学生 L.16

OutlineOutline I. Review I. Review ——Sentence StructureSentence Structure A. Formation of SentencesA. Formation of Sentences 1. Basic Sentence Patterns1. Basic Sentence Patterns 2. Verbs, Verbal Phrases and Phrasal Verbs2. Verbs, Verbal Phrases and Phrasal Verbs B. Word OrderB. Word Order 1. Natural Order1. Natural Order 2. Inversion (Inverted Structure)2. Inversion (Inverted Structure) C. Ways of Denoting Sentence ElementsC. Ways of Denoting Sentence Elements II. ModificationII. Modification A. Review: Sentence Elements & Phrase ElementsA. Review: Sentence Elements & Phrase Elements B. Uses of ModifiersB. Uses of Modifiers Modification Modification ((修饰语修饰语)) Modification is an important grammatical device for Modification is an important grammatical device for description and sentence expansion.description and sentence expansion. A. Classification of Modifiers (A. Classification of Modifiers (修饰语的分类修饰语的分类)) Words, phrases or clauses used to operate or Words, phrases or clauses used to operate or control the headword (noun or noun phrase) can fall control the headword (noun or noun phrase) can fall into into twotwo categories: categories: ♦♦ PrePre--modifiers modifiers ♦♦ PostPost--modifiers modifiers 1. Pre1. Pre--modifiersmodifiers ((前置修饰语前置修饰语)) 前置修饰语位于中心词前前置修饰语位于中心词前:: young young girlsgirls with blue eyeswith blue eyes The littleThe little boyboy who broke our window yesterday is who broke our window yesterday is JohnJohn’’ss son.son. 2. Post2. Post--modifiers (modifiers (后置修饰语后置修饰语)) 前置修饰语位于中心词前后前置修饰语位于中心词前后: : e.g.:e.g.: many many islands islands in the Pacific Ocean in the Pacific Ocean ((介词短语介词短语 )) somesome studentsstudents studying in the classroom studying in the classroom ((现在分词短语现在分词短语 ) ) the the guestsguests present present ((形容词形容词)) aa plan plan to be carried out to be carried out ((不定式短语不定式短语)) the young taxi the young taxi driverdriver who died in the car accidentwho died in the car accident ((从句从句) ) She is the only She is the only girl girl I know who can play the bamboo fluteI know who can play the bamboo flute.. ((从句从句) ) B. Uses of Modifiers (B. Uses of Modifiers (修饰语的使用修饰语的使用)) ♦♦名词修饰语名词修饰语 ♦♦同位语修饰语同位语修饰语 ♦♦状语修饰语状语修饰语 1. Modifiers in Noun Phrases 1. Modifiers in Noun Phrases 名词修饰语名词修饰语 determiner + predeterminer + pre--modifier + modifier + headwordheadword + post+ post--modifiermodifier 限定词限定词++前置修饰语前置修饰语+ + 中心词中心词+ + 后置修饰语后置修饰语 a handsome a handsome manman with long blond hairwith long blond hair (See P.624(See P.624--625)625) a. Restrictive and nona. Restrictive and non--restrictive modifiersrestrictive modifiers ((限制性修饰语和非限制性修饰语限制性修饰语和非限制性修饰语)) ♦♦限制性修饰语规定名词词组的所指意义限制性修饰语规定名词词组的所指意义,,它与中心词在语义它与中心词在语义 上有着不可分割的联系。上有着不可分割的联系。 ♦♦非限制性修饰语只对中心词作一些补充说明。非限制性修饰语只对中心词作一些补充说明。 b. Discontinuous Modification b. Discontinuous Modification 分隔修饰分隔修饰 (See P.625(See P.625--626)626) ♦♦ Avoid ambiguity Avoid ambiguity 避免岐义避免岐义 ♦♦ Achieve balance in sentence structure Achieve balance in sentence structure 平衡句子的意义重心平衡句子的意义重心 ♦♦ Another construction is inserted between the headword and its Another construction is inserted between the headword and its modifier. modifier. 由于中心词嵌入在另一个结构中由于中心词嵌入在另一个结构中 2. Modifiers in Appositives 2. Modifiers in Appositives 同位语同位语 (See P.628(See P.628--631)631) a. Forms of Appositives a. Forms of Appositives 同位语的形式同位语的形式 1)1)名词词组同位语名词词组同位语 This is our department head, This is our department head, Dr. OwenDr. Owen.. You You girlsgirls sit on this side.sit on this side. 2)2)反身代词、不定代词或指示代词的同位语反身代词、不定代词或指示代词的同位语 Do the students Do the students themselvesthemselves know what to do after class?know what to do after class? We are We are bothboth from from ShantouShantou.. Is there any room for us Is there any room for us threethree?? 3) 3) 非限制性分句或名词性分句的同位语非限制性分句或名词性分句的同位语 The old lady likes her job, The old lady likes her job, washing clotheswashing clothes.. He had the feeling He had the feeling that he would not see her againthat he would not see her again.. He was conscious of the fact He was conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was that she did not approve of what he was doingdoing.. ☻☻同位语有时和前面的名词分开：同位语有时和前面的名词分开： The The newsnews got about got about that he had won a car in the lotterythat he had won a car in the lottery. . The The storystory goes goes that he often beats his wifethat he often beats his wife.. b. Indicators of Appositivesb. Indicators of Appositives名词词组同位语的引导词名词词组同位语的引导词 Indicators denote the following:Indicators denote the following: 1) 1) ““EquationEquation”” ((表示等同的关系表示等同的关系)) that isthat is ((i.e.i.e.), ), namelynamely, , that is to saythat is to say, , in other wordsin other words, , for shortfor short, , or or ... ... He is a local government administrator, He is a local government administrator, that isthat is (to say) civil servant.(to say) civil servant. We need to concentrate on our target customers, We need to concentrate on our target customers, namelynamely women aged women aged between 40 and 50. between 40 and 50. 2) 2) Exemplification/enumeration (Exemplification/enumeration (表示举例和列举表示举例和列举)) for examplefor example ((e.g.e.g.), ), for instancefor instance, , such assuch as, , saysay, , includingincluding …… Tropical fruits, Tropical fruits, such assuch as bananas and pineapples can be found bananas and pineapples can be found everywhere all the year round. everywhere all the year round. We have got three dayWe have got three day’’s holiday, s holiday, includingincluding New YearNew Year’’s Day.s Day. 3) 3) Focalization (Focalization (表示突出某点表示突出某点)) especiallyespecially, , particularlyparticularly, , chieflychiefly, , mostlymostly…… I love paintings, I love paintings, especiallyespecially traditional Chinese paintings.traditional Chinese paintings. I I particularlyparticularly like Beijing in the autumn.like Beijing in the autumn. c. Modifiers of Appositives c. Modifiers of Appositives 名词词组同位语的附加修饰成分名词词组同位语的附加修饰成分((通常为副词或介词短语通常为副词或介词短语)) (See P. 630)(See P. 630) ♦♦附加修饰成分修饰作为同位语的整个名词词组。附加修饰成分修饰作为同位语的整个名词词组。 ♦♦附加修饰成分出现在关系分句中时就是状语。附加修饰成分出现在关系分句中时就是状语。 d. Restrictive and Nond. Restrictive and Non--restrictive Appositivesrestrictive Appositives 限制性和非限制性同位语限制性和非限制性同位语 (See P. 631)(See P. 631) 1) Non1) Non--restrictive appositives (restrictive appositives (非限制性同位语非限制性同位语)) ♦♦相当于非限制性关系分句所起的作用相当于非限制性关系分句所起的作用 ♦♦在口语中有停顿，在文字中用逗号或破折号隔开在口语中有停顿，在文字中用逗号或破折号隔开 ♦♦有时候还带有引导词和附加修饰成分有时候还带有引导词和附加修饰成分 2) Restrictive appositives (2) Restrictive appositives (限制性同位语限制性同位语) ) ♦♦与它前面的同位成分关系紧密，形成一个语义整体。与它前面的同位成分关系紧密，形成一个语义整体。 ♦♦在这种同位语之前，口语中有停顿，在文字中用逗号或破在这种同位语之前，口语中有停顿，在文字中用逗号或破 折号隔开。折号隔开。 3. Modifiers in Adverbials 3. Modifiers in Adverbials 状语状语 (See P.633(See P.633--638)638) ♦♦ adjunct (adjunct (修饰性修饰性//结合性状语结合性状语)) ♦♦ disjunctdisjunct ((评注性状语评注性状语)) ♦♦ conjunct (conjunct (连接性状语连接性状语)) a. Adjunct a. Adjunct 修饰性修饰性//结合性状语结合性状语 修饰性修饰性//结合性状语由副词短语、介词短语、名词结合性状语由副词短语、介词短语、名词 短语、限定性和非定制性分句、无动词分句和限定短语、限定性和非定制性分句、无动词分句和限定 从属分句表示时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结从属分句表示时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结 果、条件、让步、伴随状况等意义。果、条件、让步、伴随状况等意义。 He comesHe comes herehere regularlyregularly.. They wentThey went to the parkto the park after the meetingafter the meeting.. b. b. DisjunctDisjunct (also known as Independent Element) (also known as Independent Element) 评注性评注性((分离性分离性))状语状语 ♦♦不与它所评说的句子在结构上紧密结合。不与它所评说的句子在结构上紧密结合。 ♦♦对整个句子进行说明或解释对整个句子进行说明或解释, , 表明说话人的对话语的看法表明说话人的对话语的看法 或态度。或态度。 评注性评注性//分离性状语包括：分离性状语包括： a. a. adverbs or adverb phrases adverbs or adverb phrases 副词或副词短语副词或副词短语 b. b. prepositional phrases prepositional phrases 介词短语介词短语 c.c. nonnon--finite clauses finite clauses 非定制性分句非定制性分句 d.d. verblessverbless clauses clauses 无动词分句无动词分句 e.e. finite clauses (occasionally) finite clauses (occasionally) 限定从属分句限定从属分句 e.g.:e.g.: FranklyFrankly, I don, I don’’t like him.t like him. To be honest,To be honest, I donI don’’t like his idea.t like his idea. Even more important,Even more important, we should report it to the police. we should report it to the police. He is honest,He is honest, I believeI believe.. c. Conjunctc. Conjunct连接性状语连接性状语 连接性状语由连接副词、解说副词以及介词词组等连接性状语由连接副词、解说副词以及介词词组等 表示表示, , 连接句子和分句。连接句子和分句。 e.g.:e.g.: I donI don’’t like him. t like him. ThereforeTherefore,, I didnI didn’’t invite him to the park.t invite him to the park. It is raining hard. It is raining hard. HoweverHowever, I think we should go out., I think we should go out. I spent a day teaching him English. I spent a day teaching him English. In additionIn addition,, I lend him I lend him my dictionary.my dictionary. He didnHe didn’’t go to school this morning, andt go to school this morning, and whatwhat’’s mores more, he lied , he lied to me.to me. AssignmentAssignment 1. Review Lecture 36 and complete the exercises in 1. Review Lecture 36 and complete the exercises in this lecture.this lecture. 2. Preview lectures 372. Preview lectures 37--38 38 Substitution Substitution and and EllipsisEllipsis..