThebombingofNagasakiwasthelastmajoractofWorldWarIIandwithindays,onAugust15,1945,theJapanesesurrendered.Inestimatingthedeathtollfromtheattacks,thereareseveralfactorsthatmakeitdifficulttoarriveatreliablefigures:inadequaciesintherecordsgiventheconfusionofthetimes,themanyvictimswhodiedmonthsoryearsafterthebombingasaresultofradiationexposure,andnotleast,thepressuretoTheBombingofHiroshimaandNagasakiCulturalbackground6Audiovisualsupplementculturalbackgroundeitherexaggerateorminimizethenumbers,dependinguponpoliticalagenda.Thatsaid,itisestimatedthatbyDecember1945,asmanyas140,000haddiedinHiroshimabythebombanditsassociatedeffects.InNagasaki,roughly74,000peoplediedofthebombanditsaftereffects.Inbothcities,mostofthecasualtieswerecivilians.TheintentionalkillingofciviliansbytheAlliesofWorldWarII－whoclaimedthattheircausewasjust－raisedmoralquestionsaboutthejustcourseofthewar.GlobalReading-generalGeneralanalysisStructuralfeaturesThroughintroducingYamahata’spictures,theauthoraimsatbringingtopeople’sattentionwhatkindofcatastrophicconsequencesnuclearthreatmayleadtoandthattheunpredictabilityofnuclearattackmightmakeanycityintheworldbecomethenexttarget.Therefore,theonlywaytokeepthisworldsafefromnuclearperilisforpeopletotakeactiontodispelnuclearweaponryfromtheearth.RhetoricalfeaturesGlobalReading-structural1GeneralanalysisStructuralfeaturesThisargumentativeessaydescribesnucleardestructionthroughaJapanesephotographer’spictures.Thetextcomprisesthreeparts.PartI(Paragraph1):Thewriterdescribesthephotographsandhowaviewofmountainsinthebackgroundofonepicturepowerfullycaptureshowthoroughlythecitywasdestroyedbytheatomicbomb.RhetoricalfeaturesGlobalReading–structural2PartII(Paragraphs2—3):TheauthorarguesthatthebombingofNagasakiismorerepresentativeofthenuclearperilthreateningtheworldthanthatofHiroshima,becauseitsuggeststhatnuclearweaponscanbeusedagainandthreateneveryone,soweneedtotakeactiontodispelthenuclearthreatfromtheEarth.PartIII(Paragraph4):Herestateshismainidea,i.e.weshouldnotjustworryaboutthenuclearperilbuttakeactiontoeliminateittocreateasaferworld.GeneralanalysisStructuralfeaturesRhetoricalfeaturesGlobalReading-rhetorical1InEnglish,informationcanbeorganizedinvariousways.Oneoftheeffectivewaysofemphasizingsomeinformationistoputitafterthewordbutinthe“(not)AbutB”structure.Inthetext,theauthorusesthisrhetoricaldevicemanytimes.Forinstance,Thephotographsdisplaythefateofasinglecity,buttheirmeaningisuniversal...(Paragraph2)Practice:Pickoutsomeothersentenceswiththesamestructureandanalyzetheeffecttheyachieve.GeneralanalysisStructuralfeaturesRhetoricalfeaturesGlobalreading-rhetorical2GeneralanalysisStructuralfeaturesRhetoricalfeatures1)Thetruemeasureoftheeventliesnotinwhatremainsbutinallthathasdisappeared.(Paragraph1)2)…thechallengeisnotjusttoapprehendthenuclearperilbuttoseizeaGod-givenopportunitytodispelitonceandforall.(Paragraph3)3)…oneshowingnotwhatwewouldlosethroughourfailurebutwhatwewouldgainbyoursuccess.(Paragraph3)Apartfromthe“AbutB”sentencestructure,wecanalsofindthe“AyetB”type:Andwecanfindasentencethatorganizesinformationinasimilarwaywithouttheuseoftheconjunction“but”or“yet”:6)Arrivingahalf-centurylate,theyarestillnews.(Paragraph2)Globalreading-rhetorical34)NagasakihasalwaysbeenintheshadowofHiroshima...YetthebombingofNagasakiisincertainrespectsthefittersymbolofthenucleardangerthatstillhangsoverus.(Paragraph2)5)Yamahata’spicturesaffordaglimpseoftheendoftheworld.Yetinourday,...(Paragraph3)GeneralanalysisStructuralfeaturesRhetoricalfeaturesOnAugust9,1945,thedaytheatomicbombwasdroppedonNagasaki,YosukeYamahata,aphotographerservingintheJapanesearmy,wasdispatchedtothedestroyedcity.Thehundredorsopictureshetookthenextdayconstitutethefullestphotographicrecordofnucleardestructioninexistence.Hiroshima,destroyedthreedaysearlier,hadlargelyescapedthecamera’slensinthefirstdayafterthebombing.ItwasthereforelefttoYamahatatorecord,methodically－and,asithappens,withagreatandsimpleartistry－theeffectsonahumanpopulationofanuclearweapononlyhoursafterJonathanSchellAVIEWOFMOUNTAINSDetailedreading1Detailedreading1Detailedreading2ithadbeenused.SomeofYamahata’spicturesshowcorpsescharredinthepeculiarwayinwhichanuclearfireballcharsitsvictims.Theyhavebeenburnedbylight－technicallyspeaking,bythe“thermalpulse”－andtheirbodiesareoftenbrandedwiththepatternsoftheirclothes,whosecolorsabsorblightindifferentdegrees.Onephotographshowsahorsetwistedunderthecartithadbeenpulling.Anothershowsaheapofsomethingthatoncehadbeenahumanbeinghangingoveraledgeintoaditch.AthirdshowsagirlwhohassomehowsurvivedunwoundedstandingintheopenmouthofabombshelterDetailedreadingDetailedreading3andsmilinganunearthlysmile,shockinguswiththesightofordinarylife,whichotherwiseseemstohavebeenleftbehindforgoodinthesceneswearewitnessing.Stretchingintothedistanceonallsidesarefieldsofrubbledottedwithfires,and,inthebackground,aviewofmountains.Wecanseethemountainsbecausethecityisgone.Thatabsence,evenmorethanwreckage,containstheheartofthematter.Thetruemeasureoftheeventliesnotinwhatremainsbutinallthathasdisappeared.DetailedreadingDetailedreading4IttookafewsecondsfortheUnitedStatestodestroyNagasakiwiththeworld’ssecondatomicbomb,butittookfiftyyearsforYamahata’spicturesoftheeventtomakethejourneybackfromNagasakitotheUnitedStates.Theywereshownforthefirsttimeinthiscountryin1995,attheInternationalCenterforPhotographyinNewYork.Arrivingahalf-centurylate,theyarestillnews.Thephotographsdisplaythefateofasinglecity,buttheirmeaningisuniversal,since,inourageofnucleararms,whathappenedtoNagasakican,inaflash,happentoanycityintheworld.Inthephotographs,Nagasakicomesintoitsown.NagasakihasalwaysbeenintheshadowofHiroshima,asifDetailedreading2Detailedreading5Detailedreadingthehumanimaginationhadstumbledtoexhaustioninthewreckageofthefirstruinedcitywithoutreachingeventheoutskirtsofthesecond.YetthebombingofNagasakiisincertainrespectsthefittersymbolofthenucleardangerthatstillhangsoverus.Itisproofthat,havingonceusednuclearweapons,wecanusethemagain.Itintroducestheideaofaseries－theseriesthat,withtensofthousandsofnuclearweaponsremaininginexistence,continuestothreateneveryone.(Theunpredictable,open-endedcharacteroftheseriesissuggestedbythefactthatthesecondbomboriginallywastobedroppedonthecityofKokura,whichwassparedNagasaki’sfateonlybecausebadweatherDetailedreading6Detailedreadingprotecteditfromview.)Eachpicturethereforeseemednotsomuchanimageofsomethingthathappenedahalf-centuryagoasawindowcutintothewallofthephotographycentershowingwhatsooncouldeasilyhappentoNewYork.Wherevertheexhibitmighttravel,moreover,theviewofthreatenedfuturefromthese“windows”wouldberoughlyaccurate,since,althougheveryintactcityisdifferentfromeveryother,allcitiesthatsuffernucleardestructionwilllookmuchthesame.Detailedreading7DetailedreadingYamahata’spicturesaffordaglimpseoftheendoftheworld.Yetinourday,whenthechallengeisnotjusttoapprehendthenuclearperilbuttoseizeaGod-givenopportunitytodispelitonceandforall,weseemtoneed,inaddition,someotherpicturetocounterpoiseagainstruinedNagasaki－oneshowingnotwhatwewouldlosethroughourfailurebutwhatwewouldgainbyoursuccess.Whatmightthatpicturebe,though?Howdoyoushowtheoppositeoftheendoftheworld?ShoulditbeNagasaki,intactandalive,beforethebombwasdropped－orperhapsthesparedcityofKokura?3Detailedreading8DetailedreadingShoulditbeachild,oramotherandchild,orperhapstheEarthitself?Noneseemsadequate,forhowcanwegiveadefiniteformtothatwhichcanassumeinfiniteforms,namely,thelivesofallhumanbeings,nowandinthefuture?Imagination,facedwitheithertheendoftheworldoritscontinuation,mustremainincomplete.Onlyactioncansatisfy.Detailedreading9DetailedreadingOnce,thearrivalintheworldofnewgenerationstookcareofitself.Now,theycancomeintoexistenceonlyif,throughanactoffaithandcollectivewill,weensuretheirrighttoexist.Performingthatactisthegreatestoftheresponsibilitiesofthegenerationsnowalive.Thegiftoftimeisthegiftoflife,forever,ifweknowhowtoreceiveit.4Whyisaviewofmountainsprovidedbyapicturesosignificantthatitwaschosenasthetitleoftheessay?Detailedreading1--Quesion1Aviewofmountainsinthedistanceratherthanthewreckageismeanttoremindtheviewerofthecitythatwasleveledtothegroundbytheatomicbombandofthenormallifethatwouldhavebeengoingonthere.Thisiswherethesignificanceofthepicturelies.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1--Quesion2DetailedreadingWhyareYamahata’spicturesstillnews?BecauseitwasthefirsttimethatAmericanshadeverseenthepicturessincetheatomicbombingfiftyyearsago.Detailedreading1--Quesion3DetailedreadingInwhatway(s)isthebombingofNagasakithefittersymbolofthenucleardanger?ThebombingofNagasakiisregardedasthefittersymbolofthenuclearperilintworespects.First,itisevidencethatnuclearweaponscanbeusedagaintodestroyhumancivilization.Second,thefactthatNagasakihadnotbeentheoriginallychosentargetofthenuclearattackshowstheunpredictabilityofpossiblenuclearattacksinthefuture.Thatis,everycityintheworldisliabletonucleardestruction.Detailedreading1--Quesion4DetailedreadingWhatistheuniversalmeaningofYamahata’sphotos?Theywereintendedtodemonstratethedevastatingpowerofnuclearweaponsandexpressanapprehensionofthenuclearperilmenacingtheworld.Detailedreading1--Quesion5DetailedreadingDoYamahata’spicturesfullyexpresstheauthor’sintentionofwriting?Whyorwhynot?No,itonlyexpressespartofit,becausethewriterintendsnotonlytoexpresshisapprehensionofthenuclearthreatbut,moreimportantly,tocallonthepeopletotakeactionstobanishforevernuclearweaponryfromtheEarth.Detailedreading1–Activity1DetailedreadingGroupdiscussionDoyoufindtheInternetusefulinyourlife?WhatadvantagesdoestheInternetbringtoyou?ArethereanydisadvantagesoftheInternet?ShareyouropinionsabouttheprosandconsoftheInternetwithyourgroupmates.dispatch:v.sendsb./sth.somewhere,especiallyforaspecialpurposeDetailedreading1–dispatche.g.Eventheairforcewasmobilizedtodispatchrelieftothequake-strickenarea.Thegovernmentwaspreparingtodispatch4,000soldierstosearchtheisland.DetailedreadingColoredpeopleconstituteamajorityofthepopulationinWesternCape.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Detailedreading1–constituteDetailedreadingconstitute:v.a.[linkingverb,notinprogressive]beconsideredtobesth.Failingtocompletetheworkconstitutesabreachoftheemploymentcontract.Nitrogenconstitutes78%oftheearth’satmosphere.e.g.b.ifseveralpeopleorthingsconstitutesth.,theyarethepartsthatformitWemustredefinewhatconstitutesafamily.Itisuptotheteachertodecidewhatconstitutessatisfactorywork.e.g.Translation:西海角省（WesternCape）的大部分居民是有色人种。Detailedreading2–brand1Detailedreadingbrand:v.labelormarkwithorasifwithabrandtodescribesb.orsth.asaverybadtypeofpersonorthing,oftenunfairlyTheybrandedthecattleonebyone.TheUSadministrationrecentlybrandedhimasawarcriminal.e.g.Collocation:brandsb.assth.brandsth.withsth.(ofteninpassive)Note:brand:n.atypeofproductmadebyaparticularcompanyDetailedreading2–brand2DetailedreadingTranslation:我很高兴地告诉您，你们的“永久”牌自行车已成为我方市场上最畅销的商品之一。Iamgladtotellyouthatyour“Forever”bicyclehasbecomeoneofthebestsellingbrandsonourmarket.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Detailedreading3–witness1Detailedreadingwitness:v.see,hear,orknowbypersonalpresenceandperceptione.g.Onlyonepersonwitnessedtheaccident.TheHuangpuRiverhaswitnessedthedevelopmentofShanghai.Note:witness:n.apersonwhoseessth.happenandisabletodescribeittootherpeopleTranslation:警方呼吁这个事故的目击者出来作证。Policehaveappealedforwitnessestotheaccident.____________________________________________________________Detailedreading3–witness2Detailedreadinge.g.Wewerewitnesstotheworstperiodintheclub’shistory.e.g.Bristol’sgrandbuildingsbearwitnesstothecity’smagnificentpast.bewitnesstosth.:(formal)seesth.happenbearwitnesstosth.:(formal)showthatsth.existsorexistedCollocation:Detailedreading3–dotDetailedreadingdot:v.coverorsprinklewithorasifwithdotse.g.Thecountrysideisdottedwithbeautifulancientchurches.Wehaveofficesdottedallovertheregion.Note:dot:n.asmallroundmark,especiallyonethatisprintedonthedot:exactlyontimeorattheexacttimementionedCollocation:e.g.Breakfastisservedat8onthedot.8点整开早饭。Detailedreading4–comeintoone’sownDetailedreadingcomeintoone’sown:acquire,enterintopossessionof;becomeverygood,useful,orimportantinaparticularsituatione.g.Theserialcomposershavefinallycomeintotheirown.Onicyroads,afour-wheeldrivevehiclereallycomesintoitsown.Detailedreading4–intheshadowof1Detailedreadinge.g.Tomwasagoodlawyer,buthewasalwaysintheshadowofhisfamousfather.Livingintheshadowofaglamoroussister,Hildawasquietandshy.intheshadowof:intheshadowofsb.:receivinglittleattentionbecausesb.elseisbetterknownormoreskillfule.g.ThechildrenofthesurvivorslivedtheirlivesintheshadowoftheHolocaust.Theorganizationistryingtoprotectcivilrightsintheshadowofterrorism.intheshadowofsth.:influencedbysth.badthathashappenedorcouldhappenDetailedreading4–intheshadow2Detailedreadinge.g.TheeventsofSeptember11castashadowoverthecelebrations.castashadowover/onsth.:makesth.seemlessenjoyable,attractive,orimpressiveDetailedreading5–stumbleDetailedreadingstumble:v.walkorgounsteadilye.g.TheroomwasdarkandStannearlyfelloverachairashestumbledtothephone.Havingdrunkhalfabottleofwhiskey,Istumbledupstairsandintobed.Detailedreading5–ruinDetailedreadingruin:v.devastate;reducetotheremainse.g.Therainabsolutelyruinedourbarbecue.Ifthepressshouldfindoutaboutthis,hismarriage,hisreputation,andhiscareerwouldallberuined.Detailedreading5–hangoverDetailedreadinghangover:Ifsth.badishangingoveryou,youareworriedoranxiousaboutit.e.g.Thethreatofnuclearwarhangsovermankind.Withthecourtcasehangingoverus,wecouldn’tenjoyourvacation.Extension:hangout(with)e.g.Idon’treallyknowwhoshehangsoutwith.Wheredotheyoungstershangout?Detailedreading5–spare1Detailedreadingspare:v.refrainfromharming,punishingorkillinge.g.Iwantedtosparethemthetroubleofbuyingmeapresent.Thankfullyshehadbeensparedtheordealofsurgery.Collocation:sparesb.thetrouble/difficulty/pain,etc.(ofdoingsth.):preventsb.fromhavingtoexperiencesth.difficultorunpleasante.g.Itwillsparehimembarrassmentifyouspeaktohimaboutitinprivate.Spareusthesuspenseandtelluswhowonthefirstprize!Detailedreading5–spare2Detailedreadinge.g.Emergencyserviceshavesparednoefforttohelppeoplewhosehomesweredestroyedbythetornadoes.Noexpensewassparedindevelopingthenecessarytechnology.sparenoexpense/efforttodosth.:workashardaspossibletoachievesth.Detailedreading6–notsomuch1DetailedreadingnotsomuchAasB:usedtosaythatonedescriptionofsb.orsth.islesssuitableorcorrectthananotherTranslation:e.g.Thedetailsarenotsomuchwrongastheyareincomplete.Heisnotsomuchafilmstarasanartist.与其说是海洋分割了这个世界，不如说是统一了这个世界。Theoceansdonotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteit./Theoceansdonotdividetheworldsomuchasuniteit.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Detailedreading6–notsomuch2Detailedreading在这里所说的爱与其说是一种情感，不如说是对别人的一种行为。Loveasusedhereisnotsomuchanemotionasitisabehaviortowardothers.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Detailedreading6–intactDetailedreadingintact:a.entire,unimpairede.g.Despitethebombing,thehousewasstillintact.Hedealtthedooratremendousblowbutitremainedintact.Translation:地震过后，有几栋楼仍然完好无损。这部手机掉下台阶后仍然完好无损。Thecellphoneremainedintactafterbeingdroppeddownthestairs.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Severalbuildingswerestillintactaftertheearthquake.____________________________________________________________Detailedreading7–glimpseDetailedreadingglimpse:n.averybriefpassinglook,sight,orviewe.g.Icaughtaglimpseofthedriverofthegetawaycar,butIdoubtIwouldrecognizeherifIsawheragain.Thisbiographyoffersonlyafewglimpsesofhislifebeforehebecamefamous.Detailedreading7–apprehend1Detailedreadingapprehend:v.Notethatapprehendisapolysemousword.a.anticipate(sth.)withuneasinessorfeare.g.apprehenddangerineverysoundapprehendahotsummere.g.Thepolicehavesofarfailedtoapprehendthekiller.b.arrestsb.foracrimec.understandorperceivee.g.NowIbegintoapprehendmuchmorefullythepowerofthenaturalforces.Detailedreading7–apprehend2DetailedreadingTranslation:Thepoliceareanxioustoapprehendamiddle-agedmanbelievedtobearmedwithagun.Hewasslowtoapprehenddanger.Hecan’tapprehendtherealnatureofchange.警察急于逮捕一名确信携有枪支的中年人。____________________________________________________________他没有及时意识到危险。____________________________________________________________他不能理解变革的实质。____________________________________________________________Detailedreading7-perilDetailedreadingperil:n.seriousorimmediatedangere.g.Ineverfeltthatmylifewasinperil.Theyputtheirownlivesinperiltorescuetheirfriends.Theeconomyisnowingraveperil.Collocation:inperilDetailedreading7–dispelDetailedreadingdispel:v.causetovanishe.g.Inhislatestnovel,heaimstodispelthemyththatrealmendon’tcry.I’dliketostartthespeechbydispellingafewrumorsthathavebeenspreadingrecently.Translation:能量饮料能帮助驱除疲劳，恢复体力。Energydrinkhel