Unit Weve Been Hit!综合教程二ppt课件

Unit1Unit1“We’veBeenHit!”Watchthevideoandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.What’sthebuildingthatwashit?2.Whatwastheevent?Whendidithappen?Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement1AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationThebuildingistheTwinTowersoftheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCity.Itwasoneofthe9/11attacks.IthappenedonSeptember11,2001.Pre-readingActivities-Audiovisualsupplement2AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationNews:OfficerA:News:WehaveunconfirmedreportsthismorningthataplanehascrashedintooneofthetowersoftheWorldTradeCenter.CNNCenterrightnow...Holyshit!...workonthisstory,callingoursourcesandtryingtofigureoutexactlywhathappened,but,clearly,somethingrelativelydevastatinghappeningthismorningthere.We’regoingtojoinanotheroneofourNewYorkaffiliatesfortheirlivecoverage.Hereatthetopofthistower,there’sahuge,gapinghole,flamesstillinside.VideoScript1AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationVideoScript2AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationOfficerB:OfficerC:OfficerB:OfficerD:OfficerE:OfficerB:Canyoubelievethis?WhatschmuckwouldflyaplaneintotheTradeCenter?Maybetheyranoutofgasorsomething.Yeah,Colovito.Right.Maybesomejerk-offforgotwhichlevertopullonhistwin-engine.That’snotasmallplane.Hell,no.VideoScript3AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationPoliceChief:TeamLeader:Allright,listenup!Letmehaveyourattentionhere!They’retellingusit’sacommuterplane.TowerOneisbeingevacuatedasaprecaution.They’veaskedustosendateamdowntoassist.SergeantMcLoughlin.I’vegotalistofnameshere.Stepoutwhenyouhearit.We’regoingdowntown.Goodevening.Today,ourfellowcitizens,ourwayoflife,ourveryfreedomcameunderattackinaseriesofdeliberateanddeadlyterroristacts.Thevictimswereinairplanesorintheiroffices:secretaries,businessmenandwomen,militaryandfederalworkers,momsanddads,friendsandneighbors.Thousandsoflivesweresuddenlyendedbyevil,despicableactsofterror.Thepicturesofairplanesflyingintobuildings,firesburning,hugestructurescollapsinghavefilleduswithdisbelief,terriblesadnessandaquiet,unyieldinganger.Theseactsofmassmurderwereintendedtofrightenournationintochaosandretreat.Buttheyhavefailed.Ourcountryisstrong.1.PresidentBush’saddresstothenation:Culturalinformation1AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationAgreatpeoplehasbeenmovedtodefendagreatnation.Terroristattackscanshakethefoundationsofourbiggestbuildings,buttheycannottouchthefoundationofAmerica.Theseactsshattersteel,buttheycannotdentthesteelofAmericanresolve.Americawastargetedforattackbecausewe’rethebrightestbeaconforfreedomandopportunityintheworld.Andnoonewillkeepthatlightfromshining.Today,ournationsawevil—theveryworstofhumannature—andwerespondedwiththebestofAmerica.Withthedaringofourrescueworkers,withthecaringforstrangersandneighborswhocametogivebloodandhelpinanywaytheycould.Culturalinformation2AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationImmediatelyfollowingthefirstattack,Iimplementedourgovernment’semergencyresponseplans.Ourmilitaryispowerful,andit’sprepared.OuremergencyteamsareworkinginNewYorkCityandWashingtonD.C.tohelpwithlocalrescueefforts.Ourfirstpriorityistogethelptothosewhohavebeeninjured,andtotakeeveryprecautiontoprotectourcitizensathomeandaroundtheworldfromfurtherattacks.Thefunctionsofourgovernmentcontinuewithoutinterruption.FederalagenciesinWashingtonwhichhadtobeevacuatedtodayarereopeningforessentialpersonneltonightandwillbeopenforbusinesstomorrow.Ourfinancialinstitutionsremainstrong,andtheAmericaneconomywillbeopenforbusinessaswell.Culturalinformation3AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationCulturalinformation4AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationThesearchisunderwayforthosewhowerebehindtheseevilacts.Ihavedirectedthefullresourcesofourintelligenceandlawenforcementcommunitiestofindthoseresponsibleandtobringthemtojustice.Wewillmakenodistinctionbetweentheterroristswhocommittedtheseactsandthosewhoharborthem.IappreciatesoverymuchthemembersofCongresswhohavejoinedmeinstronglycondemningtheseattacks.AndonbehalfoftheAmericanpeople,IthankthemanyworldleaderswhohavecalledtoCulturalinformation5AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationoffertheircondolencesandassistance.Americaandourfriendsandalliesjoinwithallthosewhowantpeaceandsecurityintheworld,andwestandtogethertowinthewaragainstterrorism.Tonight,Iaskforyourprayersforallthosewhogrieve,forthechildrenwhoseworldshavebeenshattered,forallwhosesenseofsafetyandsecurityhasbeenthreatened.AndIpraytheywillbecomfortedbyaPowergreaterthananyofus,spokenthroughtheagesinPsalm23:EventhoughIwalkthroughthevalleyoftheshadowofdeath,Ifearnoevilforyouarewithme.Culturalinformation6AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationThisisadaywhenallAmericansfromeverywalkoflifeuniteinourresolveforjusticeandpeace.Americahasstooddownenemiesbefore,andwewilldosothistime.Noneofuswilleverforgetthisday,yetwegoforwardtodefendfreedomandallthatisgoodandjustinourworld.Thankyou.Goodnight.AndGodblessAmerica!Culturalinformation7AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformation2.September11attacksTheSeptember11attacks(oftenreferredtoasSeptember11thor9/11)wereaseriesofcoordinatedsuicideattacksbyal-QaedaupontheUnitedStatesonSeptember11,2001.Onthatmorning,19al-Qaedaterroristshijackedfourcommercialpassengerjetairliners.ThehijackersintentionallycrashedtwooftheairlinersintotheTwinTowersoftheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCity,killingeveryoneonboardandmanyothersworkinginthebuildings.Bothbuildingscollapsedwithintwohours,destroyingnearbybuildingsanddamagingothers.ThehijackerscrashedathirdairlinerintothePentagoninArlington,Virginia,justoutsideWashington,D.C.ThefourthplanecrashedintoafieldnearShanksvilleinruralPennsylvaniaaftersomeofitspassengersandflightcrewattemptedtoretakecontroloftheplane,whichthehijackershadredirectedtowardWashington,D.C.Therewerenosurvivorsfromanyoftheflights.Thedeathtolloftheattackswas2,995,includingthe19hijackers.Theoverwhelmingmajorityofcasualtieswerecivilians,includingnationalsofover70countries.Inaddition,thereisatleastonesecondarydeath—onepersonwasruledbyamedicalexaminertohavediedfromlungdiseaseduetoexposuretodustfromtheWorldTradeCenter’scollapse.Culturalinformation8AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationThetextdescribesaparticularepisodeinthedisasterthatoccurredon,2001inNewYork,inpraiseofthe.Itpresentspeopleintheattack,whodemonstratedgreatvalortryingto.GlobalReading-MainideaMainideaStructuralanalysisSeptember11_______________courageandcompassionofman___________________________________three______savethosewhowereindangerandneededhelpStructuralanalysis1Ittellsofpeople’sperceptionoftheWTC.ItdescribestheinitialreactionofpeopleinsidetheWTCwhenthebuildingwashit.Itismainlyabouthowthethreemen(Mayblum,RamosandHong)endeavoredtosaveaheavysetmanbytheirjointefforts.1.Dividethetextintopartsbycompletingthetable.MainideaStructuralanalysisParagraphsMainidea12-910-30Itdescribesthegatheringofsomeofthesurvivorsandthevictims’wives.Structuralanalysis2MainideaStructuralanalysisParagraph(s)Mainidea31-34Structuralanalysis32.Whatisthefunctionofthelastpart?Itisamosttouchingscene.Itseemstosuggestthattheauthorhas,fromwhatisdescribedabove,reachedtheconclusionabouttheultimatemoraldilemma:“Saveyourself,orsaveanother.”MainideaStructuralanalysisWiththebuildinginflames,onemanneededhelp.Anothermanrefusedtoleavehim.“We’veBeenHit!”Detailedreading1DetailedreadingAdamMayblumusedtoenjoywatchingasstormslashedthewindowsofhisoffice:Youthinkthat’spower?Mayblumwouldscoff.I’monthe87thflooroftheWorldTradeCenter.That’spower.Thedrawstringsonhiswindowshadeswouldappeartoswayslightly,butitwasanillusion.Althoughtheywere1,040feetinthesky,TheWTCwasquitesteady.1Detailedreading2-4WhenMayblumfeltadevastatingrumbleonthatSeptembermorning,heglancedatthedrawstrings.Theywerecareeningwildly,threefeetineitherdirection.Mayblumwouldbeoneofthousandscastintoanextraordinarypurgatorythatmorning.Whileasmanyas25,000wouldfindtheirwaytosafety,5,000wouldnot.Forsome,itwasamatterofgeography—notjustwhichtowertheyworkedinoronwhichfloor,butinwhichcornerofthebuilding.Detailedreading234Detailedreading5-7Forsome,thechoiceswereasbasicaswhichstaircasetouse.Othersfacedtheultimatemoraldilemma:Saveyourself,orsaveanother.TheconfusioninsideAdamMayblum’sofficeatMayDavis,afinancialservicesfirm,lastedjustseconds.Heknewheneededtogetout.HerippedhisT-shirtintopieces,soakedthepiecesinwaterandgavethemtocolleaguestocovertheirfaces.Amongthem:HarryRamos,headtraderatMayDavis.MayblumhadworkedwithRamosoffandonfor14years.Detailedreading567Detailedreading8-9SparksbitatMayblum’sanklesasheracedforthestairs.Hebolteddowntwoflightsbeforerealizingthathistradingpartner,HongZhu,hadbeenleftbehind.Hewentbackupstairs,thewholeareanowfilledwithsmokeandburningjetfuel.TherewasnosignofHong.Mayblumhurrieddownagainandmadeittothe78thfloor,atransferlobbywhereonesetofelevatorsandstairsendedandanotherbegan.Hesawareassuringsight;Ramoshadwadedintothepandemoniumtohelppanickedworkersintoastairwell.Detailedreading89Detailedreading10-13Mayblumcontinuedhisdescent,themusclesinhiscalvescontractinginspasms.Onthe53rdfloor,hecameacrossaheavysetmanwhoselegsjustwouldn’tmoveanymore.“Doyouwanttocome,ordoyouwantustosendhelp?”Mayblumshouted.Themanaskedhimtosendhelp.Adamsaidhewould.Inthenoise,smokeandsparks,Mayblumdidn’trealizethathisfriendHongZhuwasbehindhiminthestairwellthewholetime.WhenHonggottothe53rdfloor,hecameacrossHarryRamos.RamoshadstoopedtohelptheheavysetmanMayblumhadseenearlier.“I’llgiveyouahand,”Hongsaid.Detailedreading10111213Detailedreading14-18Together,RamosandHonghelpedthemandownonemoreflighttoanelevator.“Don’ttakeit,”aPortAuthorityofficialscreamed.HongandRamostriedtosendamagazinedownintheelevatortotestitssafety.Butwhentheypressedthe“down”button,thedoorswouldn’tclose.SoHongdecidedthathewouldbetheguineapiginstead.Hesteppedinside,andthedoorsshutbehindhim.Hongtooktheelevatordowntothe44thfloor,thenexttransferlobby.Sofar,sogood.Hepressed“52,”wentbackupandcollectedRamosandtheheavysetman.Detailedreading1415161718Detailedreading19-23On44HongandRamoshelpedthemantowardthelastbankofelevatorsthatwouldtakethemallthewaydown.Hongpressedthe“down”buttonagain.Nothing.Theywouldhavetotakethestairs.RamosandHongtriedtosupporttheman.“Onestepatatime,”Hongsaid.Theyhadbeentryingtogetoutforanhourandfiveminutes.Theywereon36whentheyfelttheSouthTowercollapse.“Wereallyhavetomove,”Hongsaid.Detailedreading1920212223Detailedreading24-27Therumblesofthecollapsingtowernextdoorseemedtosaptheheavysetmanofhislastgaspsofenergy.“Ican’tdoitanymore,”hesaid,sittingdown.HongandRamostriedtopersuadehimtocontinue.“Youdon’thavetomoveyourlegs!”Hongshouted.“Justmoveyourbutt.Let’sgo!”Butthemancouldn’tgoon.Afiremanranuptothem.Hongexpectedthathewouldjoinintogettheheavymantomove.Instead,thefiremanturnedtoHong.“Whoareyou,screamingathimtogetout?”thefiremanshouted.“Yougetout!”Detailedreading24252627Detailedreading28-31HonglookedatRamos,whowasstillstandingwiththeheavysetman.“I’mcomingdownwithyou,”Ramostoldtheman.“I’mnotgoingtoleave.”“Ileft,”Hongsayssorrowfully.“Alone.”Thenextday,AdamMayblumsentane-maildescribinghisexperiencetofriendsandrelatives,whosentittostillothers.Thee-mailwasreadbysomeoneinSanFranciscowhoknewawomaninNewYorknamedRebecca.Herhusband,Victor,aheavysetman,wasmissing.Detailedreading28293031Detailedreading32-33OnSaturday,September15,MayDavis’schairmanhadagatheringathisNewJerseyhome.AdamMayblumwasthere.SowasHongZhu.Rebeccawasalsothere,learninghowherhusband,Victor,hadbeencomfortedinhislastmoments,howHarryRamoshadrefusedtoleavehimbehind.Ramos’swife,Micky,wastheretoo.ShekeptaskingMayblumandHongwhereherhusbandwas,convincedthatsomehow,Harry—theonlyMayDavisemployeestillmissing—wasalive.Detailedreading3233Detailedreading34Piecebypiece,shedevelopedapictureofhisescape:Harrywason87whentheplanehit.Hestoppedtohelpon78.HemetupwithHongon53.Butashardasshetried,asmanyquestionsassheasked,thepicturebegantofadeonthe36thfloor.Detailedreading341.HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheWorldTradeCenter?Detailedreading1--Quesion1TheWorldTradeCenterwasmorethanitssignaturetwintowers:itwasacomplexof7buildingson16acres,constructedandoperatedbythePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJersey.Thetowersroseattheheartofthecomplex,eachclimbingmorethan100feethigherthanthesilvermastoftheEmpireStateBuilding.TheWorldTradeCenterwashitbyhijackedplanesonSeptember11,2001.Detailedreading2.WhatimagesareusedtoemphasizethesteadinessoftheWTC?Detailedreading1--Quesion1Stormsanddrawstrings.DetailedreadingCanyouparaphrasethesentence“Theywerecareeningwildly,threefeetineitherdirection.”inParagraph2?Detailedreading1--Quesion2Theywereswayinguptothreefeetfromsidetoside,likeashipinagreatstorm.DetailedreadingWhatistheimplicationoftheparallelsentencesinParagraph4andParagraph5?Detailedreading1--Quesion5Thesesentencesareusedtoemphasizethefactthatthepeopleinthebuildingwereingreatdangerandwhethertheywouldsurvivedependedverymuchonwheretheyhappenedtobewhenthebuildingwasstruckandwhichstaircasetheywouldusetogetout.Detailedreading1.Isthereanyevidenceofpeople’sconcernforothers?Detailedreading1--Quesion9Yes,MayblumsharedhisrippedT-shirtwithhiscolleagues,Mayblumwentbacktolookforhistradingpartner,andRamoshelpedpanickedworkersintoastairwell.Detailedreading2.Whatdoes“Ramoshadwadedintothepandemonium”mean?Detailedreading1--Quesion9Itmeansthathe“hadwalkedintothewildchaoswithgreatdetermination.”DetailedreadingHowdoyouunderstandthesentence“Sofar,sogood”inPara.18?Detailedreading1--Quesion18Thingsaresatisfactoryuptothispoint.DetailedreadingHowdidtheymanagetogetdownfromthe53rdfloortothe36thfloor?Detailedreading1--Quesion22Theyfirstgotdowntothe44thfloorintheelevatorwhich,fortunately,wasstillworking.ThenRamosandHonghelpedthemandowntothe36thfloor,whichtookthemanhourandfiveminutes.DetailedreadingWhatdoes“Whoareyou,screamingathimtogetout”inPara.27mean?Detailedreading1--Quesion27Whodoyouthinkyouare?Youhavenorighttoshoutathimandorderhimtogetout.Detailedreading1.WhydidthefiremanshoutatHong?WhatdidhepossiblydoafterHongleft?Detailedreading1--Quesion30Possiblybecausehewantedtosaveatleastonemoreperson.AfterHongleft,heprobablyjoinedRamosinhelpingtheheavysetman.Detailedreading2.Wheredidtheheavysetmanlive?InNewYork.Whatisthesignificanceofthelastparagraph?Andwhatisitsrelationtothesubtitleofthetext“Withthebuildinginflames,onemanneededhelp.Anothermanrefusedtoleavehim”?Detailedreading1--Quesion34ThelastparagraphisacondensedaccountofRamos’sheroicdeed.Itechoesthesubtitlewithaverymovingpicture.Noticetheword“fade,”whichliterallymeans“becomeunclear,”suggestingthatHarryRamos’swifewasunabletoacceptthetruthaboutherhusband’sdeath.Detailedreadinglashvt.hitviolentlyorsuddenlyDetailedreading1–lashe.g.Thefarmerlashedthemuleswithastick.Thewaveslashedtheshore.Collocation:lashout(at/againstsb./sth.)makeasuddenviolentattackwithblowsorwordsSynonym:whip,beatDetailedreadingscoffvi.laugh(at)Detailedreading1–scoffe.g.Allthestudentsscoffedatthepoorboy’sclothes.Thedisabledpeopleareoftenscoffed.Derivation:scoffern.Synonym:jeer,mockDetailedreadingswayvi.moveorswingfromsidetosideDetailedreading1–sway1e.g.Heswayedslightly,asifabouttofall.他身子一歪，像要倒下。Synonym:swing,waveDetailedreadingDetailedreading1–sway21.那棵苹果树在风中摇曳。2.Sheswayedherhandsgracefullyasshegavelectures.Translation:Theappletreeswaysinthewind._________________________________________________________她演讲时优雅地摆动着手。_________________________________________________________DetailedreadingDetailedreading1--illusion1illusionn.sth.thatdeceivesapersonbyseemingtobereale.g.Themirrorsallroundthewallsgiveanillusionofgreaterspace.Ihavenoillusionsaboutmyability.我对自己的能力如何颇有自知之明。Derivation:illusivea.illusivelyad.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1–illusion2Collocation:beundertheillusionthatbelievewronglye.g.Iwasundertheillusionthathewashonestuntilhewascaughtstealingsomemoney.他偷钱当场被人抓住，在此之前我一直误以为他是个老实人。DetailedreadingDetailedreading1–illusion3Exercise:Fillineachblankwithoneofthefollowingprepositions.1.Helashedtheopposition’spolicies.2.Studentsarenotallowedtoscoffothers’weaknesses.3.Thedancerswayedthemusic.4.PeopleweretheillusionthatthetombwasCaocao’s.out____underatoutagainsttoat___under_______to___against________DetailedreadingDetailedreading1--devastatingdevastatinga.completelydestructivee.g.Itisthemostdevastatingfloodin100years.Derivation:devastatevt.devastationn.Synonym:disastrous,destructiveDetailedreadingThepoetlaydownandgazedatthebrightmoon,missinghishometown.Detailedreading1--glanceat1glanceatlookatsb.orsth.quickly,esp.byraisingyoureyesandthenloweringthemagaine.g.Thepresidentglancedattheclockandannouncedthatthemeetingstarted.Comparison:gazeat,stareat,glareat,gapeatgazeatlookatsth.orsb.foralongtime,forexample,becausetheyarebeautifulorinteresting,esp.withoutrealizingthatyouaredoingite.g.DetailedreadingTheheroinesteppedforwardbravelyandglaredattheenemy.女英雄挺身而出，以仇恨的目光瞪着敌人。Detailedreading1–glanceat2Don’tstareatpeople;it’sveryrude.Comparison:stareatdeliberatelylookatsb.orsth.foralongtimewithoutmovingyoureyes,forexample,becauseyouareangry,shocked,orveryinterestede.g.glareatlookangrilyatsb.foralongtimewithoutmovingyoureyese.g.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1–glanceat3Hisfatherstoodtheregapingathim,tooastonishedtosayanything.Comparison:gapeatlookatsb.orsth.foralongtime,esp.withyourmouthopen,becauseyouareverysurprisedorshockede.g.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1--purgatorypurgatoryn.aplaceorconditionofgreatsufferinge.g.Thedevastatingearthquakechangedpeople’shomeintoapurgatory.Synonym:torture,plagueDerivation:purgatoriala.Detailedreadingdilemman.asituationinwhichitisverydifficulttodecidewhattodo,becauseallofthepossiblecoursesofactionseemequallygoodorequallybadDetailedreading1–dilemmae.g.Theonlywayoutofthisdilemmaistocooperatewithinthegroup.面对这样的两难境地，唯一的出路就是在团队内合作。Marywasinadilemmawhethertomarryorcontinueherstudy.Collocation:inadilemmae.g.Synonym:quandary,predicamentDetailedreadingDetailedreading1–Mayblumwould…Mayblumwouldbeoneofthousandscastintoanextraordinarypurgatorythatmorning.Paraphrase:Thatmorning,Mayblumwouldbeoneofthousandswhowerethrownintoaterribledisaster.Translation:那天早上，有数千人将被卷入一场惊心动魄的灾难，梅布鲁也是其中的一员。DetailedreadingDetailedreading1–Forsome,itwasa…Forsome,itwasamatterofgeography…Paraphrase:Forsome,whethertheycouldsurvivedependedonwheretheywere…DetailedreadingTheCivilWarcameattheendofalongperiodofsocialdisorder.confusionn.averydisorganizedsituationusuallywithlotsofnoise,inwhichalotofthingsarehappeningatthesametime,sothatitisdifficulttounderstandorcontrolDetailedreading1–confusion1e.g.Theenemy’sunexpectedattackthrewthemintototalconfusion.敌人的突然进攻使他们完全不知所措。Comparison:disorder,chaosdisordern.asituationinwhichthingsorpeoplearenotinthecorrectposition,place,ororder,sothattheyareunabletocontrolororganizee.g.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1–confusion2Thethievesleftthehouseinchaos.小偷走后房屋中一片凌乱。Comparison:chaosn.asituationthatisfullofdisorderandiscompletelyoutofcontrole.g.Derivation:confuseda.confusevt.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1–transfer1transfern.achangefromoneplacetoanothere.g.Theheadmasterarrangedforhistransfertoanotherschool.校长安排他转到另一个学校。vt.movesth./sb.fromoneplacetoanothere.g.TheheadofficehasbeentransferredfromLondontoNewYork.总部已由伦敦迁至纽约。DetailedreadingDetailedreading1–transfer2Synonym:remove,handoverDerivation:transferablea.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1–reassuringreassuringa.makingsb.feellessworriedorfrightenede.g.Beforecommencingtheperformance,shegavemeareassuringsmile.ThePresidentgaveareassuringspeechaboutthefutureofthecountry.Derivation:reassurancen.reassurevt.reassuringlyad.Antonym:threatening,discouragingDetailedreadingDetailedreading1–panic1panicvt.besuddenlyfrightenedbysth.e.g.Thefirecrackerspanickedthechicks.Theshotpanickedallthecustomersintherestaurant.n.asuddenstrongfeelingoffearornervousnessThebankswerepanickedintosellingsterling.银行因恐慌而抛售英国货币。Collocation:panicsb.intodoingsth.makesb.dosth.unwiseorhastybecauseofpanice.g.DetailedreadingDetailedreading1–panic2Synonym:dread,terror,fearDetailedreadingDetailedreading1–ActivityActivity:Writeoutthenounformandtheadjectiveformofeachgivenword.1.confuse2.transfer3.reassure4.panic5.devastateconfusion______________v.a.n.transfer______________reassurance______________panic______________devastation______________confused/confusing________________________transferable________________________reassuring/reassured________________________panicky________________________devastating______